For those interested, I had a recurring meeting request like this.
I went to "View Source", and then saved the resulting HTML message. Opening this in a hex editor, I could see that the incorrectly encoded characters are in several XML nodes. Putting those together, I then decoded the 'Chinese characters' using Janis Veinbergs' helpful PowerShell script to 'double-decode' this sequence (from SO here: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11546351/what-character-encoding-is-c3-82-c2-bf). What popped out was either UTF-16 (likely) or UTF-32 (unlikely) HTML message for this header.
Hopefully this helps MS solve this problem so we can move towards using UTF-8 everywhere and continuing to use this Windows region checkbox.
Script:
[System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncodings() | % {"$($_.CodePage) $($_.Name): " + [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString( [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding($_.CodePage).GetBytes([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString((0xE6, 0xA0, 0xBC, 0xE6, 0xB5, 0xB4, 0xE2, 0x81, 0xAC, 0xE6, 0xB5, 0xB8, 0xE6, 0xB9, 0xAC, 0xE3, 0xA9, 0xB3, 0xE3, 0xB5, 0xB6, 0xE7, 0x94, 0xA2, 0xE6, 0xB9, 0xB2, 0xE7, 0x8C, 0xBA, 0xE6, 0xA1, 0xA3, 0xE6, 0xB5, 0xA5, 0xE7, 0x8D,
<snipped for brevity>
0xA5, 0xE6, 0xA5, 0xB4, 0xE6, 0xB9, 0xAF, 0xE4, 0xB0, 0xA0, 0xE6, 0x8D, 0xAF, 0xE6, 0x95, 0xAB, 0xE3, 0xB5, 0xA4))) ) }
HTML Message
1200 utf-16: <html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"><meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 15"><meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 15"><link rel=File-List href="cid:filelist.xml@01DB4700.6B9B6600"><link rel=Edit-Time-Data href="cid:editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]><style>v:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><link rel=themeData href="themedata"><link rel=colorSchemeMapping href="colorschememapping"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:DocumentKind>DocumentEmail</w:DocumentKind>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:EnvelopeVis/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false" DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked=
12000 utf-32: (same as above)