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Use the Azure CLI to enable end-to-end encryption using encryption at host

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Applies to: ✔️ Linux VMs ✔️ Flexible scale sets

When you enable encryption at host, data stored on the VM host is encrypted at rest and flows encrypted to the Storage service. For conceptual information on encryption at host, and other managed disk encryption types, see Encryption at host - End-to-end encryption for your VM data.

Restrictions

  • Supported for 4k sector size Ultra Disks and Premium SSD v2.
  • Only supported on 512e sector size Ultra Disks and Premium SSD v2 if they were created after 5/13/2023.
    • For disks created before this date, snapshot your disk and create a new disk using the snapshot.
  • Can't be enabled on virtual machines (VMs) or virtual machine scale sets that currently or ever had Azure Disk Encryption enabled.
  • Azure Disk Encryption can't be enabled on disks that have encryption at host enabled.
  • The encryption can be enabled on existing virtual machine scale sets. However, only new VMs created after enabling the encryption are automatically encrypted.
  • Existing VMs must be deallocated and reallocated in order to be encrypted.

Supported VM sizes

The complete list of supported VM sizes can be pulled programmatically. To learn how to retrieve them programmatically, see the Finding supported VM sizes section. Upgrading the VM size results in validation to check if the new VM size supports the EncryptionAtHost feature.

Prerequisites

You must enable the feature for your subscription before you use the EncryptionAtHost property for your VM/VMSS. Use the following steps to enable the feature for your subscription:

  • Execute the following command to register the feature for your subscription
az feature register --namespace Microsoft.Compute --name EncryptionAtHost
  • Check that the registration state is Registered (takes a few minutes) using the command below before trying out the feature.
az feature show --namespace Microsoft.Compute --name EncryptionAtHost

Create resources

Note

This section only applies to configurations with customer-managed keys. If you're using platform-managed keys, you can skip to the Example scripts section.

Once the feature is enabled, you need to set up a DiskEncryptionSet and either an Azure Key Vault or an Azure Key Vault Managed HSM.

Azure Key Vault

  • Install the latest Azure CLI and log to an Azure account in with az login.
  • Create an Azure Key Vault and encryption key.

When creating the Key Vault, you must enable purge protection. Purge protection ensures that a deleted key cannot be permanently deleted until the retention period lapses. These settings protect you from losing data due to accidental deletion. These settings are mandatory when using a Key Vault for encrypting managed disks.

Important

Don't camel case the region, if you do so, you may experience problems when assigning additional disks to the resource in the Azure portal.

subscriptionId=yourSubscriptionID
rgName=yourResourceGroupName
location=westcentralus
keyVaultName=yourKeyVaultName
keyName=yourKeyName
diskEncryptionSetName=yourDiskEncryptionSetName
diskName=yourDiskName

az account set --subscription $subscriptionId

az group create --resource-group $rgName --location $location

az keyvault create -n $keyVaultName \
-g $rgName \
-l $location \
--enable-purge-protection true 

az keyvault key create --vault-name $keyVaultName \
-n $keyName \
--protection software
  • Create a DiskEncryptionSet. You can set enable-auto-key-rotation equal to true to enable automatic rotation of the key. When you enable automatic rotation, the system will automatically update all managed disks, snapshots, and images referencing the disk encryption set to use the new version of the key within one hour.
keyVaultKeyUrl=$(az keyvault key show --vault-name $keyVaultName --name $keyName --query [key.kid] -o tsv)

az disk-encryption-set create -n $diskEncryptionSetName \
-l $location \
-g $rgName \
--key-url $keyVaultKeyUrl \
--enable-auto-key-rotation false
  • Grant the DiskEncryptionSet resource access to the key vault.

Note

It may take few minutes for Azure to create the identity of your DiskEncryptionSet in your Microsoft Entra ID. If you get an error like "Cannot find the Active Directory object" when running the following command, wait a few minutes and try again.

desIdentity=$(az disk-encryption-set show -n $diskEncryptionSetName -g $rgName --query [identity.principalId] -o tsv)

az keyvault set-policy -n $keyVaultName \
-g $rgName \
--object-id $desIdentity \
--key-permissions wrapkey unwrapkey get

Azure Key Vault Managed HSM

Alternatively, you can use a Managed HSM to handle your keys.

To do this, you must complete the following prerequisites:

Configuration

Once you've created a Managed HSM and added permissions, enable purge protection and create an encryption key.

subscriptionId=yourSubscriptionID
rgName=yourResourceGroupName
location=westcentralus
keyVaultName=yourKeyVaultName
keyName=yourKeyName
diskEncryptionSetName=yourDiskEncryptionSetName
diskName=yourDiskName
    
az account set --subscription $subscriptionId
    
az keyvault update-hsm --subscription $subscriptionId -g $rgName --hsm-name $keyVaultName --enable-purge-protection true
    
az keyvault key create --hsm-name  $keyVaultName --name $keyName --ops wrapKey unwrapKey --kty RSA-HSM --size 2048

Then, create a DiskEncryptionSet.

keyVaultKeyUrl=$(az keyvault key show --vault-name $keyVaultName --name $keyName --query [key.kid] -o tsv)
    
az disk-encryption-set create -n $diskEncryptionSetName \
-l $location \
-g $rgName \
--key-url $keyVaultKeyUrl \
--enable-auto-key-rotation false

Finally, grant the DiskEncryptionSet access to the Managed HSM.

desIdentity=$(az disk-encryption-set show -n $diskEncryptionSetName -g $rgName --query [identity.principalId] -o tsv)
    
az keyvault role assignment create --hsm-name $keyVaultName --role "Managed HSM Crypto Service Encryption User" --assignee $desIdentity --scope /keys

Example scripts

Create a VM with encryption at host enabled with customer-managed keys

Create a VM with managed disks using the resource URI of the DiskEncryptionSet created earlier to encrypt cache of OS and data disks with customer-managed keys. The temp disks are encrypted with platform-managed keys.

rgName=yourRGName
vmName=yourVMName
location=eastus
vmSize=Standard_DS2_v2
image=LinuxImageURN
diskEncryptionSetName=yourDiskEncryptionSetName

diskEncryptionSetId=$(az disk-encryption-set show -n $diskEncryptionSetName -g $rgName --query [id] -o tsv)

az vm create -g $rgName \
-n $vmName \
-l $location \
--encryption-at-host \
--image $image \
--size $vmSize \
--generate-ssh-keys \
--os-disk-encryption-set $diskEncryptionSetId \
--data-disk-sizes-gb 128 128 \
--data-disk-encryption-sets $diskEncryptionSetId $diskEncryptionSetId

Create a VM with encryption at host enabled with platform-managed keys

Create a VM with encryption at host enabled to encrypt cache of OS/data disks and temp disks with platform-managed keys.

rgName=yourRGName
vmName=yourVMName
location=eastus
vmSize=Standard_DS2_v2
image=LinuxImageURN

az vm create -g $rgName \
-n $vmName \
-l $location \
--encryption-at-host \
--image $image \
--size $vmSize \
--generate-ssh-keys \
--data-disk-sizes-gb 128 128 \

Update a VM to enable encryption at host

rgName=yourRGName
vmName=yourVMName

az vm update -n $vmName \
-g $rgName \
--set securityProfile.encryptionAtHost=true

Check the status of encryption at host for a VM

rgName=yourRGName
vmName=yourVMName

az vm show -n $vmName \
-g $rgName \
--query [securityProfile.encryptionAtHost] -o tsv

Update a VM to disable encryption at host

You must deallocate your VM before you can disable encryption at host.

rgName=yourRGName
vmName=yourVMName

az vm update -n $vmName \
-g $rgName \
--set securityProfile.encryptionAtHost=false

Create a Virtual Machine Scale Set with encryption at host enabled with customer-managed keys

Create a Virtual Machine Scale Set with managed disks using the resource URI of the DiskEncryptionSet created earlier to encrypt cache of OS and data disks with customer-managed keys. The temp disks are encrypted with platform-managed keys.

Important

Starting November 2023, VM scale sets created using PowerShell and Azure CLI will default to Flexible Orchestration Mode if no orchestration mode is specified. For more information about this change and what actions you should take, go to Breaking Change for VMSS PowerShell/CLI Customers - Microsoft Community Hub

rgName=yourRGName
vmssName=yourVMSSName
location=westus2
vmSize=Standard_DS3_V2
image=Ubuntu2204
diskEncryptionSetName=yourDiskEncryptionSetName

diskEncryptionSetId=$(az disk-encryption-set show -n $diskEncryptionSetName -g $rgName --query [id] -o tsv)

az vmss create -g $rgName \
-n $vmssName \
--encryption-at-host \
--image $image \
--orchestration-mode flexible \
--admin-username azureuser \
--generate-ssh-keys \
--os-disk-encryption-set $diskEncryptionSetId \
--data-disk-sizes-gb 64 128 \
--data-disk-encryption-sets $diskEncryptionSetId $diskEncryptionSetId

Create a Virtual Machine Scale Set with encryption at host enabled with platform-managed keys

Create a Virtual Machine Scale Set with encryption at host enabled to encrypt cache of OS/data disks and temp disks with platform-managed keys.

Important

Starting November 2023, VM scale sets created using PowerShell and Azure CLI will default to Flexible Orchestration Mode if no orchestration mode is specified. For more information about this change and what actions you should take, go to Breaking Change for VMSS PowerShell/CLI Customers - Microsoft Community Hub

rgName=yourRGName
vmssName=yourVMSSName
location=westus2
vmSize=Standard_DS3_V2
image=Ubuntu2204

az vmss create -g $rgName \
-n $vmssName \
--encryption-at-host \
--image $image \
--orchestration-mode flexible \
--admin-username azureuser \
--generate-ssh-keys \
--data-disk-sizes-gb 64 128 \

Update a Virtual Machine Scale Set to enable encryption at host

rgName=yourRGName
vmssName=yourVMName

az vmss update -n $vmssName \
-g $rgName \
--set virtualMachineProfile.securityProfile.encryptionAtHost=true

Check the status of encryption at host for a Virtual Machine Scale Set

rgName=yourRGName
vmssName=yourVMName

az vmss show -n $vmssName \
-g $rgName \
--query [virtualMachineProfile.securityProfile.encryptionAtHost] -o tsv

Update a Virtual Machine Scale Set to disable encryption at host

You can disable encryption at host on your Virtual Machine Scale Set but, this will only affect VMs created after you disable encryption at host. For existing VMs, you must deallocate the VM, disable encryption at host on that individual VM, then reallocate the VM.

rgName=yourRGName
vmssName=yourVMName

az vmss update -n $vmssName \
-g $rgName \
--set virtualMachineProfile.securityProfile.encryptionAtHost=false

Finding supported VM sizes

Legacy VM Sizes aren't supported. You can find the list of supported VM sizes by either using resource SKU APIs or the Azure PowerShell module. You can't find the supported sizes using the CLI.

When calling the Resource Skus API, check that the EncryptionAtHostSupported capability is set to True.

    {
        "resourceType": "virtualMachines",
        "name": "Standard_DS1_v2",
        "tier": "Standard",
        "size": "DS1_v2",
        "family": "standardDSv2Family",
        "locations": [
        "CentralUSEUAP"
        ],
        "capabilities": [
        {
            "name": "EncryptionAtHostSupported",
            "value": "True"
        }
        ]
    }

For the Azure PowerShell module, use the Get-AzComputeResourceSku cmdlet.

$vmSizes=Get-AzComputeResourceSku | where{$_.ResourceType -eq 'virtualMachines' -and $_.Locations.Contains('CentralUSEUAP')}

foreach($vmSize in $vmSizes)
{
    foreach($capability in $vmSize.capabilities)
    {
        if($capability.Name -eq 'EncryptionAtHostSupported' -and $capability.Value -eq 'true')
        {
            $vmSize

        }

    }
}

Next steps

Now that you've created and configured these resources, you can use them to secure your managed disks. The following link contains example scripts, each with a respective scenario, that you can use to secure your managed disks.

Azure Resource Manager template samples