Data virtualization with PolyBase in SQL Server
Applies to: 
SQL Server 
Azure SQL Database
Azure Synapse Analytics
Analytics Platform System (PDW)
PolyBase is a data virtualization feature for SQL Server.
What is PolyBase?
PolyBase enables your SQL Server instance to query data with T-SQL directly from SQL Server, Oracle, Teradata, MongoDB, Hadoop clusters, Cosmos DB, and S3-compatible object storage without separately installing client connection software. You can also use the generic ODBC connector to connect to additional providers using third-party ODBC drivers. PolyBase allows T-SQL queries to join the data from external sources to relational tables in an instance of SQL Server.
A key use case for data virtualization with the PolyBase feature is to allow the data to stay in its original location and format. You can virtualize the external data through the SQL Server instance, so that it can be queried in place like any other table in SQL Server. This process minimizes the need for ETL processes for data movement. This data virtualization scenario is possible with the use of PolyBase connectors.
Supported SQL products and services
PolyBase provides these same functionalities for the following SQL products from Microsoft:
- SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later versions (Windows)
- SQL Server 2019 (15.x) and later versions (Windows and Linux)
- SQL Server Analytics Platform System (PDW)
- Azure Synapse Analytics (for dedicated SQL pools)
- Data virtualization in Azure Synapse Analytics is available in two modes, PolyBase and native. For more information, see Use external tables with Synapse SQL.
Note
Data virtualization is also available for Azure SQL Managed Instance, scoped to querying external data stored in files in Azure Data Lake Storage (ADLS) Gen2 and Azure Blob Storage. Visit Data virtualization with Azure SQL Managed Instance to learn more.
SQL Server 2022 PolyBase enhancements
| New to SQL Server 2022 (16.x) | Details |
|---|---|
| S3-compatible object storage | SQL Server 2022 (16.x) adds new connector, S3-compatible object storage, using the S3 REST API. You can use both OPENROWSET and CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE to query data files in S3-compatible object storage. |
| Some connectors separate from PolyBase services | The S3-compatible object storage connector, as well as ADSL Gen2, and Azure Blob Storage, are no longer dependent of PolyBase services. PolyBase services must still run to support connectivity with Oracle, Teradata, MongoDB, and Generic ODBC. The PolyBase feature must still be installed on your SQL Server instance. |
| Parquet file format | PolyBase is now capable of querying data from Parquet files stored on S3-compatible object storage. For more information, see to Virtualize parquet file in a S3-compatible object storage with PolyBase. |
| Delta table format | PolyBase is now capable of querying (read-only) data from Delta Table format stored on S3-compatible object storage, Azure Storage Account V2, and Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2. For more information, see to Virtualize Delta Table format |
| Create External Table as Select (CETAS) | PolyBase can now use CETAS to create an external table and then export, in parallel, the result of a Transact-SQL SELECT statement to Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2, Azure Storage Account V2, and S3-compatible object storage. For more information, see CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE AS SELECT (Transact-SQL). |
For more new features of SQL Server 2022 (16.x), see What's new in SQL Server 2022?
Tip
For a tutorial of PolyBase features and capabilities in SQL Server 2022 (16.x), see Get started with PolyBase in SQL Server 2022.
PolyBase connectors
The PolyBase feature provides connectivity to the following external data sources:
| External data sources | SQL Server 2016-2019 with PolyBase | SQL Server 2022 (16.x) with PolyBase | APS PDW | Azure Synapse Analytics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oracle, MongoDB, Teradata | Read | Read | No | No |
| Generic ODBC | Read (Windows Only) | Read (Windows Only) | No | No |
| Azure Storage | Read/Write | Read/Write | Read/Write | Read/Write |
| Hadoop | Read/Write | No | Read/Write | No |
| SQL Server | Read | Read | No | No |
| S3-compatible object storage | No | Read/Write | No | No |
- SQL Server 2022 (16.x) does not support Hadoop.
- SQL Server 2016 (13.x) introduced PolyBase with support for connections to Hadoop and Azure Blob Storage.
- SQL Server 2019 (15.x) introduced additional connectors, including SQL Server, Oracle, Teradata, and MongoDB.
- SQL Server 2022 (16.x) introduced the S3-compatible storage connector.
- SQL Server 2019 (15.x) Cumulative update 19 introduced support for Oracle TNS.
- SQL Server 2022 (16.x) Cumulative update 2 introduced support for Oracle TNS.
Examples of external connectors include:
* PolyBase supports two Hadoop providers, Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP) and Cloudera Distributed Hadoop (CDH), through SQL Server 2019. SQL Server support for HDFS Cloudera (CDP) and Hortonworks (HDP) external data sources will be retired and will not be included in SQL Server 2022 (16.x). For more information, see Big data options on the Microsoft SQL Server platform.
To use PolyBase in an instance of SQL Server:
- Install PolyBase on Windows or Install PolyBase on Linux.
- Starting with SQL Server 2019 (15.x), enable PolyBase in sp_configure, if necessary.
- Create an external data source.
- Create an external table.
Azure integration
With the underlying help of PolyBase, T-SQL queries can also import and export data from Azure Blob Storage. Further, PolyBase enables Azure Synapse Analytics to import and export data from Azure Data Lake Store, and from Azure Blob Storage.
Why use PolyBase?
PolyBase allows you to join data from a SQL Server instance with external data. Prior to PolyBase to join data to external data sources you could either:
- Transfer half your data so that all the data was in one location.
- Query both sources of data, then write custom query logic to join and integrate the data at the client level.
PolyBase allows you to simply use Transact-SQL to join the data.
PolyBase does not require you to install additional software to your Hadoop environment. You query external data by using the same T-SQL syntax used to query a database table. The support actions implemented by PolyBase all happen transparently. The query author does not need any knowledge about the external source.
PolyBase uses
PolyBase enables the following scenarios in SQL Server:
Query data stored in Azure Blob Storage. Azure Blob Storage is a convenient place to store data for use by Azure services. PolyBase makes it easy to access the data by using T-SQL.
Query data stored in Hadoop from a SQL Server instance or PDW. Users are storing data in cost-effective distributed and scalable systems, such as Hadoop. PolyBase makes it easy to query the data by using T-SQL.
Import data from Hadoop, Azure Blob Storage, or Azure Data Lake Store. Leverage the speed of Microsoft SQL's columnstore technology and analysis capabilities by importing data from Hadoop, Azure Blob Storage, or Azure Data Lake Store into relational tables. There is no need for a separate ETL or import tool.
Export data to Hadoop, Azure Blob Storage, or Azure Data Lake Store. Archive data to Hadoop, Azure Blob Storage, or Azure Data Lake Store to achieve cost-effective storage and keep it online for easy access.
Integrate with BI tools. Use PolyBase with Microsoft's business intelligence and analysis stack, or use any third-party tools that are compatible with SQL Server.
Performance
There's no hard limit to the number of files or the amount of data that can be queried. Query performance depends on the amount of data, data format, the way data is organized, and complexity of queries and joins.
For more information on performance guidance and recommendations for PolyBase, see Performance considerations in PolyBase for SQL Server.
Upgrade to SQL Server 2022
Starting in SQL Server 2022 (16.x) Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP) and Cloudera Distributed Hadoop (CDH) are no longer supported. Due to these changes, it is required to manually drop PolyBase external data sources created on previous versions of SQL Server that use TYPE = HADOOP or Azure Storage before migrating to SQL Server 2022 (16.x). Dropping external data sources also requires dropping the associated database objects, such as database scoped credentials and external tables.
Azure Storage connectors must be changed based on the reference table below:
| External Data Source | From | To |
|---|---|---|
| Azure Blob Storage | wasb[s] | abs |
| ADLS Gen 2 | abfs[s] | adls |
Get started
Before using PolyBase, you must install PolyBase on Windows or install PolyBase on Linux, and enable PolyBase in sp_configure if necessary.
For a tutorial of PolyBase features and capabilities, see Get started with PolyBase in SQL Server 2022.
For more tutorials on various external data sources, review:
- Hadoop
- Azure Blob Storage
- SQL Server
- Oracle
- Teradata
- MongoDB
- ODBC Generic Types
- S3-compatible object storage
- CSV
- Delta table
Data virtualization on other platforms
Data virtualization features are also available on other platforms: