I'm glad that you were able to resolve your issue and thank you for posting your solution so that others experiencing the same thing can easily reference this! Since the Microsoft Q&A community has a policy that "The question author cannot accept their own answer. They can only accept answers by others ", I'll repost your solution in case you'd like to accept the answer.
Issue: Azure Front Door URL Rewriting for Dynamic Paths
Solution: It should be Source pattern / and Destination /{url_path:seg0:99}/<sas_token>, Preserve unmatched path: No
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