Cara menginisialisasi DirectComposition
Catatan
Untuk aplikasi di Windows 10, sebaiknya gunakan WINDOWS.UI.Composition API alih-alih DirectComposition. Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat Memodernisasi aplikasi desktop Anda menggunakan lapisan Visual.
Topik ini menunjukkan cara membuat dan menginisialisasi set minimum objek Microsoft DirectComposition yang diperlukan untuk membuat komposisi sederhana.
Apa yang perlu Anda ketahui
Teknologi
Prasyarat
- C/C++
- Microsoft Win32
- Model Objek Komponen (COM)
Petunjuk
Langkah 1: Buat objek perangkat Direct3D
Gunakan fungsi D3D11CreateDevice dari MICROSOFT Direct3D API untuk membuat instans objek perangkat yang mewakili adaptor tampilan.
ID3D11Device *m_pD3D11Device;
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevelSupported;
// Create the D3D device object. The D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT
// flag enables rendering on surfaces using Direct2D.
hr = D3D11CreateDevice(
nullptr,
D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,
NULL,
D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT,
NULL,
0,
D3D11_SDK_VERSION,
&m_pD3D11Device,
&featureLevelSupported,
nullptr);
Langkah 2: Ambil pointer ke objek DXGI
Gunakan metode QueryInterface untuk mengambil pointer IDXGIDevice dari objek perangkat Direct3D. DirectComposition akan menggunakan objek Microsoft DirectX Graphics Infrastructure (DXGI) untuk membuat semua objek permukaan untuk perangkat DirectComposition.
IDXGIDevice *pDXGIDevice = nullptr;
// Check the result of calling D3D11CreateDriver.
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create the DXGI device used to create bitmap surfaces.
hr = m_pD3D11Device->QueryInterface(&pDXGIDevice);
}
Langkah 3: Buat objek perangkat DirectComposition
Gunakan fungsi DCompositionCreateDevice untuk membuat instans objek perangkat DirectComposition, menentukan penunjuk IDXGIDevice yang diambil pada langkah sebelumnya. Fungsi ini mengambil pointer IDCompositionDevice yang digunakan untuk membuat semua objek DirectComposition lainnya yang digunakan dalam komposisi.
IDCompositionDevice *m_pDCompDevice;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create the DirectComposition device object.
hr = DCompositionCreateDevice(pDXGIDevice,
__uuidof(IDCompositionDevice),
reinterpret_cast<void **>(&m_pDCompDevice));
}
Langkah 4: Buat objek target komposisi
Gunakan metode IDCompositionDevice::CreateTargetForHwnd untuk membuat instans objek target komposisi. Memanggil CreateTargetForHwnd mengikat objek perangkat ke jendela aplikasi yang akan menampilkan komposisi.
IDCompositionTarget *m_pDCompTarget;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create the composition target object based on the
// specified application window.
hr = m_pDCompDevice->CreateTargetForHwnd(m_hwnd, TRUE, &m_pDCompTarget);
}
Langkah 5: Membuat objek visual
Gunakan metode IDCompositionDevice::CreateVisual untuk membuat objek visual. Metode ini mengambil pointer IDCompositionVisual yang digunakan untuk mengatur properti visual. Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat Properti objek visual.
IDCompositionVisual *pVisual = nullptr;
// Create a visual object.
hr = m_pDCompDevice->CreateVisual(&pVisual);
Langkah 6: Buat permukaan komposisi dan render bitmap ke permukaan
Buat penunjuk IDCompositionSurface .
IDCompositionSurface *pSurface = nullptr;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create a composition surface and render a GDI bitmap
// to the surface.
hr = MyCreateGDIRenderedDCompSurface(m_hBitmap, &pSurface);
}
Fungsi berikut membuat permukaan Microsoft DirectComposition dan menggambar bitmap di permukaan.
// MyCreateGDIRenderedDCompSurface - Creates a DirectComposition surface and
// copies the bitmap to the surface.
//
// Parameters:
// hBitmap - a GDI bitmap.
// ppSurface - the composition surface object.
//
HRESULT DemoApp::MyCreateGDIRenderedDCompSurface(HBITMAP hBitmap,
IDCompositionSurface **ppSurface)
{
HRESULT hr = S_OK;
int bitmapWidth = 0;
int bitmapHeight = 0;
int bmpSize = 0;
BITMAP bmp = { };
HBITMAP hBitmapOld = NULL;
HDC hSurfaceDC = NULL;
HDC hBitmapDC = NULL;
IDXGISurface1 *pDXGISurface = nullptr;
IDCompositionSurface *pDCSurface = nullptr;
POINT pointOffset = { };
if (ppSurface == nullptr)
return E_INVALIDARG;
// Get information about the bitmap.
bmpSize = GetObject(hBitmap, sizeof(BITMAP), &bmp);
hr = bmpSize ? S_OK : E_FAIL;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Save the bitmap dimensions.
bitmapWidth = bmp.bmWidth;
bitmapHeight = bmp.bmHeight;
// Create a DirectComposition-compatible surface that is the same size
// as the bitmap. The DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM flag is required for
// rendering on the surface using GDI via GetDC.
hr = m_pDCompDevice->CreateSurface(bitmapWidth, bitmapHeight,
DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ALPHA_MODE_IGNORE, &pDCSurface);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Begin rendering to the surface.
hr = pDCSurface->BeginDraw(NULL, __uuidof(IDXGISurface1),
reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pDXGISurface), &pointOffset);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Get the device context (DC) for the surface.
hr = pDXGISurface->GetDC(FALSE, &hSurfaceDC);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create a compatible DC and select the surface
// into the DC.
hBitmapDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hSurfaceDC);
if (hBitmapDC != NULL)
{
hBitmapOld = (HBITMAP)SelectObject(hBitmapDC, hBitmap);
BitBlt(hSurfaceDC, pointOffset.x, pointOffset.y,
bitmapWidth, bitmapHeight, hBitmapDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY);
if (hBitmapOld)
{
SelectObject(hBitmapDC, hBitmapOld);
}
DeleteDC(hBitmapDC);
}
pDXGISurface->ReleaseDC(NULL);
}
// End the rendering.
pDCSurface->EndDraw();
*ppSurface = pDCSurface;
// Call an application-defined macro to free the surface pointer.
SafeRelease(&pDXGISurface);
return hr;
}
Langkah 7: Ikat permukaan ke visual dan atur properti objek visual
Panggil metode antarmuka IDCompositionVisual objek visual untuk mengatur properti visual.
Contoh berikutnya mengatur konten bitmap untuk visual, dan posisi horizontal dan vertikal visual relatif terhadap sudut kiri atas kontainernya. Karena ini adalah visual akar, kontainer untuk visual ini adalah jendela target komposisi.
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Set the bitmap content of the visual.
hr = pVisual->SetContent(pSurface);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Set the horizontal and vertical position of the visual relative
// to the upper-left corner of the composition target window.
hr = pVisual->SetOffsetX(xOffset);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
hr = pVisual->SetOffsetY(yOffset);
}
}
Langkah 8: Mengatur visual akar pohon visual
Atur visual akar pohon visual dengan memanggil metode IDCompositionTarget::SetRoot .
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Set the visual to be the root of the visual tree.
hr = m_pDCompTarget->SetRoot(pVisual);
}
Langkah 9: Terapkan komposisi
Panggil metode IDCompositionDevice::Commit untuk menerapkan batch perintah ke DirectComposition untuk diproses. Komposisi yang dihasilkan muncul di jendela target.
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Commit the visual to be composed and displayed.
hr = m_pDCompDevice->Commit();
}
Langkah 10: Bebaskan objek DirectComposition
Ini adalah praktik pemrograman yang baik untuk membebaskan objek visual apa pun segera setelah Anda tidak lagi membutuhkannya. Contoh berikut memanggil makro SafeRelease yang ditentukan aplikasi untuk membebaskan objek visual.
// Free the visual.
SafeRelease(&pVisual);
Selain itu, ingatlah untuk membebaskan objek DXGI, objek perangkat, dan objek target komposisi sebelum aplikasi Anda keluar.
SafeRelease(&pDXGIDevice);
SafeRelease(&m_pDCompDevice);
SafeRelease(&m_pDCompTarget);
SafeRelease(&m_pD3D11Device);
Contoh lengkap
//
// SimpleComposition.h
//
// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
//
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved
#pragma once
// Modify the following definitions if you need to target a platform prior to the ones specified below.
#ifndef WINVER // Allow use of features specific to Windows 7 or later.
#define WINVER 0x0700 // Change this to the appropriate value to target other versions of Windows.
#endif
#ifndef _WIN32_WINNT // Allow use of features specific to Windows 7 or later.
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0700 // Change this to the appropriate value to target other versions of Windows.
#endif
#ifndef UNICODE
#define UNICODE
#endif
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN // Exclude rarely-used items from Windows headers
// Windows Header Files:
#include <windows.h>
// C RunTime Header Files
#include <math.h>
// DirectComposition Header Files
#include <dcomp.h>
// Direct3D Header Files
#include <d3d11.h>
/******************************************************************
* *
* Macros *
* *
******************************************************************/
template<class Interface>
inline void
SafeRelease(
Interface **ppInterfaceToRelease
)
{
if (*ppInterfaceToRelease != NULL)
{
(*ppInterfaceToRelease)->Release();
(*ppInterfaceToRelease) = NULL;
}
}
#ifndef HINST_THISCOMPONENT
EXTERN_C IMAGE_DOS_HEADER __ImageBase;
#define HINST_THISCOMPONENT ((HINSTANCE)&__ImageBase)
#endif
/******************************************************************
* *
* DemoApp *
* *
******************************************************************/
class DemoApp
{
public:
DemoApp();
~DemoApp();
HRESULT Initialize();
void RunMessageLoop();
private:
HRESULT InitializeDirectCompositionDevice();
HRESULT CreateResources();
void DiscardResources();
HRESULT OnClientClick();
HRESULT LoadResourceGDIBitmap(
PCWSTR resourceName,
HBITMAP &hbmp
);
HRESULT MyCreateGDIRenderedDCompSurface(HBITMAP hBitmap,
IDCompositionSurface **ppSurface);
static LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(
HWND hWnd,
UINT message,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam
);
private:
HWND m_hwnd;
HBITMAP m_hBitmap;
ID3D11Device *m_pD3D11Device;
IDCompositionDevice *m_pDCompDevice;
IDCompositionTarget *m_pDCompTarget;
};
//
// SimpleComposition.cpp
//
// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
//
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved
// Instructions: Right-click in the client area to cause DirectCompostion
// to create a simple composition consisting of a single GDI bitmap.
#include "SimpleComposition.h"
/******************************************************************
* *
* The application entry point. *
* *
******************************************************************/
int WINAPI WinMain(
HINSTANCE /* hInstance */,
HINSTANCE /* hPrevInstance */,
LPSTR /* lpCmdLine */,
int /* nCmdShow */
)
{
// Ignore the return value because we want to run the program even in the
// unlikely event that HeapSetInformation fails.
HeapSetInformation(NULL, HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption, NULL, 0);
if (SUCCEEDED(CoInitialize(NULL)))
{
{
DemoApp app;
if (SUCCEEDED(app.Initialize()))
{
app.RunMessageLoop();
}
}
CoUninitialize();
}
return 0;
}
/******************************************************************
* *
* DemoApp::DemoApp constructor *
* *
* Initialize member data. *
* *
******************************************************************/
DemoApp::DemoApp() :
m_hwnd(NULL),
m_hBitmap(NULL),
m_pDCompDevice(nullptr),
m_pDCompTarget(nullptr),
m_pD3D11Device(nullptr)
{
}
/******************************************************************
* *
* Release resources. *
* *
******************************************************************/
DemoApp::~DemoApp()
{
SafeRelease(&m_pDCompDevice);
SafeRelease(&m_pDCompTarget);
SafeRelease(&m_pD3D11Device);
}
/*******************************************************************
* *
* Create the application window. *
* *
*******************************************************************/
HRESULT DemoApp::Initialize()
{
HRESULT hr;
// Register the window class.
WNDCLASSEX wcex = { sizeof(WNDCLASSEX) };
wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wcex.lpfnWndProc = DemoApp::WndProc;
wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;
wcex.cbWndExtra = sizeof(LONG_PTR);
wcex.hInstance = HINST_THISCOMPONENT;
wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);;
wcex.lpszMenuName = nullptr;
wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wcex.lpszClassName = L"DirectCompDemoApp";
RegisterClassEx(&wcex);
// Create the application window.
//
// Because the CreateWindow function takes its size in pixels, we
// obtain the system DPI and use it to scale the window size.
int dpiX = 0;
int dpiY = 0;
HDC hdc = GetDC(NULL);
if (hdc)
{
dpiX = GetDeviceCaps(hdc, LOGPIXELSX);
dpiY = GetDeviceCaps(hdc, LOGPIXELSY);
ReleaseDC(NULL, hdc);
}
m_hwnd = CreateWindow(
L"DirectCompDemoApp",
L"DirectComposition Demo Application",
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT,
static_cast<UINT>(ceil(640.f * dpiX / 96.f)),
static_cast<UINT>(ceil(480.f * dpiY / 96.f)),
NULL,
NULL,
HINST_THISCOMPONENT,
this
);
hr = m_hwnd ? S_OK : E_FAIL;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
ShowWindow(m_hwnd, SW_SHOWNORMAL);
UpdateWindow(m_hwnd);
// Initialize DirectComposition resources, such as the
// device object and composition target object.
hr = InitializeDirectCompositionDevice();
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
hr = CreateResources();
}
return hr;
}
/******************************************************************
* *
* This method creates the DirectComposition device object and *
* and the composition target object. These objects endure for *
* the lifetime of the application. *
* *
******************************************************************/
HRESULT DemoApp::InitializeDirectCompositionDevice()
{
HRESULT hr = S_OK;
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevelSupported;
// Create the D3D device object. The D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT
// flag enables rendering on surfaces using Direct2D.
hr = D3D11CreateDevice(
nullptr,
D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,
NULL,
D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT,
NULL,
0,
D3D11_SDK_VERSION,
&m_pD3D11Device,
&featureLevelSupported,
nullptr);
IDXGIDevice *pDXGIDevice = nullptr;
// Check the result of calling D3D11CreateDriver.
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create the DXGI device used to create bitmap surfaces.
hr = m_pD3D11Device->QueryInterface(&pDXGIDevice);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create the DirectComposition device object.
hr = DCompositionCreateDevice(pDXGIDevice,
__uuidof(IDCompositionDevice),
reinterpret_cast<void **>(&m_pDCompDevice));
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create the composition target object based on the
// specified application window.
hr = m_pDCompDevice->CreateTargetForHwnd(m_hwnd, TRUE, &m_pDCompTarget);
}
SafeRelease(&pDXGIDevice);
return hr;
}
/******************************************************************
* *
* This method creates the GDI bitmap that the application gives *
* to DirectComposition to be composed. *
* *
******************************************************************/
HRESULT DemoApp::CreateResources()
{
HRESULT hr = S_OK;
hr = LoadResourceGDIBitmap(L"Logo", m_hBitmap);
return hr;
}
/******************************************************************
* *
* Discard device-specific resources. *
* *
******************************************************************/
void DemoApp::DiscardResources()
{
DeleteObject(m_hBitmap);
}
/******************************************************************
* *
* The main window's message loop. *
* *
******************************************************************/
void DemoApp::RunMessageLoop()
{
MSG msg;
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
}
/******************************************************************
* *
* Called whenever the user clicks in client area of the main *
* window. This method builds a simple visual tree and passes it *
* to DirectComposition.
* *
******************************************************************/
HRESULT DemoApp::OnClientClick()
{
HRESULT hr = S_OK;
float xOffset = 20; // horizonal position of visual
float yOffset = 20; // vertical position of visual
IDCompositionVisual *pVisual = nullptr;
// Create a visual object.
hr = m_pDCompDevice->CreateVisual(&pVisual);
IDCompositionSurface *pSurface = nullptr;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create a composition surface and render a GDI bitmap
// to the surface.
hr = MyCreateGDIRenderedDCompSurface(m_hBitmap, &pSurface);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Set the bitmap content of the visual.
hr = pVisual->SetContent(pSurface);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Set the horizontal and vertical position of the visual relative
// to the upper-left corner of the composition target window.
hr = pVisual->SetOffsetX(xOffset);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
hr = pVisual->SetOffsetY(yOffset);
}
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Set the visual to be the root of the visual tree.
hr = m_pDCompTarget->SetRoot(pVisual);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Commit the visual to be composed and displayed.
hr = m_pDCompDevice->Commit();
}
// Free the visual.
SafeRelease(&pVisual);
return hr;
}
/******************************************************************
* *
* The window's message handler. *
* *
******************************************************************/
LRESULT CALLBACK DemoApp::WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
LRESULT result = 0;
if (message == WM_CREATE)
{
LPCREATESTRUCT pcs = (LPCREATESTRUCT)lParam;
DemoApp *pDemoApp = (DemoApp *)pcs->lpCreateParams;
::SetWindowLongPtrW(
hwnd,
GWLP_USERDATA,
PtrToUlong(pDemoApp)
);
result = 1;
}
else
{
DemoApp *pDemoApp = reinterpret_cast<DemoApp *>(static_cast<LONG_PTR>(
::GetWindowLongPtrW(
hwnd,
GWLP_USERDATA
)));
bool wasHandled = false;
if (pDemoApp)
{
switch (message)
{
case WM_LBUTTONDOWN:
{
pDemoApp->OnClientClick();
}
wasHandled = true;
result = 0;
break;
case WM_DISPLAYCHANGE:
{
InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, FALSE);
}
wasHandled = true;
result = 0;
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
{
PostQuitMessage(0);
pDemoApp->DiscardResources();
}
wasHandled = true;
result = 1;
break;
}
}
if (!wasHandled)
{
result = DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
}
return result;
}
/******************************************************************
* *
* This method loads the specified GDI bitmap from the *
* application resources, creates a new bitmap that is in a *
* format that DirectComposition can use, and copies the contents *
* of the original bitmap to the new bitmap. *
* *
******************************************************************/
HRESULT DemoApp::LoadResourceGDIBitmap(PCWSTR resourceName, HBITMAP &hbmp)
{
hbmp = static_cast<HBITMAP>(LoadImageW(HINST_THISCOMPONENT, resourceName,
IMAGE_BITMAP, 0, 0, LR_DEFAULTCOLOR));
return hbmp ? S_OK : E_FAIL;
}
// MyCreateGDIRenderedDCompSurface - Creates a DirectComposition surface and
// copies the bitmap to the surface.
//
// Parameters:
// hBitmap - a GDI bitmap.
// ppSurface - the composition surface object.
//
HRESULT DemoApp::MyCreateGDIRenderedDCompSurface(HBITMAP hBitmap,
IDCompositionSurface **ppSurface)
{
HRESULT hr = S_OK;
int bitmapWidth = 0;
int bitmapHeight = 0;
int bmpSize = 0;
BITMAP bmp = { };
HBITMAP hBitmapOld = NULL;
HDC hSurfaceDC = NULL;
HDC hBitmapDC = NULL;
IDXGISurface1 *pDXGISurface = nullptr;
IDCompositionSurface *pDCSurface = nullptr;
POINT pointOffset = { };
if (ppSurface == nullptr)
return E_INVALIDARG;
// Get information about the bitmap.
bmpSize = GetObject(hBitmap, sizeof(BITMAP), &bmp);
hr = bmpSize ? S_OK : E_FAIL;
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Save the bitmap dimensions.
bitmapWidth = bmp.bmWidth;
bitmapHeight = bmp.bmHeight;
// Create a DirectComposition-compatible surface that is the same size
// as the bitmap. The DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM flag is required for
// rendering on the surface using GDI via GetDC.
hr = m_pDCompDevice->CreateSurface(bitmapWidth, bitmapHeight,
DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ALPHA_MODE_IGNORE, &pDCSurface);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Begin rendering to the surface.
hr = pDCSurface->BeginDraw(NULL, __uuidof(IDXGISurface1),
reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pDXGISurface), &pointOffset);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Get the device context (DC) for the surface.
hr = pDXGISurface->GetDC(FALSE, &hSurfaceDC);
}
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
{
// Create a compatible DC and select the surface
// into the DC.
hBitmapDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hSurfaceDC);
if (hBitmapDC != NULL)
{
hBitmapOld = (HBITMAP)SelectObject(hBitmapDC, hBitmap);
BitBlt(hSurfaceDC, pointOffset.x, pointOffset.y,
bitmapWidth, bitmapHeight, hBitmapDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY);
if (hBitmapOld)
{
SelectObject(hBitmapDC, hBitmapOld);
}
DeleteDC(hBitmapDC);
}
pDXGISurface->ReleaseDC(NULL);
}
// End the rendering.
pDCSurface->EndDraw();
*ppSurface = pDCSurface;
// Call an application-defined macro to free the surface pointer.
SafeRelease(&pDXGISurface);
return hr;
}
Topik terkait
Saran dan Komentar
Segera hadir: Sepanjang tahun 2024 kami akan menghentikan penggunaan GitHub Issues sebagai mekanisme umpan balik untuk konten dan menggantinya dengan sistem umpan balik baru. Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya, lihat: https://aka.ms/ContentUserFeedback.
Kirim dan lihat umpan balik untuk