Muokkaa

Jaa

1. Introduction

  • Artikkeli

This document specifies a collection of compiler directives, library functions, and environment variables that you can use to specify shared-memory parallelism in C and C++ programs. The functionality described in this document is collectively known as the OpenMP C/C++ Application Program Interface (API). The goal of this specification is to provide a model for parallel programming that allows a program to be portable across shared-memory architectures from different vendors. Compilers from many vendors support the OpenMP C/C++ API. More information about OpenMP, including the OpenMP Fortran Application Program Interface, can be found at the following web site:

https://www.openmp.org

The directives, library functions, and environment variables defined in this document allow you to create and manage parallel programs while allowing portability. The directives extend the C and C++ sequential programming model with single program multiple data (SPMD) constructs, work-sharing constructs, and synchronization constructs. They also support the sharing and privatization of data. Compilers that support the OpenMP C and C++ API include a command-line option to the compiler that activates and allows interpretation of all OpenMP compiler directives.

1.1 Scope

This specification covers only user-directed parallelization, wherein you explicitly define what actions the compiler and run-time system take to execute the program in parallel. OpenMP C and C++ implementations aren't required to check for dependencies, conflicts, deadlocks, race conditions, or other problems that result in incorrect program execution. You are responsible for ensuring that the application using the OpenMP C and C++ API constructs executes correctly. Compiler-generated automatic parallelization and directives to the compiler to assist such parallelization aren't covered in this document.

1.2 Definition of terms

The following terms are used in this document:

  • barrier

    A synchronization point that all threads in a team must reach. Each thread waits until all threads in the team arrive at this point. There are explicit barriers identified by directives and implicit barriers created by the implementation.

  • construct

    A construct is a statement. It consists of a directive, followed by a structured block. Some directives aren't part of a construct. (See openmp-directive in appendix C).

  • directive

    A C or C++ #pragma followed by the omp identifier, other text, and a new line. The directive specifies program behavior.

  • dynamic extent

    All statements in the lexical extent, plus any statement inside a function that's executed as a result of the execution of statements within the lexical extent. A dynamic extent is also referred to as a region.

  • lexical extent

    Statements lexically held within a structured block.

  • master thread

    The thread that creates a team when a parallel region is entered.

  • parallel region

    Statements that bind to an OpenMP parallel construct and may be executed by many threads.

  • private

    A private variable names a block of storage that's unique to the thread making the reference. There are several ways to specify that a variable is private: a definition within a parallel region, a threadprivate directive, a private, firstprivate, lastprivate, or reduction clause, or use of the variable as a for loop control variable in a for loop immediately following a for or parallel for directive.

  • region

    A dynamic extent.

  • serial region

    Statements executed only by the master thread outside of the dynamic extent of any parallel region.

  • serialize

    To execute a parallel construct with:

    • a team of threads consisting of only a single thread (which is the master thread for that parallel construct),

    • serial order of execution for the statements within the structured block (the same order as if the block were not part of a parallel construct), and

    • no effect on the value returned by omp_in_parallel() (apart from the effects of any nested parallel constructs).

  • shared

    A shared variable names a single block of storage. All threads in a team that access this variable also access this single block of storage.

  • structured block

    A structured block is a statement (single or compound) that has a single entry and a single exit. If there's a jump into or out of a statement, that statement is a structured block. (This rule includes a call to longjmp(3C) or the use of throw, although a call to exit is permitted.) If its execution always begins at the opening { and always ends at the closing }, a compound statement is a structured block. An expression statement, selection statement, iteration statement, or try block is a structured block if the corresponding compound statement obtained by enclosing it in { and } would be a structured block. A jump statement, labeled statement, or declaration statement isn't a structured block.

  • team

    One or more threads cooperating in the execution of a construct.

  • thread

    An execution entity having a serial flow of control, a set of private variables, and access to shared variables.

  • variable

    An identifier, optionally qualified by namespace names, that names an object.

1.3 Execution model

OpenMP uses the fork-join model of parallel execution. Although this fork-join model can be useful for solving various problems, it's tailored for large array-based applications. OpenMP is intended to support programs that execute correctly both as parallel programs (many threads of execution and a full OpenMP support library). It's also for programs that execute correctly as sequential programs (directives ignored and a simple OpenMP stubs library). However, it's possible and permitted to develop a program that doesn't behave correctly when executed sequentially. Furthermore, different degrees of parallelism may result in different numeric results because of changes in the association of numeric operations. For example, a serial addition reduction may have a different pattern of addition associations than a parallel reduction. These different associations may change the results of floating-point addition.

A program written with the OpenMP C/C++ API begins execution as a single thread of execution called the master thread. The master thread executes in a serial region until the first parallel construct is encountered. In the OpenMP C/C++ API, the parallel directive constitutes a parallel construct. When a parallel construct is encountered, the master thread creates a team of threads, and the master becomes master of the team. Each thread in the team executes the statements in the dynamic extent of a parallel region, except for the work-sharing constructs. All threads in the team must encounter work-sharing constructs in the same order, and one or more of the threads executes the statements within the associated structured block. The barrier implied at the end of a work-sharing construct without a nowait clause is executed by all threads in the team.

If a thread modifies a shared object, it affects not only its own execution environment, but also those of the other threads in the program. The modification is guaranteed to be complete, from the point of view of another thread, at the next sequence point (as defined in the base language) only if the object is declared to be volatile. Otherwise, the modification is guaranteed to be complete after first the modifying thread. The other threads then (or concurrently) see a flush directive that specifies the object (either implicitly or explicitly). When the flush directives that are implied by other OpenMP directives don't guarantee the correct ordering of side effects, it's the programmer's responsibility to supply additional, explicit flush directives.

Upon completion of the parallel construct, the threads in the team synchronize at an implicit barrier, and only the master thread continues execution. Any number of parallel constructs can be specified in a single program. As a result, a program may fork and join many times during execution.

The OpenMP C/C++ API allows programmers to use directives in functions called from within parallel constructs. Directives that don't appear in the lexical extent of a parallel construct but may lie in the dynamic extent are called orphaned directives. With orphaned directives, programmers can execute major portions of their program in parallel, with only minimal changes to the sequential program. With this functionality, you can code parallel constructs at the top levels of the program call tree and use directives to control execution in any of the called functions.

Unsynchronized calls to C and C++ output functions that write to the same file may result in output in which data written by different threads appears in nondeterministic order. Similarly, unsynchronized calls to input functions that read from the same file may read data in nondeterministic order. Unsynchronized use of I/O, such that each thread accesses a different file, produces the same results as serial execution of the I/O functions.

1.4 Compliance

An implementation of the OpenMP C/C++ API is OpenMP-compliant if it recognizes and preserves the semantics of all the elements of this specification, as laid out in Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, and Appendix C. Appendices A, B, D, E, and F are for information purposes only and aren't part of the specification. Implementations that include only a subset of the API aren't OpenMP-compliant.

The OpenMP C and C++ API is an extension to the base language that's supported by an implementation. If the base language doesn't support a language construct or extension that appears in this document, the OpenMP implementation isn't required to support it.

All standard C and C++ library functions and built-in functions (that is, functions of which the compiler has specific knowledge) must be thread-safe. Unsynchronized use of thread-safe functions by different threads inside a parallel region doesn't produce undefined behavior. However, the behavior might not be the same as in a serial region. (A random number generation function is an example.)

The OpenMP C/C++ API specifies that certain behavior is implementation-defined. A conforming OpenMP implementation is required to define and document its behavior in these cases. For a list of implementation-defined behaviors, see appendix E.

1.5 Normative references

  • ISO/IEC 9899:1999, Information Technology - Programming Languages - C. This OpenMP API specification refers to ISO/IEC 9899:1999 as C99.

  • ISO/IEC 9899:1990, Information Technology - Programming Languages - C. This OpenMP API specification refers to ISO/IEC 9899:1990 as C90.

  • ISO/IEC 14882:1998, Information Technology - Programming Languages - C++. This OpenMP API specification refers to ISO/IEC 14882:1998 as C++.

Where this OpenMP API specification refers to C, reference is made to the base language supported by the implementation.

1.6 Organization