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static (C# Reference)

This page covers the static modifier keyword. The static keyword is also part of the using static directive.

Use the static modifier to declare a static member, which belongs to the type itself rather than to a specific object. The static modifier can be used to declare static classes. In classes, interfaces, and structs, you may add the static modifier to fields, methods, properties, operators, events, and constructors. The static modifier can't be used with indexers or finalizers. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat Kelas Statik dan Anggota Kelas Statik.

You can add the static modifier to a local function. A static local function can't capture local variables or instance state.

class Calc1
{
    public void CalculateSum()
    {
        int a = 3;
        int b = 7;

        // Static local function - cannot access 'a' or 'b' directly
        static int Add(int x, int y)
        {
            return x + y;
        }

        int result = Add(a, b); 
        Console.WriteLine($"Sum: {result}");
    }
}
  /*
 Output:
 Sum: 10
 */

You can add the static modifier to a lambda expression or anonymous method. A static lambda or anonymous method can't capture local variables or instance state.

class Calc2
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Func<int, int, int> add = static (a, b) => a + b;

        int result = add(5, 10);
        Console.WriteLine($"Sum: {result}");
    }
}
/*
Output:
Sum: 15
*/

Example - static class

The following class is declared as static and contains only static methods:

static class CompanyEmployee
{
    public static void DoSomething() { /*...*/ }
    public static void DoSomethingElse() { /*...*/  }
}

A constant or type declaration is implicitly a static member. A static member can't be referenced through an instance. Instead, it's referenced through the type name. Sebagai contoh, perhatikan kelas berikut:

public class MyBaseC
{
    public struct MyStruct
    {
        public static int x = 100;
    }
}

To refer to the static member x, use the fully qualified name, MyBaseC.MyStruct.x, unless the member is accessible from the same scope:

Console.WriteLine(MyBaseC.MyStruct.x);

While an instance of a class contains a separate copy of all instance fields of the class, there's only one copy of each static field.

It isn't possible to use this to reference static methods or property accessors.

If the static keyword is applied to a class, all the members of the class must be static.

Classes, interfaces, and static classes may have static constructors. A static constructor is called at some point between when the program starts and the class is instantiated.

Nota

The static keyword has more limited uses than in C++. To compare with the C++ keyword, see Storage classes (C++).

To demonstrate static members, consider a class that represents a company employee. Assume that the class contains a method to count employees and a field to store the number of employees. Both the method and the field don't belong to any one employee instance. Instead, they belong to the class of employees as a whole. They should be declared as static members of the class.

Example - static field and method

This example reads the name and ID of a new employee, increments the employee counter by one, and displays the information for the new employee and the new number of employees. This program reads the current number of employees from the keyboard.

public class Employee4
{
    public string id;
    public string name;

    public Employee4()
    {
    }

    public Employee4(string name, string id)
    {
        this.name = name;
        this.id = id;
    }

    public static int employeeCounter;

    public static int AddEmployee()
    {
        return ++employeeCounter;
    }
}

class MainClass : Employee4
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Console.Write("Enter the employee's name: ");
        string name = Console.ReadLine();
        Console.Write("Enter the employee's ID: ");
        string id = Console.ReadLine();

        // Create and configure the employee object.
        Employee4 e = new Employee4(name, id);
        Console.Write("Enter the current number of employees: ");
        string n = Console.ReadLine();
        Employee4.employeeCounter = Int32.Parse(n);
        Employee4.AddEmployee();

        // Display the new information.
        Console.WriteLine($"Name: {e.name}");
        Console.WriteLine($"ID:   {e.id}");
        Console.WriteLine($"New Number of Employees: {Employee4.employeeCounter}");
    }
}
/*
Input:
Matthias Berndt
AF643G
15
 *
Sample Output:
Enter the employee's name: Matthias Berndt
Enter the employee's ID: AF643G
Enter the current number of employees: 15
Name: Matthias Berndt
ID:   AF643G
New Number of Employees: 16
*/

Example - static initialization

This example shows that you can initialize a static field by using another static field that is not yet declared. The results will be undefined until you explicitly assign a value to the static field.

class Test
{
    static int x = y;
    static int y = 5;

    static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Test.x);
        Console.WriteLine(Test.y);

        Test.x = 99;
        Console.WriteLine(Test.x);
    }
}
/*
Output:
    0
    5
    99
*/

Spesifikasi bahasa C#

Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat Spesifikasi Bahasa C#. Spesifikasi bahasa adalah sumber definitif untuk sintaks dan penggunaan C#.

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