IDisposable Antarmuka
Definisi
Penting
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Menyediakan mekanisme untuk melepaskan sumber daya yang tidak dikelola.
public interface class IDisposablepublic interface IDisposable[System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)]
public interface IDisposabletype IDisposable = interface[<System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)>]
type IDisposable = interfacePublic Interface IDisposable- Turunan
- Atribut
Contoh
Contoh berikut menunjukkan cara membuat kelas sumber daya yang mengimplementasikan IDisposable antarmuka.
using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
// The following example demonstrates how to create
// a resource class that implements the IDisposable interface
// and the IDisposable.Dispose method.
public class DisposeExample
{
// A base class that implements IDisposable.
// By implementing IDisposable, you are announcing that
// instances of this type allocate scarce resources.
public class MyResource: IDisposable
{
// Pointer to an external unmanaged resource.
private IntPtr handle;
// Other managed resource this class uses.
private Component component = new Component();
// Track whether Dispose has been called.
private bool disposed = false;
// The class constructor.
public MyResource(IntPtr handle)
{
this.handle = handle;
}
// Implement IDisposable.
// Do not make this method virtual.
// A derived class should not be able to override this method.
public void Dispose()
{
Dispose(disposing: true);
// This object will be cleaned up by the Dispose method.
// Therefore, you should call GC.SuppressFinalize to
// take this object off the finalization queue
// and prevent finalization code for this object
// from executing a second time.
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
// Dispose(bool disposing) executes in two distinct scenarios.
// If disposing equals true, the method has been called directly
// or indirectly by a user's code. Managed and unmanaged resources
// can be disposed.
// If disposing equals false, the method has been called by the
// runtime from inside the finalizer and you should not reference
// other objects. Only unmanaged resources can be disposed.
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
// Check to see if Dispose has already been called.
if(!this.disposed)
{
// If disposing equals true, dispose all managed
// and unmanaged resources.
if(disposing)
{
// Dispose managed resources.
component.Dispose();
}
// Call the appropriate methods to clean up
// unmanaged resources here.
// If disposing is false,
// only the following code is executed.
CloseHandle(handle);
handle = IntPtr.Zero;
// Note disposing has been done.
disposed = true;
}
}
// Use interop to call the method necessary
// to clean up the unmanaged resource.
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("Kernel32")]
private extern static Boolean CloseHandle(IntPtr handle);
// Use C# finalizer syntax for finalization code.
// This finalizer will run only if the Dispose method
// does not get called.
// It gives your base class the opportunity to finalize.
// Do not provide finalizer in types derived from this class.
~MyResource()
{
// Do not re-create Dispose clean-up code here.
// Calling Dispose(disposing: false) is optimal in terms of
// readability and maintainability.
Dispose(disposing: false);
}
}
public static void Main()
{
// Insert code here to create
// and use the MyResource object.
}
}
// The following example demonstrates how to create
// a resource class that implements the IDisposable interface
// and the IDisposable.Dispose method.
open System
open System.ComponentModel
open System.Runtime.InteropServices
// Use interop to call the method necessary
// to clean up the unmanaged resource.
[<DllImport "Kernel32">]
extern Boolean CloseHandle(nativeint handle)
// A base class that implements IDisposable.
// By implementing IDisposable, you are announcing that
// instances of this type allocate scarce resources.
type MyResource(handle: nativeint) =
// Pointer to an external unmanaged resource.
let mutable handle = handle
// Other managed resource this class uses.
let comp = new Component()
// Track whether Dispose has been called.
let mutable disposed = false
// Implement IDisposable.
// Do not make this method virtual.
// A derived class should not be able to override this method.
interface IDisposable with
member this.Dispose() =
this.Dispose true
// This object will be cleaned up by the Dispose method.
// Therefore, you should call GC.SuppressFinalize to
// take this object off the finalization queue
// and prevent finalization code for this object
// from executing a second time.
GC.SuppressFinalize this
// Dispose(bool disposing) executes in two distinct scenarios.
// If disposing equals true, the method has been called directly
// or indirectly by a user's code. Managed and unmanaged resources
// can be disposed.
// If disposing equals false, the method has been called by the
// runtime from inside the finalizer and you should not reference
// other objects. Only unmanaged resources can be disposed.
abstract Dispose: bool -> unit
override _.Dispose(disposing) =
// Check to see if Dispose has already been called.
if not disposed then
// If disposing equals true, dispose all managed
// and unmanaged resources.
if disposing then
// Dispose managed resources.
comp.Dispose()
// Call the appropriate methods to clean up
// unmanaged resources here.
// If disposing is false,
// only the following code is executed.
CloseHandle handle |> ignore
handle <- IntPtr.Zero
// Note disposing has been done.
disposed <- true
// This finalizer will run only if the Dispose method
// does not get called.
// It gives your base class the opportunity to finalize.
// Do not provide finalizer in types derived from this class.
override this.Finalize() =
// Do not re-create Dispose clean-up code here.
// Calling Dispose(disposing: false) is optimal in terms of
// readability and maintainability.
this.Dispose false
Imports System.ComponentModel
' The following example demonstrates how to create
' a resource class that implements the IDisposable interface
' and the IDisposable.Dispose method.
Public Class DisposeExample
' A class that implements IDisposable.
' By implementing IDisposable, you are announcing that
' instances of this type allocate scarce resources.
Public Class MyResource
Implements IDisposable
' Pointer to an external unmanaged resource.
Private handle As IntPtr
' Other managed resource this class uses.
Private component As component
' Track whether Dispose has been called.
Private disposed As Boolean = False
' The class constructor.
Public Sub New(ByVal handle As IntPtr)
Me.handle = handle
End Sub
' Implement IDisposable.
' Do not make this method virtual.
' A derived class should not be able to override this method.
Public Overloads Sub Dispose() Implements IDisposable.Dispose
Dispose(disposing:=True)
' This object will be cleaned up by the Dispose method.
' Therefore, you should call GC.SupressFinalize to
' take this object off the finalization queue
' and prevent finalization code for this object
' from executing a second time.
GC.SuppressFinalize(Me)
End Sub
' Dispose(bool disposing) executes in two distinct scenarios.
' If disposing equals true, the method has been called directly
' or indirectly by a user's code. Managed and unmanaged resources
' can be disposed.
' If disposing equals false, the method has been called by the
' runtime from inside the finalizer and you should not reference
' other objects. Only unmanaged resources can be disposed.
Protected Overridable Overloads Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean)
' Check to see if Dispose has already been called.
If Not Me.disposed Then
' If disposing equals true, dispose all managed
' and unmanaged resources.
If disposing Then
' Dispose managed resources.
component.Dispose()
End If
' Call the appropriate methods to clean up
' unmanaged resources here.
' If disposing is false,
' only the following code is executed.
CloseHandle(handle)
handle = IntPtr.Zero
' Note disposing has been done.
disposed = True
End If
End Sub
' Use interop to call the method necessary
' to clean up the unmanaged resource.
<System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("Kernel32")> _
Private Shared Function CloseHandle(ByVal handle As IntPtr) As [Boolean]
End Function
' This finalizer will run only if the Dispose method
' does not get called.
' It gives your base class the opportunity to finalize.
' Do not provide finalize methods in types derived from this class.
Protected Overrides Sub Finalize()
' Do not re-create Dispose clean-up code here.
' Calling Dispose(disposing:=False) is optimal in terms of
' readability and maintainability.
Dispose(disposing:=False)
MyBase.Finalize()
End Sub
End Class
Public Shared Sub Main()
' Insert code here to create
' and use the MyResource object.
End Sub
End Class
Keterangan
Penggunaan utama IDisposable antarmuka adalah untuk merilis sumber daya yang tidak dikelola. Pengumpul sampah secara otomatis melepaskan memori yang dialokasikan ke objek terkelola ketika objek tersebut tidak lagi digunakan. Namun, tidak mungkin untuk memprediksi kapan pengumpulan sampah akan terjadi. Selain itu, pengumpul sampah tidak memiliki pengetahuan tentang sumber daya yang tidak terkelola seperti handle jendela, atau file dan aliran yang terbuka.
Dispose Gunakan metode antarmuka ini untuk secara eksplisit merilis sumber daya yang tidak dikelola bersama dengan pengumpul sampah. Konsumen objek dapat memanggil metode ini ketika objek tidak lagi diperlukan.
Warning
Ini adalah perubahan yang signifikan untuk menambahkan IDisposable antarmuka pada kelas yang sudah ada. Karena konsumen yang sudah ada sebelumnya dari jenis Anda tidak dapat memanggil Dispose, Anda tidak dapat yakin bahwa sumber daya yang tidak dikelola yang dipegang oleh jenis Anda akan dirilis.
Karena implementasi IDisposable.Dispose dipanggil oleh konsumen tipe ketika sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh instans tidak lagi dibutuhkan, Anda disarankan untuk membungkus objek terkelola dalam SafeHandle (alternatif yang direkomendasikan), atau Anda harus mengoverride Object.Finalize agar dapat membebaskan sumber daya yang tidak dikelola jika konsumen lupa untuk memanggil Dispose.
Untuk diskusi terperinci tentang bagaimana antarmuka Object.Finalize dan metode ini digunakan, lihat Pengumpulan sampah dan Menerapkan metode buang.
Menggunakan objek yang mengimplementasikan IDisposable
Jika aplikasi Anda menggunakan objek yang mengimplementasikan IDisposable antarmuka, Anda harus membuangnya saat tidak lagi diperlukan. Bergantung pada bahasa pemrograman Anda, Anda dapat melakukan ini dengan salah satu dari dua cara:
- Dengan menggunakan konstruksi bahasa seperti
usingdi C#,Usingdalam Visual Basic, atauusepernyataan atauusingfungsi dalam F#. - Dengan membungkus panggilan ke IDisposable.Dispose metode dalam
try/finallyblok.
Pernyataan C#, F#, dan Visual Basic menggunakan/Menggunakan/menggunakan
Anda dapat menggunakan konstruksi bahasa seperti pernyataan penggunaan di C#, pernyataan Penggunaan di Visual Basic, atau pernyataan penggunaan di F# alih-alih secara eksplisit memanggil IDisposable.Dispose diri Anda sendiri. Contoh berikut menggunakan pendekatan ini dalam menentukan WordCount kelas yang mempertahankan informasi tentang file dan jumlah kata di dalamnya.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
public class WordCount
{
private String filename = String.Empty;
private int nWords = 0;
private String pattern = @"\b\w+\b";
public WordCount(string filename)
{
if (!File.Exists(filename))
throw new FileNotFoundException("The file does not exist.");
this.filename = filename;
string txt = String.Empty;
using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(filename))
{
txt = sr.ReadToEnd();
}
nWords = Regex.Matches(txt, pattern).Count;
}
public string FullName
{ get { return filename; } }
public string Name
{ get { return Path.GetFileName(filename); } }
public int Count
{ get { return nWords; } }
}
open System.IO
open System.Text.RegularExpressions
type WordCount(filename) =
let txt =
if File.Exists filename |> not then
raise (FileNotFoundException "The file does not exist.")
use sr = new StreamReader(filename)
sr.ReadToEnd()
let pattern = @"\b\w+\b"
let nWords = Regex.Matches(txt, pattern).Count
member _.FullName = filename
member _.Name = Path.GetFileName filename
member _.Count = nWords
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Text.RegularExpressions
Public Class WordCount
Private filename As String
Private nWords As Integer
Private pattern As String = "\b\w+\b"
Public Sub New(filename As String)
If Not File.Exists(filename) Then
Throw New FileNotFoundException("The file does not exist.")
End If
Me.filename = filename
Dim txt As String = String.Empty
Using sr As New StreamReader(filename)
txt = sr.ReadToEnd()
End Using
nWords = Regex.Matches(txt, pattern).Count
End Sub
Public ReadOnly Property FullName As String
Get
Return filename
End Get
End Property
Public ReadOnly Property Name As String
Get
Return Path.GetFileName(filename)
End Get
End Property
Public ReadOnly Property Count As Integer
Get
Return nWords
End Get
End Property
End Class
Pernyataan using (use ekspresi dalam F#) sebenarnya adalah kenyamanan sinaksis. Pada waktu kompilasi, pengkompilasi bahasa mengimplementasikan bahasa perantara (IL) untuk blok try/finally .
Untuk informasi selengkapnya tentang pernyataan, using lihat menggunakan pernyataan (referensi C#) atau Menggunakan pernyataan (Visual Basic).
Blokir coba/akhirnya
Jika Anda lebih suka tidak menggunakan using pernyataan atau deklarasi, Anda dapat memanggil IDisposable.Dispose dari finally blok try/finally pernyataan. Contoh berikut mengganti blok using dalam contoh sebelumnya dengan try/finally blok.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
public class WordCount2
{
private String filename = String.Empty;
private int nWords = 0;
private String pattern = @"\b\w+\b";
public WordCount2(string filename)
{
if (!File.Exists(filename))
throw new FileNotFoundException("The file does not exist.");
this.filename = filename;
string txt = String.Empty;
StreamReader? sr = null;
try
{
sr = new StreamReader(filename);
txt = sr.ReadToEnd();
}
finally
{
if (sr != null) sr.Dispose();
}
nWords = Regex.Matches(txt, pattern).Count;
}
public string FullName
{ get { return filename; } }
public string Name
{ get { return Path.GetFileName(filename); } }
public int Count
{ get { return nWords; } }
}
open System.IO
open System.Text.RegularExpressions
type WordCount2(filename) =
let txt =
if File.Exists filename |> not then
raise (FileNotFoundException "The file does not exist.")
let sr = new StreamReader(filename)
try
sr.ReadToEnd()
finally
sr.Dispose()
let pattern = @"\b\w+\b"
let nWords = Regex.Matches(txt, pattern).Count
member _.FullName = filename
member _.Name = Path.GetFileName filename
member _.Count = nWords
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Text.RegularExpressions
Public Class WordCount2
Private filename As String
Private nWords As Integer
Private pattern As String = "\b\w+\b"
Public Sub New(filename As String)
If Not File.Exists(filename) Then
Throw New FileNotFoundException("The file does not exist.")
End If
Me.filename = filename
Dim txt As String = String.Empty
Dim sr As StreamReader = Nothing
Try
sr = New StreamReader(filename)
txt = sr.ReadToEnd()
Finally
If sr IsNot Nothing Then sr.Dispose()
End Try
nWords = Regex.Matches(txt, pattern).Count
End Sub
Public ReadOnly Property FullName As String
Get
Return filename
End Get
End Property
Public ReadOnly Property Name As String
Get
Return Path.GetFileName(filename)
End Get
End Property
Public ReadOnly Property Count As Integer
Get
Return nWords
End Get
End Property
End Class
Untuk informasi selengkapnya tentang pola, try/finally lihat try-finally (C#), Coba... Menangkap... Pernyataan terakhir (Visual Basic), atau coba... ekspresi akhirnya (F#).
Menerapkan IDisposable
Anda harus menerapkan IDisposable jika jenis Anda menggunakan sumber daya yang tidak dikelola secara langsung atau jika Anda ingin menggunakan sumber daya sekali pakai sendiri. Konsumen jenis Anda dapat memanggil implementasi Anda IDisposable.Dispose ke sumber daya gratis ketika instans tidak lagi diperlukan. Untuk menangani kasus di mana mereka gagal memanggil Dispose, Anda harus menggunakan kelas yang diturunkan dari SafeHandle untuk membungkus sumber daya yang tidak dikelola, atau Anda harus mengambil alih metode Object.Finalize untuk jenis referensi. Dalam kedua kasus, Anda menggunakan Dispose metode untuk melakukan pembersihan apa pun yang diperlukan setelah menggunakan sumber daya yang tidak dikelola, seperti membebaskan, melepaskan, atau mengatur ulang sumber daya yang tidak dikelola. Untuk informasi selengkapnya tentang menerapkan IDisposable.Dispose, lihat metode Buang (bool) kelebihan beban.
Important
Jika Anda mendefinisikan kelas dasar yang menggunakan sumber daya yang tidak dikelola dan yang memiliki, atau kemungkinan memiliki, subkelas yang harus dibuang, Anda harus menerapkan IDisposable.Dispose metode dan memberikan kelebihan kedua dari Dispose, seperti yang dibahas di bagian berikutnya.
IDisposable dan hierarki warisan
Kelas dasar dengan subkelas yang harus sekali pakai harus diimplementasikan IDisposable sebagai berikut. Anda harus menggunakan pola ini setiap kali Anda menerapkan IDisposable pada jenis apa pun yang tidak sealed (NotInheritable di Visual Basic).
- Ini harus menyediakan satu metode non-virtual publik Dispose() dan satu metode virtual yang dilindungi
Dispose(Boolean disposing). - Metode Dispose() harus memanggil
Dispose(true)dan harus menghentikan finalisasi untuk kinerja. - Jenis dasar tidak boleh menyertakan finalizer apa pun.
Potongan kode berikut mencerminkan pola dispose untuk kelas dasar. Ini mengasumsikan bahwa tipe Anda tidak meng-override metode Object.Finalize.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
class BaseClass1 : IDisposable
{
// Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
bool disposed = false;
// Instantiate a FileStream instance.
FileStream fs = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate);
// Public implementation of Dispose pattern callable by consumers.
public void Dispose()
{
Dispose(disposing: true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
// Protected implementation of Dispose pattern.
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposed)
return;
if (disposing)
{
fs.Dispose();
// Free any other managed objects here.
//
}
disposed = true;
}
}
open System
open System.IO
type BaseClass1() =
// Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
let mutable disposed = false
// Instantiate a FileStream instance.
let fs = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate)
interface IDisposable with
// Public implementation of Dispose pattern callable by consumers.
member this.Dispose() =
this.Dispose true
GC.SuppressFinalize this
// Implementation of Dispose pattern.
abstract Dispose: bool -> unit
override _.Dispose(disposing) =
if not disposed then
if disposing then
fs.Dispose()
// Free any other managed objects here.
disposed <- true
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Runtime.InteropServices
Class BaseClass1 : Implements IDisposable
' Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
Dim disposed As Boolean = False
' Instantiate a FileStream instance.
Dim fs As FileStream = New FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate)
' Public implementation of Dispose pattern callable by consumers.
Public Sub Dispose() _
Implements IDisposable.Dispose
Dispose(disposing:=True)
GC.SuppressFinalize(Me)
End Sub
' Protected implementation of Dispose pattern.
Protected Overridable Sub Dispose(disposing As Boolean)
If disposed Then Return
If disposing Then
fs.Dispose()
' Free any other managed objects here.
'
End If
disposed = True
End Sub
End Class
Jika Anda mengambil alih metode , Object.Finalize kelas Anda harus menerapkan pola berikut.
using System;
class BaseClass2 : IDisposable
{
// Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
bool disposed = false;
// Public implementation of Dispose pattern callable by consumers.
public void Dispose()
{
Dispose(disposing: true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
// Protected implementation of Dispose pattern.
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposed)
return;
if (disposing)
{
// Free any other managed objects here.
//
}
// Free any unmanaged objects here.
//
disposed = true;
}
~BaseClass2()
{
Dispose(disposing: false);
}
}
open System
type BaseClass2() =
// Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
let mutable disposed = false
interface IDisposable with
// Public implementation of Dispose pattern callable by consumers.
member this.Dispose() =
this.Dispose true
GC.SuppressFinalize this
// Implementation of Dispose pattern.
abstract Dispose: bool -> unit
override _.Dispose(disposing) =
if not disposed then
if disposing then
// Free any other managed objects here.
()
// Free any unmanaged objects here.
disposed <- true
override this.Finalize() =
this.Dispose false
Class BaseClass : Implements IDisposable
' Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
Dim disposed As Boolean = False
' Public implementation of Dispose pattern callable by consumers.
Public Sub Dispose() _
Implements IDisposable.Dispose
Dispose(disposing:=True)
GC.SuppressFinalize(Me)
End Sub
' Protected implementation of Dispose pattern.
Protected Overridable Sub Dispose(disposing As Boolean)
If disposed Then Return
If disposing Then
' Free any other managed objects here.
'
End If
' Free any unmanaged objects here.
'
disposed = True
End Sub
Protected Overrides Sub Finalize()
Dispose(disposing:=False)
End Sub
End Class
Subkelas harus menerapkan pola sekali pakai sebagai berikut:
- Mereka harus mengambil alih
Dispose(Boolean)dan memanggil implementasi kelasDispose(Boolean)dasar. - Mereka dapat menyediakan finalizer jika diperlukan. Finalizer harus memanggil
Dispose(false).
Perhatikan bahwa kelas turunan tidak mengimplementasikan IDisposable antarmuka itu sendiri dan tidak menyertakan metode tanpa Dispose parameter. Mereka hanya mengganti metode kelas Dispose(Boolean) dasar.
Fragmen kode berikut mencerminkan pola pembuangan untuk kelas turunan. Ini mengasumsikan bahwa tipe Anda tidak meng-override metode Object.Finalize.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
class MyDerivedClass : MyBaseClass
{
// Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
bool disposed = false;
// Instantiate a FileStream instance.
FileStream fs = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate);
// Protected implementation of Dispose pattern.
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposed)
return;
if (disposing)
{
fs.Dispose();
// Free any other managed objects here.
//
}
// Free any unmanaged objects here.
//
disposed = true;
// Call base class implementation.
base.Dispose(disposing);
}
}
open Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles
open System
type MyDerivedClass() =
inherit MyBaseClass()
// Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
let mutable disposed = false
// Instantiate a FileStream instance.
let fs = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate)
// Implementation of Dispose pattern.
override _.Dispose(disposing) =
if not disposed then
if disposing then
fs.Dispose()
// Free any other managed objects here.
// Free any unmanaged objects here.
disposed <- true
// Call base class implementation.
base.Dispose disposing
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Runtime.InteropServices
Class DerivedClass2 : Inherits BaseClass2
' Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
Dim disposed As Boolean = False
' Instantiate a FileStream instance.
Dim fs As FileStream = New FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate)
' Protected implementation of Dispose pattern.
Protected Overrides Sub Dispose(disposing As Boolean)
If disposed Then Return
If disposing Then
fs.Dispose()
' Free any other managed objects here.
'
End If
' Free any unmanaged objects here.
'
disposed = True
' Call base class implementation.
MyBase.Dispose(disposing)
End Sub
End Class
Metode
| Nama | Deskripsi |
|---|---|
| Dispose() |
Melakukan tugas yang ditentukan aplikasi yang terkait dengan membebaskan, merilis, atau mengatur ulang sumber daya yang tidak dikelola. |
