Hello @Michal Sumega,
Thank you for posting your query on Microsoft Q&A.
Based on your description, it seems that the user encountered an issue joining a Teams meeting from their Outlook calendar. After reopening Outlook, they were able to join the meeting without any problems.
According to the Sign-in Diagnostic screenshot you provided, the device is identified as an unmanaged device because no device identity was found, and the diagnostic results indicate interruption due to Terms of Use. To analyze this behavior further, you can review the audit logs in Microsoft 365 Admin Center to check for any applicable Terms of Use policies in your tenant.
Additionally, another potential cause for such issues could be if the "Microsoft Teams Meeting Add-in for Microsoft Office" was disabled in the Outlook application at the time the user tried to join the meeting. As mentioned in the article linked below, reopening the Outlook application typically resolves this issue as a workaround:
Troubleshoot the Teams Meeting Add-in in Outlook for Windows
The troubleshooting steps in the article suggest closing Outlook and then restarting it (you can find Outlook by typing "Outlook" in the search box on the taskbar and selecting it from the results).
Therefore, based on your scenario, it's likely that issues with the Teams add-ins in the Outlook app caused the problem with joining the meeting. If any user faces a similar issue, please refer to the troubleshooting steps mentioned in the shared article above.
I hope this information is helpful. Please feel free to reach out if you have any further questions.
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Thanks,
Raja Pothuraju.