Had the same problem on one of our laptops.
Got it resolved by fixing a seemingly unrelated credentials problem that user had with an unrelated mail-account.
One of their other accounts, had that problem, where outlook doesn't properly save your credentials and asks for the same credentials everytime you start outlook and never properly saves them.
So I fixed that problem by removing the credentials for that other account from the credentialmanager and reentering them. And for some reason after that everything worked again even the saving and sending of signed emails.
Not sure if that was actually the reason it started working again, but it sure look that way.
(before that I readded the the certificate and restarted outlook a couple of times. But that didn't really help)
