That's interesting. I've seen people having problem with installing SQL Server on Windows 11 over Parallels on Mac, but in that case, they have not come as far as you have done. But these people have had an ARM processor, and maybe you have a regular AMD64 processor?
Anyway, the part where things go sour is this one:
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 Slp: Sco: Attempting to open registry subkey SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\FltMgr
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 Slp: Sco: Attempting to get registry value AttachWhenLoaded
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 SQLEngine: : SetFltMgrAttachWhenLoadedKey : AttachWhenLoaded value is set to 1
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 Slp: Sco: Attempting to set value AttachWhenLoaded
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 Slp: SetValue: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\FltMgr, Name = AttachWhenLoaded
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 SQLEngine: --RsFxConfiguration: InfFilePath is C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\150\Shared\RsFxInstall\RsFx0600.inf
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 SQLEngine: --RsFxConfiguration: ExecuteInfSection RetVal = -536870347
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 Slp: Configuration action failed for feature SQL_Engine_Core_Inst during timing ConfigNonRC and scenario ConfigNonRC.
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 Slp: Unknown error (0xe0000235)
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 Slp: The configuration failure category of current exception is ConfigurationFailure
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 Slp: Configuration action failed for feature SQL_Engine_Core_Inst during timing ConfigNonRC and scenario ConfigNonRC.
(01) 2022-01-21 11:05:29 Slp: System.ComponentModel.Win32Exception (0x80004005): Unknown error (0xe0000235)
I have seen several logs where things have gone bad when accessing this registry key ending in FltMgr, and these users have all been running the same antivirus. However, these logs have had a different error message.
I will have to admit that I don't have any direct suggestions. If you installed Windows yourself, the antivirus would be Microsoft Defender Firewall, which is not known to cause problems. (It seems likely that Microsoft test with their own software!) But if you had Windows installed when you got your machine, it is possible that the vendor sneaked in something else.