AFAIK, user CALs are version-flexible downward: A newer version of a CAL (e.g., 2022) can be used to access an older version of SQL Server (e.g., 2017, 2016, etc.). You cannot go the other way: A 2017 CAL cannot legally be used to access SQL Server 2022. This flexibility applies as long as:
- The CALs are the same type (e.g., User CALs, not Device CALs).
- The total number of concurrent users accessing SQL Server doesn't exceed the total number of licensed CALs (10 old + 14 new = 24 users total in your case).
This is equivalent to the question (and answer) at https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/1661325/is-it-compliant-to-use-windows-server-2019-user-ca
Btw. there's no need to “install” the CALs on the server—CALs are a licensing right, not a software component. You simply need to be licensed for the number of users who access the server. You should maintain documentation that you have 24 valid User CALs (10 for 2017 + 14 for 2022) in case of a Microsoft audit.
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hth
Marcin