Scheduling Goal (msdyn_schedulinggoal) table/entity reference (Microsoft Dynamics 365 Customer Service)

Messages

The following table lists the messages for the Scheduling Goal (msdyn_schedulinggoal) table. Messages represent operations that can be performed on the table. They may also be events.

Name Is Event?	Web API Operation	SDK for .NET
Assign Event: True	PATCH /msdyn_schedulinggoals(msdyn_schedulinggoalid) Update the ownerid property.	AssignRequest
Associate Event: True	Associate records	Associate records
BulkRetain Event: True	BulkRetain	Learn to use messages with the SDK for .NET
Create Event: True	POST /msdyn_schedulinggoals See Create	Create records
CreateMultiple Event: True	CreateMultiple	CreateMultipleRequest
Delete Event: True	DELETE /msdyn_schedulinggoals(msdyn_schedulinggoalid) See Delete	Delete records
Disassociate Event: True	Disassociate records	Disassociate records
GrantAccess Event: True	GrantAccess	GrantAccessRequest
IsValidStateTransition Event: False	IsValidStateTransition	IsValidStateTransitionRequest
ModifyAccess Event: True	ModifyAccess	ModifyAccessRequest
PurgeRetainedContent Event: True	PurgeRetainedContent	Learn to use messages with the SDK for .NET
Retain Event: True	Retain	Learn to use messages with the SDK for .NET
Retrieve Event: True	GET /msdyn_schedulinggoals(msdyn_schedulinggoalid) See Retrieve	Retrieve records
RetrieveMultiple Event: True	GET /msdyn_schedulinggoals See Query data	Query data
RetrievePrincipalAccess Event: True	RetrievePrincipalAccess	RetrievePrincipalAccessRequest
RetrieveSharedPrincipalsAndAccess Event: True	RetrieveSharedPrincipalsAndAccess	RetrieveSharedPrincipalsAndAccessRequest
RevokeAccess Event: True	RevokeAccess	RevokeAccessRequest
RollbackRetain Event: True	RollbackRetain	Learn to use messages with the SDK for .NET
SetState Event: True	PATCH /msdyn_schedulinggoals(msdyn_schedulinggoalid) Update the statecode and statuscode properties.	SetStateRequest
Update Event: True	PATCH /msdyn_schedulinggoals(msdyn_schedulinggoalid) See Update	Update records
UpdateMultiple Event: True	UpdateMultiple	UpdateMultipleRequest
Upsert Event: False	PATCH /msdyn_schedulinggoals(msdyn_schedulinggoalid) See Upsert a table row	UpsertRequest
UpsertMultiple Event: False	UpsertMultiple	UpsertMultipleRequest
ValidateRetentionConfig Event: True	ValidateRetentionConfig	Learn to use messages with the SDK for .NET

Properties

The following table lists selected properties for the Scheduling Goal (msdyn_schedulinggoal) table.

Property	Value
DisplayName	Scheduling Goal
DisplayCollectionName	Scheduling Goals
SchemaName	msdyn_schedulinggoal
CollectionSchemaName	msdyn_schedulinggoals
EntitySetName	msdyn_schedulinggoals
LogicalName	msdyn_schedulinggoal
LogicalCollectionName	msdyn_schedulinggoals
PrimaryIdAttribute	msdyn_schedulinggoalid
PrimaryNameAttribute	msdyn_name
TableType	Standard
OwnershipType	UserOwned

Writable columns/attributes

These columns/attributes return true for either IsValidForCreate or IsValidForUpdate (usually both). Listed by SchemaName.

• ImportSequenceNumber
• IsCustomizable
• msdyn_Description
• msdyn_Name
• msdyn_Objectives
• msdyn_Options
• msdyn_schedulinggoalId
• msdyn_UniqueName
• OverriddenCreatedOn
• OwnerId
• OwnerIdType
• statecode
• statuscode
• TimeZoneRuleVersionNumber
• UTCConversionTimeZoneCode

ImportSequenceNumber

Property	Value
Description	Sequence number of the import that created this record.
DisplayName	Import Sequence Number
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	importsequencenumber
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Integer
MaxValue	2147483647
MinValue	-2147483648

IsCustomizable

Property	Value
Description	For internal use only.
DisplayName	Is Customizable
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	iscustomizable
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	ManagedProperty

msdyn_Description

Property	Value
Description
DisplayName	Description
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	msdyn_description
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Memo
Format	Text
FormatName	Text
ImeMode	Auto
IsLocalizable	True
MaxLength	2000

msdyn_Name

Property	Value
Description
DisplayName	Name
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	msdyn_name
RequiredLevel	ApplicationRequired
Type	String
Format	Text
FormatName	Text
ImeMode	Auto
IsLocalizable	True
MaxLength	850

msdyn_Objectives

Property	Value
Description	JSON configuration for scheduling objectives
DisplayName	Scheduling Objectives
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	msdyn_objectives
RequiredLevel	None
Type	String
Format	Text
FormatName	Text
ImeMode	Auto
IsLocalizable	False
MaxLength	4000

msdyn_Options

Property	Value
Description	JSON configuration for scheduling options
DisplayName	Scheduling Options
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	msdyn_options
RequiredLevel	None
Type	String
Format	Text
FormatName	Text
ImeMode	Auto
IsLocalizable	False
MaxLength	4000

msdyn_schedulinggoalId

Property	Value
Description	Unique identifier for entity instances
DisplayName	Scheduling Goal
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	msdyn_schedulinggoalid
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	Uniqueidentifier

msdyn_UniqueName

Property	Value
Description	Unique Name for the entity.
DisplayName	Unique Name
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	msdyn_uniquename
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	String
Format	Text
FormatName	Text
ImeMode	Auto
IsLocalizable	False
MaxLength	128

OverriddenCreatedOn

Property	Value
Description	Date and time that the record was migrated.
DisplayName	Record Created On
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	overriddencreatedon
RequiredLevel	None
Type	DateTime
CanChangeDateTimeBehavior	False
DateTimeBehavior	UserLocal
Format	DateOnly
ImeMode	Inactive
SourceTypeMask	0

OwnerId

Property	Value
Description	Owner Id
DisplayName	Owner
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	ownerid
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	Owner
Targets	systemuser, team

OwnerIdType

Property	Value
Description	Owner Id Type
DisplayName
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	owneridtype
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	EntityName

statecode

Property	Value
Description	Status of the Scheduling Goal
DisplayName	Status
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	statecode
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	State
DefaultFormValue
GlobalChoiceName	msdyn_schedulinggoal_statecode

statecode Choices/Options

Value	Details
0	Label: Active DefaultStatus: 1 InvariantName: Active
1	Label: Inactive DefaultStatus: 2 InvariantName: Inactive

statuscode

Property	Value
Description	Reason for the status of the Scheduling Goal
DisplayName	Status Reason
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	statuscode
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Status
DefaultFormValue
GlobalChoiceName	msdyn_schedulinggoal_statuscode

statuscode Choices/Options

Value	Details
1	Label: Active State:0 TransitionData: None
2	Label: Inactive State:1 TransitionData: None

TimeZoneRuleVersionNumber

Property	Value
Description	For internal use only.
DisplayName	Time Zone Rule Version Number
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	timezoneruleversionnumber
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Integer
MaxValue	2147483647
MinValue	-1

UTCConversionTimeZoneCode

Property	Value
Description	Time zone code that was in use when the record was created.
DisplayName	UTC Conversion Time Zone Code
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	utcconversiontimezonecode
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Integer
MaxValue	2147483647
MinValue	-1

Read-only columns/attributes

These columns/attributes return false for both IsValidForCreate and IsValidForUpdate. Listed by SchemaName.

• ComponentIdUnique
• ComponentState
• CreatedBy
• CreatedOn
• CreatedOnBehalfBy
• IsManaged
• ModifiedBy
• ModifiedOn
• ModifiedOnBehalfBy
• OverwriteTime
• OwnerIdName
• OwnerIdYomiName
• OwningBusinessUnit
• OwningTeam
• OwningUser
• SolutionId
• SupportingSolutionId
• VersionNumber

ComponentIdUnique

Property	Value
Description	For internal use only.
DisplayName	Row id unique
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	componentidunique
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	Uniqueidentifier

ComponentState

Property	Value
Description	For internal use only.
DisplayName	Component State
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	componentstate
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	Picklist
DefaultFormValue
GlobalChoiceName	componentstate

ComponentState Choices/Options

Value	Label
0	Published
1	Unpublished
2	Deleted
3	Deleted Unpublished

CreatedBy

Property	Value
Description	Unique identifier of the user who created the record.
DisplayName	Created By
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	createdby
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Lookup
Targets	systemuser

CreatedOn

Property	Value
Description	Date and time when the record was created.
DisplayName	Created On
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	createdon
RequiredLevel	None
Type	DateTime
CanChangeDateTimeBehavior	False
DateTimeBehavior	UserLocal
Format	DateAndTime
ImeMode	Inactive
SourceTypeMask	0

CreatedOnBehalfBy

Property	Value
Description	Unique identifier of the delegate user who created the record.
DisplayName	Created By (Delegate)
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	createdonbehalfby
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Lookup
Targets	systemuser

IsManaged

Property	Value
Description	Indicates whether the solution component is part of a managed solution.
DisplayName	Is Managed
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	ismanaged
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	Boolean
GlobalChoiceName	ismanaged
DefaultValue	False
True Label	Managed
False Label	Unmanaged

ModifiedBy

Property	Value
Description	Unique identifier of the user who modified the record.
DisplayName	Modified By
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	modifiedby
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Lookup
Targets	systemuser

ModifiedOn

Property	Value
Description	Date and time when the record was modified.
DisplayName	Modified On
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	modifiedon
RequiredLevel	None
Type	DateTime
CanChangeDateTimeBehavior	False
DateTimeBehavior	UserLocal
Format	DateAndTime
ImeMode	Inactive
SourceTypeMask	0

ModifiedOnBehalfBy

Property	Value
Description	Unique identifier of the delegate user who modified the record.
DisplayName	Modified By (Delegate)
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	modifiedonbehalfby
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Lookup
Targets	systemuser

OverwriteTime

Property	Value
Description	For internal use only.
DisplayName	Record Overwrite Time
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	overwritetime
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	DateTime
CanChangeDateTimeBehavior	False
DateTimeBehavior	UserLocal
Format	DateAndTime
ImeMode	Inactive
SourceTypeMask	0

OwnerIdName

Property	Value
Description	Name of the owner
DisplayName
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	owneridname
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	String
Format	Text
FormatName	Text
ImeMode	Auto
IsLocalizable	False
MaxLength	100

OwnerIdYomiName

Property	Value
Description	Yomi name of the owner
DisplayName
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	owneridyominame
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	String
Format	Text
FormatName	Text
ImeMode	Auto
IsLocalizable	False
MaxLength	100

OwningBusinessUnit

Property	Value
Description	Unique identifier for the business unit that owns the record
DisplayName	Owning Business Unit
IsValidForForm	True
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	owningbusinessunit
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	Lookup
Targets	businessunit

OwningTeam

Property	Value
Description	Unique identifier for the team that owns the record.
DisplayName	Owning Team
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	owningteam
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Lookup
Targets	team

OwningUser

Property	Value
Description	Unique identifier for the user that owns the record.
DisplayName	Owning User
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	owninguser
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Lookup
Targets	systemuser

SolutionId

Property	Value
Description	Unique identifier of the associated solution.
DisplayName	Solution
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	solutionid
RequiredLevel	SystemRequired
Type	Uniqueidentifier

SupportingSolutionId

Property	Value
Description	For internal use only.
DisplayName	Solution
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	False
LogicalName	supportingsolutionid
RequiredLevel	None
Type	Uniqueidentifier

VersionNumber

Property	Value
Description	Version Number
DisplayName	Version Number
IsValidForForm	False
IsValidForRead	True
LogicalName	versionnumber
RequiredLevel	None
Type	BigInt
MaxValue	9223372036854775807
MinValue	-9223372036854775808

Many-to-One relationships

These relationships are many-to-one. Listed by SchemaName.

• business_unit_msdyn_schedulinggoal
• lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_createdby
• lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_createdonbehalfby
• lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_modifiedby
• lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_modifiedonbehalfby
• owner_msdyn_schedulinggoal
• team_msdyn_schedulinggoal
• user_msdyn_schedulinggoal

business_unit_msdyn_schedulinggoal

One-To-Many Relationship: businessunit business_unit_msdyn_schedulinggoal

Property	Value
ReferencedEntity	businessunit
ReferencedAttribute	businessunitid
ReferencingAttribute	owningbusinessunit
ReferencingEntityNavigationPropertyName	owningbusinessunit
IsHierarchical
CascadeConfiguration	Archive: Restrict Assign: NoCascade Delete: Restrict Merge: NoCascade Reparent: NoCascade RollupView: NoCascade Share: NoCascade Unshare: NoCascade

lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_createdby

One-To-Many Relationship: systemuser lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_createdby

Property	Value
ReferencedEntity	systemuser
ReferencedAttribute	systemuserid
ReferencingAttribute	createdby
ReferencingEntityNavigationPropertyName	createdby
IsHierarchical
CascadeConfiguration	Archive: NoCascade Assign: NoCascade Delete: NoCascade Merge: NoCascade Reparent: NoCascade RollupView: NoCascade Share: NoCascade Unshare: NoCascade

lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_createdonbehalfby

One-To-Many Relationship: systemuser lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_createdonbehalfby

Property	Value
ReferencedEntity	systemuser
ReferencedAttribute	systemuserid
ReferencingAttribute	createdonbehalfby
ReferencingEntityNavigationPropertyName	createdonbehalfby
IsHierarchical
CascadeConfiguration	Archive: NoCascade Assign: NoCascade Delete: NoCascade Merge: NoCascade Reparent: NoCascade RollupView: NoCascade Share: NoCascade Unshare: NoCascade

lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_modifiedby

One-To-Many Relationship: systemuser lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_modifiedby

Property	Value
ReferencedEntity	systemuser
ReferencedAttribute	systemuserid
ReferencingAttribute	modifiedby
ReferencingEntityNavigationPropertyName	modifiedby
IsHierarchical
CascadeConfiguration	Archive: NoCascade Assign: NoCascade Delete: NoCascade Merge: NoCascade Reparent: NoCascade RollupView: NoCascade Share: NoCascade Unshare: NoCascade

lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_modifiedonbehalfby

One-To-Many Relationship: systemuser lk_msdyn_schedulinggoal_modifiedonbehalfby

Property	Value
ReferencedEntity	systemuser
ReferencedAttribute	systemuserid
ReferencingAttribute	modifiedonbehalfby
ReferencingEntityNavigationPropertyName	modifiedonbehalfby
IsHierarchical
CascadeConfiguration	Archive: NoCascade Assign: NoCascade Delete: NoCascade Merge: NoCascade Reparent: NoCascade RollupView: NoCascade Share: NoCascade Unshare: NoCascade

owner_msdyn_schedulinggoal

One-To-Many Relationship: owner owner_msdyn_schedulinggoal

Property	Value
ReferencedEntity	owner
ReferencedAttribute	ownerid
ReferencingAttribute	ownerid
ReferencingEntityNavigationPropertyName	ownerid
IsHierarchical
CascadeConfiguration	Archive: NoCascade Assign: NoCascade Delete: NoCascade Merge: NoCascade Reparent: NoCascade RollupView: NoCascade Share: NoCascade Unshare: NoCascade

team_msdyn_schedulinggoal

One-To-Many Relationship: team team_msdyn_schedulinggoal

Property	Value
ReferencedEntity	team
ReferencedAttribute	teamid
ReferencingAttribute	owningteam
ReferencingEntityNavigationPropertyName	owningteam
IsHierarchical
CascadeConfiguration	Archive: NoCascade Assign: NoCascade Delete: NoCascade Merge: NoCascade Reparent: NoCascade RollupView: NoCascade Share: NoCascade Unshare: NoCascade

user_msdyn_schedulinggoal

One-To-Many Relationship: systemuser user_msdyn_schedulinggoal

Property	Value
ReferencedEntity	systemuser
ReferencedAttribute	systemuserid
ReferencingAttribute	owninguser
ReferencingEntityNavigationPropertyName	owninguser
IsHierarchical
CascadeConfiguration	Archive: NoCascade Assign: NoCascade Delete: NoCascade Merge: NoCascade Reparent: NoCascade RollupView: NoCascade Share: NoCascade Unshare: NoCascade

One-to-Many relationships

These relationships are one-to-many. Listed by SchemaName.

• msdyn_optimizationrequest_goalid_msdyn_schedulinggoal
• msdyn_schedulinggoal_AsyncOperations
• msdyn_schedulinggoal_BulkDeleteFailures
• msdyn_schedulinggoal_MailboxTrackingFolders
• msdyn_schedulinggoal_PrincipalObjectAttributeAccesses
• msdyn_schedulinggoal_ProcessSession
• msdyn_schedulinggoal_SyncErrors
• msdyn_schedulingoptimizationplan_schedulinggoal_msdyn_schedulinggoal

msdyn_optimizationrequest_goalid_msdyn_schedulinggoal

Many-To-One Relationship: msdyn_optimizationrequest msdyn_optimizationrequest_goalid_msdyn_schedulinggoal

Property	Value
ReferencingEntity	msdyn_optimizationrequest
ReferencingAttribute	msdyn_goalid
ReferencedEntityNavigationPropertyName	msdyn_optimizationrequest_goalid_msdyn_schedulinggoal
IsCustomizable	False
AssociatedMenuConfiguration	AvailableOffline: True Behavior: UseCollectionName Group: Details Label: MenuId: null Order: 10000 QueryApi: null ViewId: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

msdyn_schedulinggoal_AsyncOperations

Many-To-One Relationship: asyncoperation msdyn_schedulinggoal_AsyncOperations

Property	Value
ReferencingEntity	asyncoperation
ReferencingAttribute	regardingobjectid
ReferencedEntityNavigationPropertyName	msdyn_schedulinggoal_AsyncOperations
IsCustomizable	True
AssociatedMenuConfiguration	AvailableOffline: True Behavior: DoNotDisplay Group: Details Label: MenuId: null Order: QueryApi: null ViewId: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

msdyn_schedulinggoal_BulkDeleteFailures

Many-To-One Relationship: bulkdeletefailure msdyn_schedulinggoal_BulkDeleteFailures

Property	Value
ReferencingEntity	bulkdeletefailure
ReferencingAttribute	regardingobjectid
ReferencedEntityNavigationPropertyName	msdyn_schedulinggoal_BulkDeleteFailures
IsCustomizable	True
AssociatedMenuConfiguration	AvailableOffline: True Behavior: DoNotDisplay Group: Details Label: MenuId: null Order: QueryApi: null ViewId: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

msdyn_schedulinggoal_MailboxTrackingFolders

Many-To-One Relationship: mailboxtrackingfolder msdyn_schedulinggoal_MailboxTrackingFolders

Property	Value
ReferencingEntity	mailboxtrackingfolder
ReferencingAttribute	regardingobjectid
ReferencedEntityNavigationPropertyName	msdyn_schedulinggoal_MailboxTrackingFolders
IsCustomizable	True
AssociatedMenuConfiguration	AvailableOffline: True Behavior: DoNotDisplay Group: Details Label: MenuId: null Order: QueryApi: null ViewId: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

msdyn_schedulinggoal_PrincipalObjectAttributeAccesses

Many-To-One Relationship: principalobjectattributeaccess msdyn_schedulinggoal_PrincipalObjectAttributeAccesses

Property	Value
ReferencingEntity	principalobjectattributeaccess
ReferencingAttribute	objectid
ReferencedEntityNavigationPropertyName	msdyn_schedulinggoal_PrincipalObjectAttributeAccesses
IsCustomizable	True
AssociatedMenuConfiguration	AvailableOffline: True Behavior: DoNotDisplay Group: Details Label: MenuId: null Order: QueryApi: null ViewId: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

msdyn_schedulinggoal_ProcessSession

Many-To-One Relationship: processsession msdyn_schedulinggoal_ProcessSession

Property	Value
ReferencingEntity	processsession
ReferencingAttribute	regardingobjectid
ReferencedEntityNavigationPropertyName	msdyn_schedulinggoal_ProcessSession
IsCustomizable	True
AssociatedMenuConfiguration	AvailableOffline: True Behavior: DoNotDisplay Group: Details Label: MenuId: null Order: QueryApi: null ViewId: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

msdyn_schedulinggoal_SyncErrors

Many-To-One Relationship: syncerror msdyn_schedulinggoal_SyncErrors

Property	Value
ReferencingEntity	syncerror
ReferencingAttribute	regardingobjectid
ReferencedEntityNavigationPropertyName	msdyn_schedulinggoal_SyncErrors
IsCustomizable	True
AssociatedMenuConfiguration	AvailableOffline: True Behavior: DoNotDisplay Group: Details Label: MenuId: null Order: QueryApi: null ViewId: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

msdyn_schedulingoptimizationplan_schedulinggoal_msdyn_schedulinggoal

Many-To-One Relationship: msdyn_schedulingoptimizationplan msdyn_schedulingoptimizationplan_schedulinggoal_msdyn_schedulinggoal

Property	Value
ReferencingEntity	msdyn_schedulingoptimizationplan
ReferencingAttribute	msdyn_schedulinggoal
ReferencedEntityNavigationPropertyName	msdyn_schedulingoptimizationplan_schedulinggoal_msdyn_schedulinggoal
IsCustomizable	True
AssociatedMenuConfiguration	AvailableOffline: True Behavior: UseCollectionName Group: Details Label: MenuId: null Order: 10000 QueryApi: null ViewId: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

See also

Dataverse table/entity reference
Dataverse Web API Reference