Mengunci dan Membuka Kunci Rentang Byte dalam File
Meskipun sistem memungkinkan lebih dari satu aplikasi untuk membuka file dan menulis ke dalamnya, aplikasi tidak boleh menulis atas pekerjaan satu sama lain. Aplikasi dapat mencegah masalah ini dengan mengunci rentang byte untuk sementara dalam file.
Fungsi LockFile dan LockFileEx mengunci rentang byte tertentu dalam file. Rentang dapat melampaui akhir file saat ini. Mengunci bagian file memberikan utas proses penguncian akses eksklusif ke rentang byte yang ditentukan dengan menggunakan handel file yang ditentukan. Upaya untuk mengakses rentang byte yang dikunci oleh proses lain selalu gagal. Jika proses penguncian mencoba mengakses rentang byte terkunci melalui handel file kedua, upaya akan gagal.
Catatan
Kunci rentang byte diabaikan saat menggunakan file yang dipetakan memori.
Fungsi LockFileEx memungkinkan aplikasi menentukan salah satu dari dua jenis kunci. Kunci eksklusif menolak semua proses lain baik akses baca maupun tulis ke rentang byte file yang ditentukan. Kunci bersama menolak semua proses menulis akses ke rentang byte file yang ditentukan, termasuk proses yang pertama kali mengunci rentang byte. Ini dapat digunakan untuk membuat rentang byte baca-saja dalam file.
Aplikasi membuka rentang byte dengan menggunakan fungsi UnlockFile atau UnlockFileEx dan harus membuka kunci semua area terkunci sebelum menutup file.
Untuk contoh penggunaan LockFile, lihat Menambahkan Satu File ke File Lain.
Contoh berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakan LockFileEx. Contoh pertama adalah demonstrasi sederhana untuk membuat file, menulis beberapa data ke dalamnya, lalu mengunci bagian di tengah.
Catatan Contoh ini tidak mengubah data setelah file dikunci.
// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
//
// Copyright (C) Microsoft. All rights reserved
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define NUMWRITES 10
#define TESTSTRLEN 11
const char TestData[NUMWRITES][TESTSTRLEN] =
{
"TestData0\n",
"TestData1\n",
"TestData2\n",
"TestData3\n",
"TestData4\n",
"TestData5\n",
"TestData6\n",
"TestData7\n",
"TestData8\n",
"TestData9\n"
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
BOOL fSuccess = FALSE;
// Create the file, open for both read and write.
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(TEXT("datafile.txt"),
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
0, // open with exclusive access
NULL, // no security attributes
CREATE_NEW, // creating a new temp file
0, // not overlapped index/O
NULL);
if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
// Handle the error.
printf("CreateFile failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (1);
}
// Write some data to the file.
DWORD dwNumBytesWritten = 0;
for (int i=0; i<NUMWRITES; i++)
{
fSuccess = WriteFile(hFile,
TestData[i],
TESTSTRLEN,
&dwNumBytesWritten,
NULL); // sync operation.
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf("WriteFile failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (2);
}
}
FlushFileBuffers(hFile);
// Lock the 4th write-section.
// First, set up the Overlapped structure with the file offset
// required by LockFileEx, three lines in to the file.
OVERLAPPED sOverlapped;
sOverlapped.Offset = TESTSTRLEN * 3;
sOverlapped.OffsetHigh = 0;
// Actually lock the file. Specify exclusive access, and fail
// immediately if the lock cannot be obtained.
fSuccess = LockFileEx(hFile, // exclusive access,
LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK |
LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY,
0, // reserved, must be zero
TESTSTRLEN, // number of bytes to lock
0,
&sOverlapped); // contains the file offset
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf ("LockFileEx failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (3);
}
else printf("LockFileEx succeeded\n");
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Add code that does something interesting to locked section, /
// which should be line 4 /
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Unlock the file.
fSuccess = UnlockFileEx(hFile,
0, // reserved, must be zero
TESTSTRLEN, // num. of bytes to unlock
0,
&sOverlapped); // contains the file offset
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf ("UnlockFileEx failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (4);
}
else printf("UnlockFileEx succeeded\n");
// Clean up handles, memory, and the created file.
fSuccess = CloseHandle(hFile);
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf ("CloseHandle failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (5);
}
fSuccess = DeleteFile(TEXT("datafile.txt"));
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf ("DeleteFile failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (6);
}
return (0);
}
Contoh berikut adalah demonstrasi lanjutan penguncian rentang byte, menggunakan beberapa utas dan database sederhana yang melakukan operasi acak pada satu file data. Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat komentar kode yang disematkan dan bagian mengikuti kode sampel.
// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
//
// Copyright (C) Microsoft. All rights reserved
#define UNICODE
#define _CRT_RAND_S
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <winioctl.h>
#define RECORD_SIZE 0x300
#define NUM_RECORDS 0x1000
#define NUM_THREADS 8
#define NUM_FILEOPS 500
#define BITMAP_SIZE ((NUM_RECORDS) / 8)
#define DATA_SIZE ((RECORD_SIZE) - sizeof(RECORD_HEADER))
#define MSG_PRINTF(S,...) wprintf(L"[THREAD_ID %d] " S, \
GetCurrentThreadId(), \
__VA_ARGS__)
#if defined BRLS_DEBUG
#define DBG_PRINTF(S,...) wprintf(L"[THREAD_ID %d] " S, \
GetCurrentThreadId(), \
__VA_ARGS__)
#else
#define DBG_PRINTF(...)
#define PrintBitmap(...)
#endif
#define MASTER_RECORD_TYPE_CODE 'rtsM'
#define DATA_RECORD_TYPE_CODE 'ataD'
//
// Record type definitions.
//
typedef struct _RECORD_HEADER {
ULONG TypeCode; // Either MASTER_RECORD_TYPE_CODE or DATA_RECORD_TYPE_CODE.
ULONG SeqNumber; // Starts at 1 and is incremented every time contents are modified.
} RECORD_HEADER;
typedef struct _MASTER_RECORD {
RECORD_HEADER Header;
BYTE Bitmap[BITMAP_SIZE]; // A bitmap indicating which records are allocated.
} MASTER_RECORD;
typedef struct _DATA_RECORD {
RECORD_HEADER Header;
BYTE Data[DATA_SIZE]; // Record raw data.
} DATA_RECORD;
//
// Types of I/O for IoRecord.
//
typedef enum {
IoRead,
IoWrite,
IoLock,
IoUnlock
} IO_TYPE;
//
// Types of operations for OperateOnRecord.
//
typedef enum {
CreateRecord = 0,
DeleteRecord,
ModifyRecord,
MaxOprRecord
} OPERATION;
//
// Parameter block for I/Os passed to IoRecord.
//
typedef struct _IO_PARAM {
IO_TYPE Type;
union _IO_PARAM_PARAMS {
struct {
PVOID Data;
ULONG RecSize;
} IoInfo;
struct {
BOOL Exclusive;
} LockInfo ;
} Params;
} IO_PARAM, *PIO_PARAM;
void ErrorExitThread()
//
// This function is called immediately after an unrecoverable error is logged.
//
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"An error has been logged, calling ExitThread.\n");
ExitThread(1);
}
BOOL IoRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber, PIO_PARAM pIoParam)
//
// This function performs I/O (read, write, lock or unlock) in a record, according
// to the parameters passed in the IO_PARAM block.
//
// Arguments:
// hFile - Handle to the file containing the records.
// RecNumber - Number of the record to be operated on.
// pIoParam - Pointer to IO_PARAM structure.
//
// Return value:
// TRUE if the I/O succeeded, FALSE if not.
//
{
OVERLAPPED Overlapped;
BOOL Result;
ULARGE_INTEGER RecOffset;
DWORD NumBytes;
// Initialize Overlapped.
SecureZeroMemory(&Overlapped, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
Overlapped.hEvent = CreateEvent(NULL,
FALSE,
FALSE,
NULL);
if (NULL == Overlapped.hEvent)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"CreateEvent for Overlapped.hEvent failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Calculate record position.
RecOffset.QuadPart = RecNumber * RECORD_SIZE;
Overlapped.Offset = RecOffset.LowPart;
Overlapped.OffsetHigh = RecOffset.HighPart;
// Issue the operation.
switch (pIoParam->Type)
{
case IoLock:
Result = LockFileEx(hFile,
pIoParam->Params.LockInfo.Exclusive ? LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK : 0,
0,
RECORD_SIZE,
0,
&Overlapped);
break;
case IoUnlock:
Result = UnlockFileEx(hFile,
0,
RECORD_SIZE,
0,
&Overlapped);
break;
case IoRead:
Result = ReadFile(hFile,
pIoParam->Params.IoInfo.Data,
pIoParam->Params.IoInfo.RecSize,
NULL,
&Overlapped);
break;
case IoWrite:
Result = WriteFile(hFile,
pIoParam->Params.IoInfo.Data,
pIoParam->Params.IoInfo.RecSize,
NULL,
&Overlapped);
break;
default:
Result = FALSE;
break;
}
if (!Result)
{
if (GetLastError() == ERROR_IO_PENDING)
{
// Wait until the operation finishes.
if (GetOverlappedResult(hFile,
&Overlapped,
&NumBytes,
TRUE) == FALSE)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"GetOverlappedResult for Overlapped.hEvent failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
Result = TRUE;
} else {
MSG_PRINTF(L"IoRecord failed with error 0x%08x. Failure passed to caller.\n",
GetLastError());
}
}
CloseHandle(Overlapped.hEvent);
return Result;
}
//
// The following functions are wrappers around IoRecord, they just set the correct
// parameters in the IO_PARAM block to correspond to the requested operation and
// pass that to IoRecord.
//
BOOL ReadRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber, PVOID Record, ULONG RecSize)
{
IO_PARAM IoParam;
IoParam.Type = IoRead;
IoParam.Params.IoInfo.Data = Record;
IoParam.Params.IoInfo.RecSize = RecSize;
return IoRecord(hFile, RecNumber, &IoParam);
}
BOOL WriteRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber, PVOID Record, ULONG RecSize)
{
IO_PARAM IoParam;
IoParam.Type = IoWrite;
IoParam.Params.IoInfo.Data = Record;
IoParam.Params.IoInfo.RecSize = RecSize;
return IoRecord(hFile, RecNumber, &IoParam);
}
BOOL LockRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber, BOOL Exclusive)
{
IO_PARAM IoParam;
IoParam.Type = IoLock;
IoParam.Params.LockInfo.Exclusive = Exclusive;
return IoRecord(hFile, RecNumber, &IoParam);
}
BOOL UnlockRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber)
{
IO_PARAM IoParam;
IoParam.Type = IoUnlock;
return IoRecord(hFile, RecNumber, &IoParam);
}
ULONG ReserveFirstFreeRecord(BYTE* Bitmap)
//
// This function iterates through the bitmap and reserves the first free record
// it can find in the bitmap.
//
// Arguments:
// Bitmap - Pointer to the bitmap.
//
// Return value:
// Either zero, if there are no free records, or the position of the record
// that was just reserved.
//
{
int i;
BYTE Bit = 1;
for (i = 0; i < NUM_RECORDS; i++)
{
if (Bitmap[i / 8] & Bit)
{
Bit <<= 1;
if (Bit == 0) { Bit = 1; }
} else {
Bitmap[i / 8] |= Bit;
return i;
}
}
return 0;
}
BOOL TestBit(BYTE* Bitmap, ULONG Bit)
//
// This function tests if a given bit is set in the bitmap.
//
// Arguments:
// Bitmap - Pointer to the bitmap.
// Bit - Position of the bit in the bitmap.
//
// Return value:
// TRUE if the bit is set, FALSE otherwise.
//
{
ULONG Byte = Bit / 8;
Bit = Bit % 8;
return (BOOL)(Bitmap[Byte] & (1 << Bit));
}
void ClearBit(BYTE* Bitmap, ULONG Bit)
//
// This function clears a given bit in the bitmap.
//
// Arguments:
// Bitmap - Pointer to the bitmap.
// Bit - Position of the bit in the bitmap.
//
{
ULONG Byte = Bit / 8;
Bit = Bit % 8;
Bitmap[Byte] &= ~(1 << Bit);
}
#ifdef BRLS_DEBUG
void PrintBitmap(BYTE* Bitmap)
//
// This function prints the whole bitmap, for debugging purposes.
//
// Arguments:
// Bitmap - Pointer to the bitmap.
//
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
{
wprintf(L"%1x", Bitmap[i]);
}
wprintf(L"\n");
}
#endif
void InitRecord(RECORD_HEADER* Record, BOOL Master, ULONG SeqNumber)
//
// This function initializes a in-memory record structure with the correct
// type code and sequence number. In case of the Master Record, the bitmap
// is initialized too.
//
// Arguments:
// Record - Pointer to the record structure.
// Master - TRUE if this is a Master Record, FALSE otherwise.
// SeqNumber - Initial sequence number.
//
{
ULONG RecSize = Master ? sizeof(MASTER_RECORD) : sizeof(DATA_RECORD);
ULONG TypeCode = Master ? MASTER_RECORD_TYPE_CODE : DATA_RECORD_TYPE_CODE;
SecureZeroMemory(Record, RecSize);
Record->TypeCode = TypeCode;
Record->SeqNumber = Master ? 0 : SeqNumber;
if (Master)
{
((MASTER_RECORD*)Record)->Bitmap[0] = 1;
}
}
DATA_RECORD* PrepareRecord(ULONG SeqNumber)
//
// This function allocates a new in-memory record structure and initializes it
// as a brand new data record.
//
// Arguments:
// SeqNumber - Sequence number with which to initialize the record.
//
// Return value:
// Pointer to the record structure.
//
{
DATA_RECORD* Record = NULL;
Record = (DATA_RECORD*) malloc(sizeof(DATA_RECORD));
if (Record == NULL)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"Critical error: malloc for CreateRecord failed.\n");
ErrorExitThread();
}
InitRecord((RECORD_HEADER*)Record, FALSE, SeqNumber);
return Record;
}
void WriteData(DATA_RECORD* Record)
//
// This function fills a in-memory data record structure with random data.
// Errors do not interrupt execution.
//
// Arguments:
// Record - Pointer to the record structure.
//
{
PUINT iData;
int i;
errno_t err;
iData = (PUINT)Record->Data;
for (i = 0; i < DATA_SIZE; i += sizeof(ULONG), iData++)
{
err = rand_s(iData);
if (err != 0)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"rand_s for WriteData failed with error 0x%08x, continuing execution.\n",
err);
}
}
}
BOOL OperateOnRecord(HANDLE hFile, PULONG RecNumber, OPERATION Operation)
//
// This function executes a high-level operation in a record (create, modify or delete).
//
// Arguments:
// hFile - Handle to the file containing the record to be operated on.
// RecNumber - Pointer to a ULONG that either will receive the number of the
// record created by this operation or just contains the number
// of the record that will be modified or deleted.
// Operation - Operation to be performed (CreateRecord, ModifyRecord or
// DeleteRecord).
//
// Return value:
// TRUE if the operation succeeded, FALSE otherwise.
//
{
BOOL Result;
BOOL Exists;
BOOL ExclusiveLock;
MASTER_RECORD MasterRecord;
DATA_RECORD* Record;
// Fail operations on Master Record.
if ((Operation != CreateRecord) && (*RecNumber == 0))
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"Cannot operate on Master Record.\n");
return FALSE;
}
// Lock Master Record. If we're just modifying a record, we can get a
// shared lock.
ExclusiveLock = (Operation != ModifyRecord);
Result = LockRecord(hFile, 0, ExclusiveLock);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"LockRecord (MasterRecord) for OperateOnRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Read in Master Record.
Result = ReadRecord(hFile, 0, (PVOID)&MasterRecord, sizeof(MASTER_RECORD));
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"ReadRecord (MasterRecord) for OperateOnRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
if (MasterRecord.Header.TypeCode != MASTER_RECORD_TYPE_CODE)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"Master Record corruption error: wrong typecode!\n");
ErrorExitThread();
}
DBG_PRINTF(L"MasterRecord bitmap (before): ");
PrintBitmap(MasterRecord.Bitmap);
if (Operation != CreateRecord)
{
// Test the bit in the bitmap corresponding to this record.
Exists = TestBit(MasterRecord.Bitmap, *RecNumber);
// Clear the bit if we are deleting the record.
if ((Operation == DeleteRecord) && Exists)
{
ClearBit(MasterRecord.Bitmap, *RecNumber);
}
} else {
// Reserve the first free record.
*RecNumber = ReserveFirstFreeRecord(MasterRecord.Bitmap);
if (*RecNumber != 0)
{
Exists = TRUE;
} else {
Exists = FALSE;
MSG_PRINTF(L"File is full!\n");
}
}
DBG_PRINTF(L"MasterRecord bitmap (after): ");
PrintBitmap(MasterRecord.Bitmap);
if ((Operation != ModifyRecord) && Exists)
{
// Update the Master Record's sequence number.
MasterRecord.Header.SeqNumber++;
// Write Master Record down.
Result = WriteRecord(hFile, 0, (PVOID)&MasterRecord, sizeof(MASTER_RECORD));
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"WriteRecord (MasterRecord) for CreateRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
}
// Unlock Master Record.
Result = UnlockRecord(hFile, 0);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"UnlockRecord (MasterRecord) for OperateOnRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
if (!Exists)
{
if (*RecNumber != 0)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"Record %d not present!\n", *RecNumber);
}
return FALSE;
}
// For record deletion, processing is done and skip to write.
// Otherwise, there is more to do.
if (Operation != DeleteRecord)
{
// Prepare a new record in memory.
Record = PrepareRecord(1);
// Lock the record exclusively.
Result = LockRecord(hFile, *RecNumber, TRUE);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"LockRecord for ModifyRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
if (Operation == ModifyRecord)
{
// Read the record in from the file if we're modifying it.
Result = ReadRecord(hFile, *RecNumber, Record, RECORD_SIZE);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"ReadRecord for ModifyRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Update record sequence number.
Record->Header.SeqNumber++;
}
// Write to the in-memory record.
WriteData(Record);
// Write the record to the file.
Result = WriteRecord(hFile, *RecNumber, Record, RECORD_SIZE);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"WriteRecord for ModifyRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Unlock the record.
Result = UnlockRecord(hFile, *RecNumber);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"UnlockRecord for ModifyRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Free the record structure.
free(Record);
}
return TRUE;
}
ULONG RandomOption(ULONG NumOpts)
//
// This function returns a random number between 0 and (NumOpts - 1).
// It basically is a random option select.
//
// Arguments:
// NumOpts - Number of options to choose from.
//
// Return value:
// A random option (random ULONG x | 0 <= x < NumOpts).
//
{
UINT Random;
errno_t err;
err = rand_s(&Random);
if (err != 0)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"rand_s for RandomOption failed with error 0x%08x\n",
err);
}
return Random % NumOpts;
}
DWORD WINAPI WorkerThread(PVOID data)
//
// This is the tight loop executed by each of the threads operating in the file.
// Each thread has its own handle to the same file. After obtaining that handle,
// they go into a tight loop in which a record number and a record operation are
// chosen at random and that operation is then performed in that record.
//
// Arguments:
// Data - PVOID to a string containing the file name (so it can be opened).
//
// Return value:
// It should not return.
//
{
HANDLE hFile;
LPCWSTR FileName = (LPCWSTR)data;
ULONG RecNumber;
OPERATION Operation;
BOOL Result;
UINT i;
hFile = CreateFile(FileName,
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
NULL,
OPEN_EXISTING,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
NULL);
if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"CreateFile failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Main loop for doing the random operations.
for (i = 0; i < NUM_FILEOPS; i++)
{
RecNumber = RandomOption(NUM_RECORDS);
Operation = (OPERATION)RandomOption(MaxOprRecord);
// Output message as to what action is being attempted.
switch (Operation)
{
case CreateRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"attempting record creation.\n");
break;
case ModifyRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"attempting modification of record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
case DeleteRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"attempting deletion of record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
}
// Perform the actual operation and handle the result,
// then loop again until done.
Result = OperateOnRecord(hFile, &RecNumber, Operation);
if (Result)
{
switch (Operation)
{
case CreateRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"created record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
case ModifyRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"modified record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
case DeleteRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"deleted record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
}
}
}
CloseHandle(hFile);
MSG_PRINTF(L"%d file operations complete. Exiting thread.\n", i);
return 0;
}
BOOL InitNewFile(LPCWSTR FileName)
//
// This function initializes a file with records. If the file already exists, it
// just returns, assuming it has a valid Master Record on it. If it does not
// exist, a brand new file is created and initialized with a clean Master Record.
//
// Arguments:
// FileName - Name of the file to be initialized.
//
// Return value:
// TRUE if the initialization succeeded, FALSE otherwise.
//
{
HANDLE hFile;
MASTER_RECORD MasterRecord;
DWORD BytesWritten;
DWORD Result;
//
// Create the file or open existing.
//
hFile = CreateFile(FileName,
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
NULL,
OPEN_ALWAYS,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
NULL);
if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"CreateFile failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
return FALSE;
}
else if (ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS == GetLastError())
{
// This is ok, simply assume it's a valid file.
// Note that this does not actually test that the file
// is valid for this application. That error is caught later.
CloseHandle(hFile);
return TRUE;
} // The implied "else" is that the handle is a good one.
InitRecord((RECORD_HEADER*)&MasterRecord, TRUE, 0);
Result = WriteFile(hFile,
&MasterRecord,
sizeof(MASTER_RECORD),
&BytesWritten,
NULL);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"WriteFile failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
}
CloseHandle(hFile);
return Result;
}
int __cdecl wmain(int argc, LPCWSTR argv[])
//
// Main function. Reads file name from command line argument, initializes the file
// and starts the worker threads, waiting for them to return.
//
{
HANDLE gThread[NUM_THREADS];
DWORD IdThread;
DWORD ResultCode;
LPCWSTR FileName = NULL;
if (argc != 2) {
wprintf(L"Invalid number of arguments!\n");
wprintf(L"Usage: %ws file_name\n", argv[0]);
return -1;
}
FileName = argv[1];
if (!InitNewFile(FileName))
{
wprintf(L"Unable to initialize the data file %ws.\n", FileName);
}
wprintf(L"Main thread creating %d worker threads for processing.\n",
NUM_THREADS);
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
{
gThread[i] = CreateThread(NULL,
0,
(LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)WorkerThread,
(PVOID)FileName,
0,
&IdThread);
}
wprintf(L"Main thread waiting for worker threads to exit...\n");
ResultCode = WaitForMultipleObjects(
NUM_THREADS,
gThread,
TRUE,
INFINITE);
wprintf(L"WaitForMultipleObjects returned 0x%08x, execution complete.\n",
ResultCode);
// Do some clean-up.
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
{
CloseHandle(gThread[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Sampel ini adalah aplikasi konsol Windows yang menjalankan beberapa akses bersamaan ke file, semuanya dikoordinasikan oleh kunci rentang byte menggunakan database sederhana, terdiri dari beberapa rekaman dengan ukuran tetap. Perhatikan bahwa konkurensi sejati tergantung pada berapa banyak inti prosesor yang ada pada sistem host.
Semua rekaman memiliki dua bidang pertama yang sama: kode jenis dan nomor urut. Kode jenis adalah salah satu dari dua kode: Kode "Mstr" mengacu pada jenis MASTER_RECORD , dan kode "Data" mengacu pada jenis DATA_RECORD . Hanya ada satu MASTER_RECORD dan nol atau lebih DATA_RECORD. Untuk contoh ini, data yang terkandung dalam rekaman data dihasilkan secara acak. Bidang kedua, nomor urut, bertahap setiap kali rekaman dimodifikasi.
Ketika eksekusi dimulai, jika file data belum ada, file data dibuat dan diinisialisasi oleh fungsi InitNewFile . Fungsi InitNewFile menulis catatan jenis Master dengan bitmap kosong di awal. Jika file sudah ada, file akan dibuka; diasumsikan memiliki catatan Master yang valid di awal.
Setelah file berhasil dibuat atau berhasil dibuka, beberapa utas pekerja dimulai, dan semuanya menjalankan perulangan di mana operasi dan rekaman dipilih secara acak dan kemudian operasi tersebut dicoba pada rekaman tersebut. Karena operasi ini acak, tidak semuanya berhasil, tetapi belum tentu kesalahan. Informasi status yang sesuai dicatat ke konsol.
Operasi yang mungkin adalah sebagai berikut: pembuatan rekaman baru, modifikasi rekaman yang sudah ada, atau penghapusan rekaman yang ada. Operasi pembuatan melihat bitmap untuk menemukan rekaman gratis pertama dan mengalokasikan rekaman tersebut sebagai rekaman baru. Operasi modifikasi membaca bitmap untuk melihat apakah rekaman tersebut benar-benar ada dan, jika demikian, memodifikasi rekaman tersebut. Operasi penghapusan menghapus bit dalam bitmap yang sesuai dengan rekaman, membebaskan ruang yang ditempati rekaman untuk alokasi di masa mendatang. Selanjutnya, operasi ini dibagi menjadi dua bagian: akses ke MasterRecord, tempat metadata disimpan, dan akses ke rekaman data itu sendiri.
Karena mereka menulis data ke rekaman data, operasi pembuatan rekaman dan modifikasi rekaman adalah satu-satunya yang memerlukan akses rekaman data. Untuk alasan itu, wilayah yang dicakup oleh rekaman dikunci secara eksklusif sebelum operasi dilakukan. Operasi pembuatan dan penghapusan memodifikasi bitmap, sehingga mereka perlu mengunci rekaman Master secara eksklusif. Namun, operasi modifikasi rekaman hanya perlu membaca bitmap, tidak menulis ke dalamnya, untuk memverifikasi apakah file ada. Untuk operasi tersebut, catatan Master hanya memerlukan kunci rentang byte bersama.
Kunci rentang byte eksklusif mencegah akses baca dan tulis dari semua handel lain ke file, dan itulah alasan mengapa kunci tersebut digunakan saat menulis ke rekaman. Di sisi lain, kunci rentang byte bersama mencegah akses tulis dari semua handel, termasuk handel yang memiliki kunci, tetapi memungkinkan akses baca dari semuanya.
Untuk menunjukkan penggunaan kunci rentang byte dengan file, semua I/O dalam sampel ini, selain inisialisasi file baru, dilakukan melalui handel file asinkron. Ini dapat dilihat dalam fungsi IoRecord dalam kasus IoLock dan IoUnlock dalam pernyataan switch. Fungsi LockFileEx dan UnlockFileEx digunakan dengan model I/O yang tumpang tindih dengan meneruskan struktur TUMPANG TINDIH kepada mereka dengan offset untuk awal rentang terkunci, dan peristiwa yang akan disinyalir setelah penguncian rentang tersebut diberikan kecuali fungsi segera kembali.
Setelah mengeluarkan permintaan I/O asinkron, operasi berikutnya dalam fungsi IoRecord adalah menunggu operasi sejalan. Ini sering kali merupakan skenario sub-optimal ketika performa maksimum diinginkan, dan digunakan di sini demi kesederhanaan. Dalam aplikasi produksi, penggunaan port penyelesaian I/O atau mekanisme serupa lebih disukai karena merilis utas untuk melakukan pemrosesan lain saat I/O selesai.
Sampel berakhir setelah menjalankan operasi acak NUM_FILEOPS . Setiap utas akan mencatat status penghentiannya sebagai kondisi kesalahan atau penghentian normal. Perhatikan bahwa tidak semua utas akan berakhir pada saat yang sama, tergantung pada berapa banyak inti prosesor yang dimiliki sistem host dan kecepatan subsistem I/O.
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