Exercise - Interact with data

Completed

In the previous exercise, you created entity classes and a database context. You then used EF Core migrations to create the database schema.

In this exercise, you complete the PizzaService implementation. The service uses EF Core to perform CRUD operations on the database.

Code the CRUD operations

To finish the PizzaService implementation, complete the following steps in Services\PizzaService.cs:

1. Make the following changes as shown in the example:

   1. Add a using ContosoPizza.Data; directive.
   2. Add a using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore; directive.
   3. Add a class-level field for PizzaContext before the constructor.
   4. Change the constructor method signature to accept a PizzaContext parameter.
   5. Change the constructor method code to assign the parameter to the field.

   using ContosoPizza.Models;
   using ContosoPizza.Data;
   using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
   
   namespace ContosoPizza.Services;
   
   public class PizzaService
   {
       private readonly PizzaContext _context;
   
       public PizzaService(PizzaContext context)
       {
           _context = context;
       }
   
       /// ...
       /// CRUD operations removed for brevity
       /// ...
   }
   

   The AddSqlite method call that you added to Program.cs earlier registered PizzaContext for dependency injection. When the PizzaService instance is created, a PizzaContext is injected into the constructor.

2. Replace the GetAll method with the following code:

   public IEnumerable<Pizza> GetAll()
   {
       return _context.Pizzas
           .AsNoTracking()
           .ToList();
   }
   

   In the preceding code:

   • The Pizzas collection contains all the rows in the pizzas table.
   • The AsNoTracking extension method instructs EF Core to disable change tracking. Because this operation is read-only, AsNoTracking can optimize performance.
   • All of the pizzas are returned with ToList.

3. Replace the GetById method with the following code:

   public Pizza? GetById(int id)
   {
       return _context.Pizzas
           .Include(p => p.Toppings)
           .Include(p => p.Sauce)
           .AsNoTracking()
           .SingleOrDefault(p => p.Id == id);
   }
   

   In the preceding code:

   • The Include extension method takes a lambda expression to specify that the Toppings and Sauce navigation properties are to be included in the result by using eager loading. Without this expression, EF Core returns null for those properties.
   • The SingleOrDefault method returns a pizza that matches the lambda expression.
     • If no records match, null is returned.
     • If multiple records match, an exception is thrown.
     • The lambda expression describes records where the Id property is equal to the id parameter.

4. Replace the Create method with the following code:

   public Pizza Create(Pizza newPizza)
   {
       _context.Pizzas.Add(newPizza);
       _context.SaveChanges();
   
       return newPizza;
   }
   

   In the preceding code:

   • newPizza is assumed to be a valid object. EF Core doesn't do data validation, so the ASP.NET Core runtime or user code must handle any validation.
   • The Add method adds the newPizza entity to the EF Core object graph.
   • The SaveChanges method instructs EF Core to persist the object changes to the database.

5. Replace the AddTopping method with the following code:

   public void AddTopping(int pizzaId, int toppingId)
   {
       var pizzaToUpdate = _context.Pizzas.Find(pizzaId);
       var toppingToAdd = _context.Toppings.Find(toppingId);
   
       if (pizzaToUpdate is null || toppingToAdd is null)
       {
           throw new InvalidOperationException("Pizza or topping does not exist");
       }
   
       if(pizzaToUpdate.Toppings is null)
       {
           pizzaToUpdate.Toppings = new List<Topping>();
       }
   
       pizzaToUpdate.Toppings.Add(toppingToAdd);
   
       _context.SaveChanges();
   }
   

   In the preceding code:

   • References to existing Pizza and Topping objects are created by using Find.
   • The Topping object is added to the Pizza.Toppings collection with the .Add method. A new collection is created if it doesn't exist.
   • The SaveChanges method instructs EF Core to persist the object changes to the database.

6. Replace the UpdateSauce method with the following code:

   public void UpdateSauce(int pizzaId, int sauceId)
   {
       var pizzaToUpdate = _context.Pizzas.Find(pizzaId);
       var sauceToUpdate = _context.Sauces.Find(sauceId);
   
       if (pizzaToUpdate is null || sauceToUpdate is null)
       {
           throw new InvalidOperationException("Pizza or sauce does not exist");
       }
   
       pizzaToUpdate.Sauce = sauceToUpdate;
   
       _context.SaveChanges();
   }
   

   In the preceding code:

   • References to existing Pizza and Sauce objects are created by using Find. Find is an optimized method to query records by their primary key. Find searches the local entity graph first before it queries the database.
   • The Pizza.Sauce property is set to the Sauce object.
   • An Update method call is unnecessary because EF Core detects that you set the Sauce property on Pizza.
   • The SaveChanges method instructs EF Core to persist the object changes to the database.

7. Replace the DeleteById method with the following code:

   public void DeleteById(int id)
   {
       var pizzaToDelete = _context.Pizzas.Find(id);
       if (pizzaToDelete is not null)
       {
           _context.Pizzas.Remove(pizzaToDelete);
           _context.SaveChanges();
       }        
   }
   

   In the preceding code:

   • The Find method retrieves a pizza by the primary key (which is Id in this case).
   • The Remove method removes the pizzaToDelete entity in EF Core's object graph.
   • The SaveChanges method instructs EF Core to persist the object changes to the database.

8. Save all your changes and run dotnet build. Fix any errors that occur.

Seed the database

You coded the CRUD operations for PizzaService, but it's easier to test the Read operation if the database contains good data. You decide to modify the app to seed the database on startup.

Warning

This database seeding code doesn't account for race conditions, so be careful when using it in a distributed environment without mitigating changes.

1. In the Data folder, add a new file named DbInitializer.cs.

2. Add the following code to Data\DbInitializer.cs:

   using ContosoPizza.Models;
   
   namespace ContosoPizza.Data
   {
       public static class DbInitializer
       {
           public static void Initialize(PizzaContext context)
           {
   
               if (context.Pizzas.Any()
                   && context.Toppings.Any()
                   && context.Sauces.Any())
               {
                   return;   // DB has been seeded
               }
   
               var pepperoniTopping = new Topping { Name = "Pepperoni", Calories = 130 };
               var sausageTopping = new Topping { Name = "Sausage", Calories = 100 };
               var hamTopping = new Topping { Name = "Ham", Calories = 70 };
               var chickenTopping = new Topping { Name = "Chicken", Calories = 50 };
               var pineappleTopping = new Topping { Name = "Pineapple", Calories = 75 };
   
               var tomatoSauce = new Sauce { Name = "Tomato", IsVegan = true };
               var alfredoSauce = new Sauce { Name = "Alfredo", IsVegan = false };
   
               var pizzas = new Pizza[]
               {
                   new Pizza
                       { 
                           Name = "Meat Lovers", 
                           Sauce = tomatoSauce, 
                           Toppings = new List<Topping>
                               {
                                   pepperoniTopping, 
                                   sausageTopping, 
                                   hamTopping, 
                                   chickenTopping
                               }
                       },
                   new Pizza
                       { 
                           Name = "Hawaiian", 
                           Sauce = tomatoSauce, 
                           Toppings = new List<Topping>
                               {
                                   pineappleTopping, 
                                   hamTopping
                               }
                       },
                   new Pizza
                       { 
                           Name="Alfredo Chicken", 
                           Sauce = alfredoSauce, 
                           Toppings = new List<Topping>
                               {
                                   chickenTopping
                               }
                           }
               };
   
               context.Pizzas.AddRange(pizzas);
               context.SaveChanges();
           }
       }
   }
   

   In the preceding code:

   • The DbInitializer class and Initialize method are both defined as static.
   • Initialize accepts a PizzaContext object as a parameter.
   • If there are no records in any of the three tables, Pizza, Sauce, and Topping objects are created.
   • The Pizza objects (and their Sauce and Topping navigation properties) are added to the object graph by using AddRange.
   • The object graph changes are committed to the database by using SaveChanges.

The DbInitializer class is ready to seed the database, but it needs to be called from Program.cs. The following steps create an extension method for IHost that calls DbInitializer.Initialize:

1. In the Data folder, add a new file named Extensions.cs.

2. Add the following code to Data\Extensions.cs:

   namespace ContosoPizza.Data;
   
   public static class Extensions
   {
       public static void CreateDbIfNotExists(this IHost host)
       {
           {
               using (var scope = host.Services.CreateScope())
               {
                   var services = scope.ServiceProvider;
                   var context = services.GetRequiredService<PizzaContext>();
                   context.Database.EnsureCreated();
                   DbInitializer.Initialize(context);
               }
           }
       }
   }
   

   In the preceding code:

   • The CreateDbIfNotExists method is defined as an extension of IHost.

   • A reference to the PizzaContext service is created.

   • EnsureCreated ensures that the database exists.

     Important

     If a database doesn't exist, EnsureCreated creates a new database. The new database isn't configured for migrations, so use this method with caution.

   • The DbIntializer.Initialize method is called. The PizzaContext object is passed as a parameter.

3. Finally, in Program.cs, replace the // Add the CreateDbIfNotExists method call comment with the following code to call the new extension method:

   app.CreateDbIfNotExists();
   

   This code calls the extension method that you defined earlier each time the app runs.

4. Save all your changes and run dotnet build.

You wrote all the code you need to do basic CRUD operations and seed the database on startup. In the next exercise, you test those operations in the app.

Check your knowledge

1.

Suppose you want to write a read-only query. How do you indicate to EF Core that object graph change tracking is unnecessary?

Set the entity's state to EntityState.Unchanged.

Chain the ToListAsync() method call to the Language Integrated Query (LINQ) query or fluent method chain.

Chain the AsNoTracking() method call to the DbSet object for the entity.

You must answer all questions before checking your work.