I am facing the same issue. The designer view doesn't work for Logic App Standard workflows. It only works for Logic app consumption.
As someone mentioned above that the "AzureWebJobsStorage" property is not set, I checked and it wasn't set for my logic app standard created from portal.
So, I tried creating the logic app standard form VS Code extension and then the "AzureWebJobsStorage" property was set for the new logic app.
But even then the designer view was not working for this new logic app standard and gives the same issue.