In case someone else has the same issue, Logic Apps standard supports calling HTTP endpoints signed with an internal certificate authority, as documented here:
In your logic app resource's app settings, add or update the app setting, WEBSITE_LOAD_ROOT_CERTIFICATES.
For the setting value, provide the thumbprint for your TLS/SSL certificate as the root certificate to be trusted.
"WEBSITE_LOAD_ROOT_CERTIFICATES": "<thumbprint-for-TLS/SSL-certificate>"
The public key of the certificate must have been uploaded to Logic App as well. This is documented in the official documentation
HTH