Cara menginisialisasi objek dengan menggunakan penginisialisasi objek (Panduan Pemrograman C#)

Anda dapat menggunakan inisialisasi objek untuk menginisialisasi objek jenis dengan cara deklaratif tanpa secara eksplisit memanggil konstruktor untuk jenis tersebut.

Contoh berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakan inisialisasi objek dengan objek bernama. Kompilator memproses inisialisasi objek dengan terlebih dahulu mengakses konstruktor instance tanpa parameter dan kemudian memproses inisialisasi anggota. Oleh karena itu, jika konstruktor tanpa parameter dideklarasikan sebagai private di kelas, inisialisasi objek yang memerlukan akses publik akan gagal.

Anda harus menggunakan penginisialisasi objek jika Anda mendefinisikan jenis anonim. Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat Cara mengembalikan subkumpulan properti elemen dalam kueri .

Contoh

Contoh berikut menunjukkan cara menginisialisasi jenis StudentName baru dengan menggunakan inisialisasi objek. Contoh ini menetapkan properti dalam jenis StudentName:

public class HowToObjectInitializers
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // Declare a StudentName by using the constructor that has two parameters.
        StudentName student1 = new StudentName("Craig", "Playstead");

        // Make the same declaration by using an object initializer and sending
        // arguments for the first and last names. The parameterless constructor is
        // invoked in processing this declaration, not the constructor that has
        // two parameters.
        StudentName student2 = new StudentName
        {
            FirstName = "Craig",
            LastName = "Playstead"
        };

        // Declare a StudentName by using an object initializer and sending
        // an argument for only the ID property. No corresponding constructor is
        // necessary. Only the parameterless constructor is used to process object
        // initializers.
        StudentName student3 = new StudentName
        {
            ID = 183
        };

        // Declare a StudentName by using an object initializer and sending
        // arguments for all three properties. No corresponding constructor is
        // defined in the class.
        StudentName student4 = new StudentName
        {
            FirstName = "Craig",
            LastName = "Playstead",
            ID = 116
        };

        Console.WriteLine(student1.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine(student2.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine(student3.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine(student4.ToString());
    }
    // Output:
    // Craig  0
    // Craig  0
    //   183
    // Craig  116

    public class StudentName
    {
        // This constructor has no parameters. The parameterless constructor
        // is invoked in the processing of object initializers.
        // You can test this by changing the access modifier from public to
        // private. The declarations in Main that use object initializers will
        // fail.
        public StudentName() { }

        // The following constructor has parameters for two of the three
        // properties.
        public StudentName(string first, string last)
        {
            FirstName = first;
            LastName = last;
        }

        // Properties.
        public string? FirstName { get; set; }
        public string? LastName { get; set; }
        public int ID { get; set; }

        public override string ToString() => FirstName + "  " + ID;
    }
}

Inisialisasi objek dapat digunakan untuk mengatur pengindeks dalam suatu objek. Contoh berikut mendefinisikan kelas BaseballTeam yang menggunakan pengindeks untuk mendapatkan dan mengatur pemain di posisi berbeda. Penginisialisasi dapat menetapkan pemain, berdasarkan singkatan untuk posisi, atau nomor yang digunakan untuk setiap kartu skor bisbol posisi:

public class HowToIndexInitializer
{
    public class BaseballTeam
    {
        private string[] players = new string[9];
        private readonly List<string> positionAbbreviations = new List<string>
        {
            "P", "C", "1B", "2B", "3B", "SS", "LF", "CF", "RF"
        };

        public string this[int position]
        {
            // Baseball positions are 1 - 9.
            get { return players[position-1]; }
            set { players[position-1] = value; }
        }
        public string this[string position]
        {
            get { return players[positionAbbreviations.IndexOf(position)]; }
            set { players[positionAbbreviations.IndexOf(position)] = value; }
        }
    }

    public static void Main()
    {
        var team = new BaseballTeam
        {
            ["RF"] = "Mookie Betts",
            [4] = "Jose Altuve",
            ["CF"] = "Mike Trout"
        };

        Console.WriteLine(team["2B"]);
    }
}

Contoh berikutnya menunjukkan urutan eksekusi konstruktor dan inisialisasi anggota menggunakan konstruktor dengan dan tanpa parameter:

public class ObjectInitializersExecutionOrder
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        new Person { FirstName = "Paisley", LastName = "Smith", City = "Dallas" };
        new Dog(2) { Name = "Mike" };
    }

    public class Dog
    {
        private int age;
        private string name;

        public Dog(int age)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hello from Dog's non-parameterless constructor");
            this.age = age;
        }

        public required string Name
        {
            get { return name; }

            set
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Hello from setter of Dog's required property 'Name'");
                name = value;
            }
        }
    }

    public class Person
    {
        private string firstName;
        private string lastName;
        private string city;

        public Person()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hello from Person's parameterless constructor");
        }

        public required string FirstName
        {
            get { return firstName; }

            set
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Hello from setter of Person's required property 'FirstName'");
                firstName = value;
            }
        }

        public string LastName
        {
            get { return lastName; }

            init
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Hello from setter of Person's init property 'LastName'");
                lastName = value;
            }
        }

        public string City
        {
            get { return city; }

            set
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Hello from setter of Person's property 'City'");
                city = value;
            }
        }
    }

    // Output:
    // Hello from Person's parameterless constructor
    // Hello from setter of Person's required property 'FirstName'
    // Hello from setter of Person's init property 'LastName'
    // Hello from setter of Person's property 'City'
    // Hello from Dog's non-parameterless constructor
    // Hello from setter of Dog's required property 'Name'
}

Lihat juga

• Penginisialisasi Objek dan Kumpulan