Hi Lais,
Thanks for posting back.
To verify if you need to add the space in the field name, you can go to the Validation Settings page and check if there is a space in the field name in "Insert Column".

I assume [DeficiencyDeadline] is the correct field in the formula. Based on your reply, since you are in Brazil, the formula function names in Portuguese will be different from the English formulas. I recommend you try the following formulas in Portuguese and then check again.
=SE([Status]="Deficiency";NÃO(ÉCÉL.VAZIA([DeficiencyDeadline]));VERDADEIRO)
=SE([Status]="Deficiency",NÃO(ÉCÉL.VAZIA([DeficiencyDeadline])),VERDADEIRO)
If the error message still appears after trying the above formulas, I suggest you split the formula into different parts to troubleshoot the problem. Please try the following formulas on your end and check if you can save which formula does not show an error message. You can share the test results with us.
The English formula:
=IF([Status]="Deficiency",FALSE,TRUE)
The Portuguese formulas:
=SE([Status]="Deficiency";FALSO;VERDADEIRO)
=SE([Status]="Deficiency",FALSO,VERDADEIRO)
We look forward to your response. Thanks for your cooperation. 😊
Sincerely,
George | Microsoft Community Moderator