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Get started with Transact-SQL programming
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Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance Azure Synapse Analytics Analytics Platform System (PDW) SQL database in Microsoft Fabric
Variables that are used in scripts are called scripting variables. Scripting variables enable one script to be used in multiple scenarios. For example, if you want to run one script against multiple servers, instead of modifying the script for each server, you can use a scripting variable for the server name. By changing the server name supplied to the scripting variable, the same script can be executed on different servers.
Scripting variables can be defined explicitly by using the setvar command, or implicitly by using the sqlcmd -v
option.
This article also includes examples defining environmental variables at the Cmd.exe command prompt by using SET
.
The setvar command is used to define scripting variables. Variables that are defined by using the setvar command are stored internally. Scripting variables shouldn't be confused with environment variables that are defined at the command prompt by using SET
. If a script references a variable that isn't an environment variable or isn't defined by using setvar, an error message is returned and the execution of the script stops. For more information, see the -b
option in sqlcmd.
If more than one type of variable has the same name, the variable with the highest precedence is used.
SET X=Y
) set at command prompt before starting sqlcmdsqlcmd -v X=Y
:Setvar X Y
Note
To view the environmental variables, in Control Panel, open System, and then select the Advanced tab.
When you start sqlcmd with an option that has a related sqlcmd variable, the sqlcmd variable is set implicitly to the value that is specified by using the option. In the following example, sqlcmd
is started with the -l
option. This implicitly sets the SQLLOGINTIMEOUT
variable.
sqlcmd -l 60
You can also use the -v
option to set a scripting variable that exists in a script. In the following script (the file name is testscript.sql
), ColumnName
is a scripting variable.
USE AdventureWorks2022;
SELECT x.$(ColumnName)
FROM Person.Person x
WHERE x.BusinessEntityID < 5;
You can then specify the name of the column that you want returned by using the -v
option:
sqlcmd -v ColumnName ="FirstName" -i c:\testscript.sql
To return a different column by using the same script, change the value of the ColumnName
scripting variable.
sqlcmd -v ColumnName ="LastName" -i c:\testscript.sql
Consider the following guidelines when you name scripting variables:
Variable names must not contain white space characters or quotation marks.
Variable names must not have the same form as a variable expression, such as $(var).
Scripting variables are case-insensitive
Note
If no value is assigned to a sqlcmd environment variable, the variable is removed. Using :setvar VarName
without a value clears the variable.
Consider the following guidelines when you specify values for scripting variables:
-v
option must be enclosed by quotation marks if the string value contains spaces.setvar MyVar "spac""e"
.Variables that are defined by using SET
are part of the cmd.exe environment and can be referenced by sqlcmd. Consider the following guidelines:
Variables that are defined by sqlcmd are known as scripting variables. The following table lists sqlcmd scripting variables.
Variable | Related option | R/W | Default |
---|---|---|---|
SQLCMDUSER 1 | -U | R 2 | "" |
SQLCMDPASSWORD 1 | -P | -- | "" |
SQLCMDSERVER 1 | -S | R 2 | "DefaultLocalInstance" |
SQLCMDWORKSTATION | -H | R 2 | "ComputerName" |
SQLCMDDBNAME | -d | R 2 | "" |
SQLCMDLOGINTIMEOUT | -l | R/W 3 | "8" (seconds) |
SQLCMDSTATTIMEOUT | -t | R/W 3 | "0" = wait indefinitely |
SQLCMDHEADERS | -h | R/W 3 | "0" |
SQLCMDCOLSEP | -s | R/W 3 | " " |
SQLCMDCOLWIDTH | -w | R/W 3 | "0" |
SQLCMDPACKETSIZE | -a | R 2 | "4096" |
SQLCMDERRORLEVEL | -m | R/W 3 | "0" |
SQLCMDMAXVARTYPEWIDTH | -y | R/W 3 | "256" |
SQLCMDMAXFIXEDTYPEWIDTH | -Y | R/W 3 | "0" = unlimited |
SQLCMDEDITOR | R/W 3 | "edit.com" | |
SQLCMDINI | R 2 | "" |
1 SQLCMDUSER, SQLCMDPASSWORD and SQLCMDSERVER are set when :Connect
is used.
2 R indicates the value can only be set one time during program initialization.
3 R/W indicates that the value can be reset by using the setvar command and subsequent commands use the new value.
Many sqlcmd options can be controlled in a script by using the setvar command. In the following example, the script test.sql
is created in which the SQLCMDLOGINTIMEOUT
variable is set to 60
seconds and another scripting variable, server
, is set to testserver
. The following code is in test.sql
.
:setvar SQLCMDLOGINTIMEOUT 60
:setvar server "testserver"
:connect $(server) -l $(SQLCMDLOGINTIMEOUT)
USE AdventureWorks2022;
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Person.Person;
The script is then called by using sqlcmd:
sqlcmd -i c:\test.sql
The following example shows how to set a scripting variable interactively by using the setvar
command.
sqlcmd
:setvar MYDATABASE AdventureWorks2022
USE $(MYDATABASE);
GO
Here's the result set.
Changed database context to 'AdventureWorks2022'
1>
In the following example, four environment variables are
set and then called from sqlcmd.
SET tablename=Person.Person
SET col1=FirstName
SET col2=LastName
SET title=Ms.
sqlcmd -d AdventureWorks2022
1> SELECT TOP 5 $(col1) + ' ' + $(col2) AS Name
2> FROM $(tablename)
3> WHERE Title ='$(title)'
4> GO
In the following example, the user-level environmental variable %Temp%
is set at the command prompt and passed to the sqlcmd
input file. To obtain the user-level environment variable, in Control Panel, double-click System. Select the Advance tab, and then select Environment Variables.
The following code is in the input file C:\testscript.txt
:
:OUT $(MyTempDirectory)
USE AdventureWorks2022;
SELECT FirstName
FROM AdventureWorks2022.Person.Person
WHERE BusinessEntityID < 5;
This following code is entered at the command prompt:
SET MyTempDirectory=%Temp%\output.txt
sqlcmd -i C:\testscript.txt
The following result is sent to the output file C:\Documents and Settings\<user>\Local Settings\Temp\output.txt
.
Changed database context to 'AdventureWorks2022'.
FirstName
--------------------------------------------------
Gustavo
Catherine
Kim
Humberto
(4 rows affected)
A sqlcmd startup script is executed when sqlcmd is started. The following example sets the environment variable SQLCMDINI
. This is the contents of init.sql.
SET NOCOUNT ON
GO
DECLARE @nt_username nvarchar(128)
SET @nt_username = (SELECT rtrim(convert(nvarchar(128), nt_username))
FROM sys.dm_exec_sessions WHERE spid = @@SPID)
SELECT @nt_username + ' is connected to ' +
rtrim(CONVERT(nvarchar(20), SERVERPROPERTY('servername'))) +
' (' +`
rtrim(CONVERT(nvarchar(20), SERVERPROPERTY('productversion'))) +
')'
:setvar SQLCMDMAXFIXEDTYPEWIDTH 100
SET NOCOUNT OFF
GO
:setvar SQLCMDMAXFIXEDTYPEWIDTH
This calls the init.sql
file when sqlcmd
is started.
SET sqlcmdini=c:\init.sql
sqlcmd
This is the output.
1> <user> is connected to <server> (9.00.2047.00)
Note
The -X
option disables the startup script feature.
The following example shows working with data in the form of a sqlcmd variable.
USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO
CREATE TABLE AdventureWorks2022.dbo.VariableTest (Col1 NVARCHAR(50));
GO
Insert one row into Col1
of dbo.VariableTest
that contains the value $(tablename)
.
INSERT INTO AdventureWorks2022.dbo.VariableTest (Col1)
VALUES ('$(tablename)');
GO
At the sqlcmd
prompt, when no variable is set equal to $(tablename)
, the following statements return the row and also return the message "'tablename' scripting variable not defined." By default, the sqlcmd flag -b
isn't set. If -b
is set, sqlcmd will terminate after the "variable not defined" error.
sqlcmd
1> SELECT Col1 FROM dbo.VariableTest WHERE Col1 = '$(tablename)';
2> GO
3> SELECT Col1 FROM dbo.VariableTest WHERE Col1 = N'$(tablename)';
4> GO
Here's the result set.
1> Col1
2> ------------------
3> $(tablename)
4>
5> (1 rows affected)
Given the variable MyVar
is set to $(tablename)
.
6> :setvar MyVar $(tablename)
These statements return the row and also return the message "'tablename' scripting variable not defined."
6> SELECT Col1 FROM dbo.VariableTest WHERE Col1 = '$(tablename)';
7> GO
1> SELECT Col1 FROM dbo.VariableTest WHERE Col1 = N'$(tablename)';
2> GO
These statements return the row.
1> SELECT Col1 FROM dbo.VariableTest WHERE Col1 = '$(MyVar)';
2> GO
1> SELECT Col1 FROM dbo.VariableTest WHERE Col1 = N'$(MyVar)';
2> GO
Training
Module
Get started with Transact-SQL programming - Training
Get started with Transact-SQL programming