RegistryKey.GetValue Method

Reference

Definition

Namespace:: Microsoft.Win32

Assembly:: Microsoft.Win32.Registry.dll

Assembly:: mscorlib.dll

Package:: Microsoft.Win32.Registry v5.0.0

Important

Some information relates to prerelease product that may be substantially modified before it’s released. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information provided here.

Retrieves the value associated with the specified name.

Overloads

GetValue(String, Object, RegistryValueOptions)	Retrieves the value associated with the specified name and retrieval options. If the name is not found, returns the default value that you provide.
GetValue(String)	Retrieves the value associated with the specified name. Returns `null` if the name/value pair does not exist in the registry.
GetValue(String, Object)	Retrieves the value associated with the specified name. If the name is not found, returns the default value that you provide.

GetValue(String, Object, RegistryValueOptions)

Source:: RegistryKey.cs

Retrieves the value associated with the specified name and retrieval options. If the name is not found, returns the default value that you provide.

public:
 System::Object ^ GetValue(System::String ^ name, System::Object ^ defaultValue, Microsoft::Win32::RegistryValueOptions options);

public object? GetValue (string? name, object? defaultValue, Microsoft.Win32.RegistryValueOptions options);

public object GetValue (string name, object defaultValue, Microsoft.Win32.RegistryValueOptions options);

[System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
public object GetValue (string name, object defaultValue, Microsoft.Win32.RegistryValueOptions options);

member this.GetValue : string * obj * Microsoft.Win32.RegistryValueOptions -> obj

[<System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)>]
member this.GetValue : string * obj * Microsoft.Win32.RegistryValueOptions -> obj

Public Function GetValue (name As String, defaultValue As Object, options As RegistryValueOptions) As Object

Parameters

name: String

The name of the value to retrieve. This string is not case-sensitive.

defaultValue: Object

The value to return if name does not exist.

options: RegistryValueOptions

One of the enumeration values that specifies optional processing of the retrieved value.

Returns

Object

The value associated with name, processed according to the specified options, or defaultValue if name is not found.

Attributes: ComVisibleAttribute

Exceptions

SecurityException

The user does not have the permissions required to read from the registry key.

ObjectDisposedException

The RegistryKey that contains the specified value is closed (closed keys cannot be accessed).

IOException

The RegistryKey that contains the specified value has been marked for deletion.

ArgumentException

options is not a valid RegistryValueOptions value; for example, an invalid value is cast to RegistryValueOptions.

UnauthorizedAccessException

The user does not have the necessary registry rights.

Examples

The following code sample creates a test key, adds a value with an embedded environment variable, and retrieves the value in both expanded and unexpanded forms.

#using <Microsoft.VisualBasic.dll>

using namespace System;
using namespace Microsoft::Win32;
using namespace Microsoft::VisualBasic;

int main()
{
    // Delete and recreate the test key.
    Registry::CurrentUser->DeleteSubKey( L"RegistryValueOptionsExample", false );
    RegistryKey ^ rk = 
        Registry::CurrentUser->CreateSubKey( L"RegistryValueOptionsExample" );
   
    // Add a value that contains an environment variable.
    rk->SetValue( L"ExpandValue", L"The path is %PATH%", 
        RegistryValueKind::ExpandString );
   
    // Retrieve the value, first without expanding the environment
    // variable and then expanding it.
    Console::WriteLine( L"Unexpanded: \"{0}\"", 
                        rk->GetValue( L"ExpandValue", 
                        L"No Value", 
                        RegistryValueOptions::DoNotExpandEnvironmentNames ) );
    Console::WriteLine( L"Expanded: \"{0}\"", rk->GetValue( L"ExpandValue" ) );
 
    return 0;
} //Main

using System;
using Microsoft.Win32;
using Microsoft.VisualBasic;

public class Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // Delete and recreate the test key.
        Registry.CurrentUser.DeleteSubKey("RegistryValueOptionsExample", false);
        RegistryKey rk =
            Registry.CurrentUser.CreateSubKey("RegistryValueOptionsExample");

        // Add a value that contains an environment variable.
        rk.SetValue("ExpandValue", "The path is %PATH%", RegistryValueKind.ExpandString);

        // Retrieve the value, first without expanding the environment
        // variable and then expanding it.
        Console.WriteLine("Unexpanded: \"{0}\"",
            rk.GetValue("ExpandValue", "No Value",
            RegistryValueOptions.DoNotExpandEnvironmentNames));
        Console.WriteLine("Expanded: \"{0}\"", rk.GetValue("ExpandValue"));
    } //Main
} //Example

Imports Microsoft.Win32

Public Class Example
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        ' Delete and recreate the test key.
        Registry.CurrentUser.DeleteSubKey("RegistryValueOptionsExample", False)
        Dim rk As RegistryKey = _
            Registry.CurrentUser.CreateSubKey("RegistryValueOptionsExample")

        ' Add a value that contains an environment variable.
        rk.SetValue("ExpandValue", "The path is %PATH%", _
            RegistryValueKind.ExpandString)

        ' Retrieve the value, first without expanding the environment 
        ' variable and then expanding it.
        Console.WriteLine("Unexpanded: ""{0}""", _
            rk.GetValue("ExpandValue", "No Value", _
            RegistryValueOptions.DoNotExpandEnvironmentNames))
        Console.WriteLine("Expanded: ""{0}""", rk.GetValue("ExpandValue"))
    End Sub
End Class

Remarks

Use this overload to specify special processing of the retrieved value. For example, you can specify RegistryValueOptions.DoNotExpandEnvironmentNames when retrieving a registry value of type RegistryValueKind.ExpandString to retrieve the string without expanding embedded environment variables.

Use the defaultValue parameter to specify the value to return if name does not exist.

Note

A registry key can have one value that is not associated with any name. When this unnamed value is displayed in the registry editor, the string "(Default)" appears instead of a name. To retrieve this unnamed value, specify either null or the empty string ("") for name.

GetValue does not support reading values of type REG_NONE or REG_LINK. In both cases, the default value (null) is returned instead of the actual value.

Applies to

GetValue(String)

Source:: RegistryKey.cs

Retrieves the value associated with the specified name. Returns null if the name/value pair does not exist in the registry.

public:
 System::Object ^ GetValue(System::String ^ name);

public object? GetValue (string? name);

public object GetValue (string name);

member this.GetValue : string -> obj

Public Function GetValue (name As String) As Object

Parameters

name: String

The name of the value to retrieve. This string is not case-sensitive.

Returns

Object

The value associated with name, or null if name is not found.

Exceptions

SecurityException

The user does not have the permissions required to read from the registry key.

ObjectDisposedException

The RegistryKey that contains the specified value is closed (closed keys cannot be accessed).

IOException

The RegistryKey that contains the specified value has been marked for deletion.

UnauthorizedAccessException

The user does not have the necessary registry rights.

Examples

The following code example creates a test key and adds values of different data types to the key. The example then reads the name/value pairs and displays them to the console, using the GetValueKind method to retrieve the corresponding registry data types.

using namespace System;
using namespace Microsoft::Win32;
int main()
{
   
   // Delete and recreate the test key.
   Registry::CurrentUser->DeleteSubKey( "RegistryValueKindExample", false );
   RegistryKey ^ rk = Registry::CurrentUser->CreateSubKey( "RegistryValueKindExample" );
   
   // Create name/value pairs.
   // This overload supports QWord (long) values. 
   rk->SetValue( "QuadWordValue", 42, RegistryValueKind::QWord );
   
   // The following SetValue calls have the same effect as using the
   // SetValue overload that does not specify RegistryValueKind.
   //
   rk->SetValue( "DWordValue", 42, RegistryValueKind::DWord );
   rk->SetValue( "MultipleStringValue", gcnew array<String^>{
      "One","Two","Three"
   }, RegistryValueKind::MultiString );
   rk->SetValue( "BinaryValue", gcnew array<Byte>{
      10,43,44,45,14,255
   }, RegistryValueKind::Binary );
   rk->SetValue( "StringValue", "The path is %PATH%", RegistryValueKind::String );
   
   // This overload supports setting expandable string values. Compare
   // the output from this value with the previous string value.
   rk->SetValue( "ExpandedStringValue", "The path is %PATH%", RegistryValueKind::ExpandString );
   
   // Display all the name/value pairs stored in the test key, with the
   // registry data type in parentheses.
   //
   array<String^>^valueNames = rk->GetValueNames();
   System::Collections::IEnumerator^ myEnum = valueNames->GetEnumerator();
   while ( myEnum->MoveNext() )
   {
      String^ s = safe_cast<String^>(myEnum->Current);
      RegistryValueKind rvk = rk->GetValueKind( s );
      switch ( rvk )
      {
         case RegistryValueKind::MultiString:
         {
            array<String^>^values = (array<String^>^)rk->GetValue( s );
            Console::Write( "\r\n {0} ({1}) =", s, rvk );
            for ( int i = 0; i < values->Length; i++ )
            {
               if (i != 0) Console::Write(",");
               Console::Write( " \"{0}\"", values[ i ] );

            }
            Console::WriteLine();
            break;
         }
         case RegistryValueKind::Binary:
         {
            array<Byte>^bytes = (array<Byte>^)rk->GetValue( s );
            Console::Write( "\r\n {0} ({1}) =", s, rvk );
            for ( int i = 0; i < bytes->Length; i++ )
            {
               
               // Display each byte as two hexadecimal digits.
               Console::Write( " {0:X2}", bytes[ i ] );

            }
            Console::WriteLine();
            break;
         }
         default:
            Console::WriteLine( "\r\n {0} ({1}) = {2}", s, rvk, rk->GetValue( s ) );
            break;
      }
   }
}
/*

This code example produces the following output:
 QuadWordValue (QWord) = 42

 DWordValue (DWord) = 42

 MultipleStringValue (MultiString) =, "One", "Two", "Three"

 BinaryValue (Binary) = 0A 2B 2C 2D 0E FF

 StringValue (String) = The path is %PATH%

 ExpandedStringValue (ExpandString) = The path is C:\Program Files\Microsoft.NET\SDK\v2.0\Bin;
 [***The remainder of this output is omitted.***]

*/

using System;
using Microsoft.Win32;

public class Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // Delete and recreate the test key.
        Registry.CurrentUser.DeleteSubKey("RegistryValueKindExample", false);
        RegistryKey rk = Registry.CurrentUser.CreateSubKey("RegistryValueKindExample");

        // Create name/value pairs.

        // This overload supports QWord (long) values.
        rk.SetValue("QuadWordValue", 42, RegistryValueKind.QWord);

        // The following SetValue calls have the same effect as using the
        // SetValue overload that does not specify RegistryValueKind.
        //
        rk.SetValue("DWordValue", 42, RegistryValueKind.DWord);
        rk.SetValue("MultipleStringValue", new string[] {"One", "Two", "Three"}, RegistryValueKind.MultiString);
        rk.SetValue("BinaryValue", new byte[] {10, 43, 44, 45, 14, 255}, RegistryValueKind.Binary);
        rk.SetValue("StringValue", "The path is %PATH%", RegistryValueKind.String);

        // This overload supports setting expandable string values. Compare
        // the output from this value with the previous string value.
        rk.SetValue("ExpandedStringValue", "The path is %PATH%", RegistryValueKind.ExpandString);

        // Display all name/value pairs stored in the test key, with each
        // registry data type in parentheses.
        //
        string[] valueNames = rk.GetValueNames();
        foreach (string s in valueNames)
        {
            RegistryValueKind rvk = rk.GetValueKind(s);
            switch (rvk)
            {
                case RegistryValueKind.MultiString :
                    string[] values = (string[]) rk.GetValue(s);
                    Console.Write("\r\n {0} ({1}) =", s, rvk);
                    for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
                    {
                        if (i != 0) Console.Write(",");
                        Console.Write(" \"{0}\"", values[i]);
                    }
                    Console.WriteLine();
                    break;

                case RegistryValueKind.Binary :
                    byte[] bytes = (byte[]) rk.GetValue(s);
                    Console.Write("\r\n {0} ({1}) =", s, rvk);
                    for (int i = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++)
                    {
                        // Display each byte as two hexadecimal digits.
                        Console.Write(" {0:X2}", bytes[i]);
                    }
                    Console.WriteLine();
                    break;

                default :
                    Console.WriteLine("\r\n {0} ({1}) = {2}", s, rvk, rk.GetValue(s));
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
}
/*

This code example produces the following output:
 QuadWordValue (QWord) = 42

 DWordValue (DWord) = 42

 MultipleStringValue (MultiString) =, "One", "Two", "Three"

 BinaryValue (Binary) = 0A 2B 2C 2D 0E FF

 StringValue (String) = The path is %PATH%

 ExpandedStringValue (ExpandString) = The path is C:\Program Files\Microsoft.NET\SDK\v2.0\Bin;
 [***The remainder of this output is omitted.***]

*/

Imports Microsoft.Win32

Public Class Example
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        ' Delete and recreate the test key.
        Registry.CurrentUser.DeleteSubKey("RegistryValueKindExample", False)
        Dim rk As RegistryKey = Registry.CurrentUser.CreateSubKey("RegistryValueKindExample")
        
        ' Create name/value pairs.
        ' This overload supports QWord (long) values. 
        rk.SetValue("QuadWordValue", 42, RegistryValueKind.QWord)
        
        ' The following SetValue calls have the same effect as using the
        ' SetValue overload that does not specify RegistryValueKind.
        '
        rk.SetValue("DWordValue", 42, RegistryValueKind.DWord)
        rk.SetValue("MultipleStringValue", New String() {"One", "Two", "Three"}, RegistryValueKind.MultiString)
        rk.SetValue("BinaryValue", New Byte() {10, 43, 44, 45, 14, 255}, RegistryValueKind.Binary)
        rk.SetValue("StringValue", "The path is %PATH%", RegistryValueKind.String) 
        
        ' This overload supports setting expandable string values. Compare
        ' the output from this value with the previous string value.
        rk.SetValue("ExpandedStringValue", "The path is %PATH%", RegistryValueKind.ExpandString)
        
        
        ' Display all name/value pairs stored in the test key, with each
        ' registry data type in parentheses.
        '
        Dim valueNames As String() = rk.GetValueNames()
        Dim s As String
        For Each s In  valueNames
            Dim rvk As RegistryValueKind = rk.GetValueKind(s)
            Select Case rvk
                Case RegistryValueKind.MultiString
                    Dim values As String() = CType(rk.GetValue(s), String())
                    Console.Write(vbCrLf & " {0} ({1}) =", s, rvk)
                    For i As Integer = 0 To values.Length - 1
                        If i <> 0 Then Console.Write(",")
                        Console.Write(" ""{0}""", values(i))
                    Next i
                    Console.WriteLine()
                
                Case RegistryValueKind.Binary
                    Dim bytes As Byte() = CType(rk.GetValue(s), Byte())
                    Console.Write(vbCrLf & " {0} ({1}) =", s, rvk)
                    For i As Integer = 0 To bytes.Length - 1
                        ' Display each byte as two hexadecimal digits.
                        Console.Write(" {0:X2}", bytes(i))
                    Next i
                    Console.WriteLine()
                
                Case Else
                    Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf & " {0} ({1}) = {2}", s, rvk, rk.GetValue(s))
            End Select
        Next s
    End Sub
End Class

'
'This code example produces the following output (some output is omitted):
'
' QuadWordValue (QWord) = 42
'
' DWordValue (DWord) = 42
'
' MultipleStringValue (MultiString) = "One", "Two", "Three"
'
' BinaryValue (Binary) = 0A 2B 2C 2D 0E FF
'
' StringValue (String) = The path is %PATH%
'
' ExpandedStringValue (ExpandString) = The path is C:\Program Files\Microsoft.NET\SDK\v2.0\Bin;
' [***The remainder of this output is omitted.***]

Remarks

Note

When the GetValue method retrieves expandable string values (RegistryValueKind.ExpandString), it expands environment strings using data from the local environment. To retrieve expandable string values from the registry on a remote computer, use the GetValue(String, Object, RegistryValueOptions) method overload to specify that you do not want environment strings expanded.

Note

If a value containing expandable references to environment variables has been stored as a string (RegistryValueKind.String), rather than as an expandable string (RegistryValueKind.ExpandString), GetValue does not expand it. You can expand such a string after it has been retrieved by calling the ExpandEnvironmentVariables method.

Note

The recommended way to retrieve data from the PerformanceData key is to use the PerformanceCounter class rather than the RegistryKey.GetValue method.

GetValue does not support reading values of type REG_NONE or REG_LINK. In both cases, the default value (null) is returned instead of the actual value.

Applies to

GetValue(String, Object)

Source:: RegistryKey.cs

Retrieves the value associated with the specified name. If the name is not found, returns the default value that you provide.

public:
 System::Object ^ GetValue(System::String ^ name, System::Object ^ defaultValue);

public object? GetValue (string? name, object? defaultValue);

public object GetValue (string name, object defaultValue);

member this.GetValue : string * obj -> obj

Public Function GetValue (name As String, defaultValue As Object) As Object

Parameters

name: String

The name of the value to retrieve. This string is not case-sensitive.

defaultValue: Object

The value to return if name does not exist.

Returns

Object

The value associated with name, with any embedded environment variables left unexpanded, or defaultValue if name is not found.

Exceptions

SecurityException

The user does not have the permissions required to read from the registry key.

ObjectDisposedException

The RegistryKey that contains the specified value is closed (closed keys cannot be accessed).

IOException

The RegistryKey that contains the specified value has been marked for deletion.

UnauthorizedAccessException

The user does not have the necessary registry rights.

Examples

The following code example creates a test key with a value and retrieves that value. The example then attempts to retrieve a nonexistent value from the key; in this case the GetValue method returns the specified default value.

using namespace System;
using namespace Microsoft::Win32;

public ref class RegGetDef
{
public:
    static void Main()
    {
        // Create a reference to a valid key.  In order for this code to
        // work, the indicated key must have been created previously.
        // The key name is not case-sensitive.
        RegistryKey^ rk = Registry::LocalMachine->OpenSubKey("Software\\myTestKey", false);
        // Get the value from the specified name/value pair in the key.
        String^ valueName = "myTestValue";

        Console::WriteLine("Retrieving registry value ...");
        Console::WriteLine();
        Object^ o = rk->GetValue(valueName);
        Console::WriteLine("Object Type = " + o->GetType()->FullName);
        Console::WriteLine();
        switch (rk->GetValueKind(valueName))
        {
            case RegistryValueKind::String:
            case RegistryValueKind::ExpandString:
                Console::WriteLine("Value = " + o);
                break;
            case RegistryValueKind::Binary:
                for each (Byte^ b in (array<Byte^>^)o)
                {
                    Console::Write("{0:x2} ", b);
                }
                Console::WriteLine();
                break;
            case RegistryValueKind::DWord:
                Console::WriteLine("Value = " + Convert::ToString((Int32^)o));
                break;
            case RegistryValueKind::QWord:
                Console::WriteLine("Value = " + Convert::ToString((Int64^)o));
                break;
            case RegistryValueKind::MultiString:
                for each (String^ s in (array<String^>^)o)
                {
                    Console::Write("[{0:s}], ", s);
                }
                Console::WriteLine();
                break;
            default:
                Console::WriteLine("Value = (Unknown)");
                break;
        }

        // Attempt to retrieve a value that does not exist; the specified
        // default value is returned.
        String^ def = (String^)rk->GetValue("notavalue", "The default to return");
        Console::WriteLine();
        Console::WriteLine(def);
        
        rk->Close();
    }
};

int main()
{
    RegGetDef::Main();
}
/*
Output:
Retrieving registry value ...

Object Type = System.String

Value = testData

The default to return
*/

using System;
using Microsoft.Win32;

class RegGetDef
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // Create a reference to a valid key.  In order for this code to
        // work, the indicated key must have been created previously.
        // The key name is not case-sensitive.
        RegistryKey rk = Registry.LocalMachine.OpenSubKey("Software\\myTestKey", false);
        // Get the value from the specified name/value pair in the key.

        string valueName = "myTestValue";

        Console.WriteLine("Retrieving registry value ...");
        Console.WriteLine();
        object o = rk.GetValue(valueName);
        Console.WriteLine("Object Type = " + o.GetType().FullName);
        Console.WriteLine();
        switch (rk.GetValueKind(valueName))
        {
            case RegistryValueKind.String:
            case RegistryValueKind.ExpandString:
                Console.WriteLine("Value = " + o);
                break;
            case RegistryValueKind.Binary:
                foreach (byte b in (byte[])o)
                {
                    Console.Write("{0:x2} ", b);
                }
                Console.WriteLine();
                break;
            case RegistryValueKind.DWord:
                Console.WriteLine("Value = " + Convert.ToString((int)o));
                break;
            case RegistryValueKind.QWord:
                Console.WriteLine("Value = " + Convert.ToString((Int64)o));
                break;
            case RegistryValueKind.MultiString:
                foreach (string s in (string[])o)
                {
                    Console.Write("[{0:s}], ", s);
                }
                Console.WriteLine();
                break;
            default:
                Console.WriteLine("Value = (Unknown)");
                break;
        }

        // Attempt to retrieve a value that does not exist; the specified
        // default value is returned.
        string def = (string)rk.GetValue("notavalue", "The default to return");
        Console.WriteLine();
        Console.WriteLine(def);

        rk.Close();
    }
}
/*
Output:
Retrieving registry value ...

Object Type = System.String

Value = testData

The default to return
*/

Imports Microsoft.Win32

Public Class RegGetDef
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        ' Create a reference to a valid key.  In order for this code to
        ' work, the indicated key must have been created previously.
        ' The key name is not case-sensitive.
        Dim rk As RegistryKey = Registry.LocalMachine.OpenSubKey("Software\myTestKey", false)

        ' Get the value from the specified name/value pair in the key.
        Dim valueName As String = "myTestValue"

        Console.WriteLine("Retrieving registry value ...")
        Console.WriteLine()
        Dim o As Object = rk.GetValue(valueName)
        Console.WriteLine("Object Type = " + o.GetType().FullName)
        Console.WriteLine()
        Select Case rk.GetValueKind(valueName)
            Case RegistryValueKind.String
            Case RegistryValueKind.ExpandString
                Console.WriteLine("Value = " + o)
            Case RegistryValueKind.Binary
                For Each b As Byte In CType(o,Byte())
                    Console.Write("{0:x2} ", b)
                Next b
                Console.WriteLine()
            Case RegistryValueKind.DWord
                Console.WriteLine("Value = " + Convert.ToString(CType(o,Int32)))
            Case RegistryValueKind.QWord
                Console.WriteLine("Value = " + Convert.ToString(CType(o,Int64)))
            Case RegistryValueKind.MultiString
                For Each s As String In CType(o,String())
                    Console.Write("[{0:s}], ", s)
                Next s
                Console.WriteLine()
            Case Else
                Console.WriteLine("Value = (Unknown)")
        End Select

        ' Attempt to retrieve a value that does not exist; the specified
        ' default value is returned.
        Dim Def As String = rk.GetValue("notavalue", "The default to return")
        Console.WriteLine()
        Console.WriteLine(def)
        
        rk.Close()
    End Sub
End Class
'
' Output:
' Retrieving registry value ...
'
' Object Type = System.String
'
' Value = testData
'
'The default to return

Remarks

Use this overload of GetValue to handle the case where a name does not exist yet - for example, the first time your application is run. Whenever you call this overload, use the defaultValue parameter to specify the value to return if name does not exist.

Note

When the GetValue method retrieves expandable string values (RegistryValueKind.ExpandString), it expands environment strings using data from the local environment. To retrieve expandable string values from the registry on a remote computer, use the GetValue overload to specify that you do not want environment strings expanded.

Note

If a value containing expandable references to environment variables has been stored as a string (RegistryValueKind.String), rather than as an expandable string (RegistryValueKind.ExpandString), the GetValue method does not expand it. You can expand such a string after it has been retrieved by calling the ExpandEnvironmentVariables method.

Note

The recommended way to retrieve data from the PerformanceData key is to use the PerformanceCounter class rather than the RegistryKey.GetValue method.

GetValue does not support reading values of type REG_NONE or REG_LINK. In both cases, the default value (null) is returned instead of the actual value.

Applies to

Partager via

RegistryKey.GetValue Method

Definition

Overloads

GetValue(String, Object, RegistryValueOptions)

Parameters

Returns

Exceptions

Examples

Remarks

See also

Applies to

GetValue(String)

Parameters

Returns

Exceptions

Examples

Remarks

See also

Applies to

GetValue(String, Object)

Parameters

Returns

Exceptions

Examples

Remarks

See also

Applies to

Ressources supplémentaires