Tutorial: Real-time chat with SignalR 2 and MVC 5

Artikel
02/19/2020

This tutorial shows how to use ASP.NET SignalR 2 to create a real-time chat application. You add SignalR to an MVC 5 application and create a chat view to send and display messages.

In this tutorial, you:

Set up the project
Run the sample
Examine the code

Warning

This documentation isn't for the latest version of SignalR. Take a look at ASP.NET Core SignalR.

Prerequisites

Visual Studio 2017 with the ASP.NET and web development workload.

Set up the Project

This section shows how to use Visual Studio 2017 and SignalR 2 to create an empty ASP.NET MVC 5 application, add the SignalR library, and create the chat application.

In Visual Studio, create a C# ASP.NET application that targets .NET Framework 4.5, name it SignalRChat, and click OK.
In New ASP.NET Web Application - SignalRMvcChat, select MVC and then select Change Authentication.
In Change Authentication, select No Authentication and click OK.
In New ASP.NET Web Application - SignalRMvcChat, select OK.
In Solution Explorer, right-click the project and select Add > New Item.
In Add New Item - SignalRChat, select Installed > Visual C# > Web > SignalR and then select SignalR Hub Class (v2).
Name the class ChatHub and add it to the project.

This step creates the ChatHub.cs class file and adds a set of script files and assembly references that support SignalR to the project.

Replace the code in the new ChatHub.cs class file with this code:

using System;
using System.Web;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;
namespace SignalRChat
{
    public class ChatHub : Hub
    {
        public void Send(string name, string message)
        {
            // Call the addNewMessageToPage method to update clients.
            Clients.All.addNewMessageToPage(name, message);
        }
    }
}

In Solution Explorer, right-click the project and select Add > Class.
Name the new class Startup and add it to the project.

Replace the code in the Startup.cs class file with this code:

using Owin;
using Microsoft.Owin;
[assembly: OwinStartup(typeof(SignalRChat.Startup))]
namespace SignalRChat
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app)
        {
            // Any connection or hub wire up and configuration should go here
            app.MapSignalR();
        }
    }
}

In Solution Explorer, select Controllers > HomeController.cs.
Add this method to the HomeController.cs.
```
public ActionResult Chat()
{
    return View();
}
```
This method returns the Chat view that you create in a later step.
In Solution Explorer, right-click Views > Home, and select Add > View.
In Add View, name the new view Chat and select Add.

Replace the contents of Chat.cshtml with this code:

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Chat";
}
<h2>Chat</h2>
<div class="container">
    <input type="text" id="message" />
    <input type="button" id="sendmessage" value="Send" />
    <input type="hidden" id="displayname" />
    <ul id="discussion">
    </ul>
</div>
@section scripts {
    <!--Script references. -->
    <!--The jQuery library is required and is referenced by default in _Layout.cshtml. -->
    <!--Reference the SignalR library. -->
    <script src="~/Scripts/jquery.signalR-2.1.0.min.js"></script>
    <!--Reference the autogenerated SignalR hub script. -->
    <script src="~/signalr/hubs"></script>
    <!--SignalR script to update the chat page and send messages.--> 
    <script>
        $(function () {
            // Reference the auto-generated proxy for the hub.  
            var chat = $.connection.chatHub;
            // Create a function that the hub can call back to display messages.
            chat.client.addNewMessageToPage = function (name, message) {
                // Add the message to the page. 
                $('#discussion').append('<li><strong>' + htmlEncode(name) 
                    + '</strong>: ' + htmlEncode(message) + '</li>');
            };
            // Get the user name and store it to prepend to messages.
            $('#displayname').val(prompt('Enter your name:', ''));
            // Set initial focus to message input box.  
            $('#message').focus();
            // Start the connection.
            $.connection.hub.start().done(function () {
                $('#sendmessage').click(function () {
                    // Call the Send method on the hub. 
                    chat.server.send($('#displayname').val(), $('#message').val());
                    // Clear text box and reset focus for next comment. 
                    $('#message').val('').focus();
                });
            });
        });
        // This optional function html-encodes messages for display in the page.
        function htmlEncode(value) {
            var encodedValue = $('<div />').text(value).html();
            return encodedValue;
        }
    </script>
}

In Solution Explorer, expand Scripts.

Script libraries for jQuery and SignalR are visible in the project.

Important

The package manager may have installed a later version of the SignalR scripts.

Check that the script references in the code block correspond to the versions of the script files in the project.

Script references from the original code block:

<!--Script references. -->
<!--The jQuery library is required and is referenced by default in _Layout.cshtml. -->
<!--Reference the SignalR library. -->
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.signalR-2.1.0.min.js"></script>

If they don't match, update the .cshtml file.
From the menu bar, select File > Save All.

Run the Sample

In the toolbar, turn on Script Debugging and then select the play button to run the sample in Debug mode.
When the browser opens, enter a name for your chat identity.
Copy the URL from the browser, open two other browsers, and paste the URLs into the address bars.
In each browser, enter a unique name.
Now, add a comment and select Send. Repeat that in the other browsers. The comments appear in real time.

Note

This simple chat application does not maintain the discussion context on the server. The hub broadcasts comments to all current users. Users who join the chat later will see messages added from the time they join.

See how the chat application runs in three different browsers. When Tom, Anand, and Susan send messages, all browsers update in real time:
In Solution Explorer, inspect the Script Documents node for the running application. There's a script file named hubs that the SignalR library generates at runtime. This file manages the communication between jQuery script and server-side code.

Examine the Code

The SignalR chat application demonstrates two basic SignalR development tasks. It shows you how to create a hub. The server uses that hub as the main coordination object. The hub uses the SignalR jQuery library to send and receive messages.

SignalR Hubs in the ChatHub.cs

In the code sample, the ChatHub class derives from the Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hub class. Deriving from the Hub class is a useful way to build a SignalR application. You can create public methods on your hub class and then access those methods by calling them from scripts in a web page.

In the chat code, clients call the ChatHub.Send method to send a new message. The hub in turn sends the message to all clients by calling Clients.All.addNewMessageToPage.

The Send method demonstrates several hub concepts:

Declare public methods on a hub so that clients can call them.
Use the Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hub.Clients dynamic property to communicate with all clients connected to this hub.

Call a function on the client (like the addNewMessageToPage function) to update clients.

public class ChatHub : Hub
{
    public void Send(string name, string message)
    {
        Clients.All.addNewMessageToPage(name, message);
    }
}

SignalR and jQuery Chat.cshtml

The Chat.cshtml view file in the code sample shows how to use the SignalR jQuery library to communicate with a SignalR hub. The code carries out many important tasks. It creates a reference to the autogenerated proxy for the hub, declares a function that the server can call to push content to clients, and it starts a connection to send messages to the hub.

var chat = $.connection.chatHub;

Note

In JavaScript, the reference to the server class and its members is in camelCase. The code sample references the C# ChatHub class in JavaScript as chatHub.

In this code block, you create a callback function in the script.

chat.client.addNewMessageToPage = function (name, message) {
    // Add the message to the page. 
    $('#discussion').append('<li><strong>' + htmlEncode(name) 
        + '</strong>: ' + htmlEncode(message) + '</li>');
};

The hub class on the server calls this function to push content updates to each client. The optional call to the htmlEncode function shows a way to HTML encode the message content before displaying it in the page. It's a way to prevent script injection.

This code opens a connection with the hub.

$.connection.hub.start().done(function () {
    $('#sendmessage').click(function () {
        // Call the Send method on the hub. 
        chat.server.send($('#displayname').val(), $('#message').val());
        // Clear text box and reset focus for next comment. 
        $('#message').val('').focus();
    });
});

Note

This approach ensures that you establish a connection before the event handler executes.

The code starts the connection and then passes it a function to handle the click event on the Send button in the Chat page.

Get the code

Download Completed Project

Additional resources

For more about SignalR, see the following resources:

Next steps

In this tutorial, you:

Set up the project
Ran the sample
Examined the code

Advance to the next article to learn how to create a web application that uses ASP.NET SignalR 2 to provide high-frequency messaging functionality.

Web app with high-frequency messaging

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