Dear Micha Hesemans,
Good day! Thank you for posting in Microsoft Community. We are glad to help you.
According to your description, guest user is signing in a SharePoint site but external sharing is disabled, the situation appears randomly.
As you mentioned the user can reload the SharePoint site and can authenticate and work as normal, it looks like the user's permission to the SharePoint site is correct.
For troubleshooting, you may let the user try to clear browser cache and try a different browser to see if same situation still happens.
On the other hand, we would like to confirm the following information, it will help narrow down the situation. Thanks for your patience and understanding.
1.Does the situation only appear in a specific SharePoint site?
2.Does some specific external users or all external users encounter the error message when they work in the SharePoint site?
We look forward to your reply. Appreciate your understanding and cooperation.
Hope you are keeping safe and well!
Sincerely,
Tina | Microsoft Community Moderator
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