Strange. It sounds like you've rebooted already. Maybe check the options for Cmd, specifically the buffer size. See:
https://superuser.com/questions/1640320/cannot-see-output-of-command-prompt-anymore-windows-10
Normally with 23H2, your Cmd window would be a Terminal window. Even if you directly run Cmd.exe, it should open Terminal. In your case, you've got the old-school Cmd window. You can get to that window directly by running conhost.exe but you ran c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe. That should have opened like this:
It might help to go to Settings, Apps, Installed Apps, Terminal, Advanced options. You can try Repair, Reset, or Uninstall and then reinstall.
You can manually change that within the system settings to still get the command prompt.
However, like the title already said, I get the same results even when using Terminal and PowerShell.
Using the advance options didn't make a difference for me. Problem is still existing.
I've already seen that post about the buffer size, but everything was already set up properly, so it's not a buffer problem either...
This problem drives me really nuts...