A Microsoft file hosting and synchronization service.
I recently encountered this issue with a client. I went through the usual troubleshooting steps, such as resetting the cache and moving the mentioned subfolders out of the Microsoft folder, but none of these seemed to have any effect. However, I then deleted all Windows credentials via the Control Panel, reset the local user's password through compmgmt.msc, and restarted the computer. I also removed the folder "%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.AAD.BrokerPlugin" before restarting the PC.
After the restart, it appeared that all cached passwords had been wiped, as I had to sign back into all applications on the computer. Following this, I was able to log into Teams and Outlook without any issues.
Unfortunately, I can't say for certain which specific step resolved the problem, but something in this process must have cleared the stored credentials and allowed for a fresh sign-in.