Writing Code in the Code and Text Editor
The Visual Studio editor provides many features that make it easier for you to write and manage your code. You can expand and collapse different blocks of code by using outlining. You can learn more about the code you are using by using IntelliSense, the Object Browser, and the Call Hierarchy. You can navigate inside your code by using features such as Navigate To, Go To Definition, and Find All References. You can insert blocks of code with code snippets, and you can generate code by using features such as Generate From Usage.
You can view your code in a number of different ways. To see a class view of your solution, you can open the Class View window or expand the nodes in the Solution Explorer under your class files.
You can search and replace text for single or multiple files. For more information, see Finding and Replacing Text. If you use regular expressions, note that find and replace now use .NET regular expressions. For more information, see Using Regular Expressions in Visual Studio.
The different Visual Studio languages offer different sets of features, and in some cases the features behave differently in different languages. Many of these differences are specified in the descriptions of the features, but for more information you can see the sections on specific Visual Studio languages.
Important
The Visual Studio edition and the settings you are using may affect the features in the IDE. They might differ from those described in this topic.
Editor Features
Syntax Coloring |
Some syntax elements of code and markup files are colored differently to distinguish them. For example, keywords (such as using in C# and Imports in Visual Basic) are one color, but types (such as Console and Uri) are another color. Other syntax elements are also colorized, such as string literals and comments. C++ uses color to differentiate among types, enumerations, and macros, among other tokens. You can see the default color for each type, and you can change the color for any specific syntax element in the Fonts and Colors, Environment, Options Dialog Box, which you can open from the Tools menu. |
Error and Warning Marks |
As you add code and build your solution, you may see different-colored wavy underlines (known as squiggles) appearing in your code. These marks notify you of problems Visual Studio has detected in your code. For example, red squiggles denote syntax errors, blue squiggles denote compiler errors, green squiggles denote warnings, and purple squiggles denote other types of error. For example, they are used for "rude" edits in Visual Basic, which are changes that are made during Edit and Continue and that will result in compiler errors. You can see the default color for each error and warning squiggle in the Tools/Options/Environment/Fonts and Colors dialog box. Look for Syntax Error, Compiler Error, Warning, and Other Error. |
Brace Matching |
When the insertion point is placed on an open brace in a code file, both it and the closing brace are highlighted. This feature gives you immediate feedback on misplaced or missing braces. You can turn brace matching on or off with the Automatic Delimiter Highlighting setting (Tools/Options/Text Editor). You can change the highlight color in the Fonts and Colors setting (Tools/Options/Environment). Look for Brace Matching (Highlight) or Brace Matching (Rectangle). |
Line Numbers |
Line numbers can be displayed in the left margin of the code window. They are not displayed by default. You can turn this option on in the Text Editor All Languages settings (Tools/Options/Text Editor/All Languages). You can display line numbers for individual programming languages by changing the settings for those languages (Tools/Options/Text Editor/<language>). For line numbers to print, you must select Include line numbers in the Print dialog box. |
Change Tracking |
The color of the left margin allows you to keep track of the changes you have made in a file. Changes you have made since the file was opened but not saved are denoted by a yellow bar on the left margin (known as the selection margin). After you have saved the changes (but before closing the file), the bar turns green. If you undo a change after you have saved the file, the bar turns orange. To turn this feature off and on, change the Track changes option in the Text Editor settings (Tools/Options/Text Editor). |
Selecting Code and Text |
You can select text either in the standard continuous stream mode or in box mode, in which you select a rectangular portion of text instead of a set of lines. To make a selection in box mode, press ALT as you drag the mouse over the selection (or press ALT + SHIFT + <arrow key>). The selection includes all of the characters within the rectangle defined by the first character and the last character in the selection. Anything typed or pasted into the selected area is inserted at the same point on each line. |
Zoom |
You can zoom in or out in any code window by pressing and holding the CTRL key and moving the scroll wheel on the mouse (or CTRL + SHIFT + . to increase and CTRL + SHIFT + , to decrease). You can also use the Zoom box in the lower left corner of the code window to set a specific zoom percentage. The zoom feature does not work in tool windows. |
Virtual Space |
By default, lines in Visual Studio editors end after the last character, so that the RIGHT ARROW key at the end of a line moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line. In some other editors a line does not end after the last character, and you can place your cursor anywhere on the line. You can enable virtual space in the editor in the Tools/Options/Text Editor/All Languages settings. Note that you can enable either Virtual Space or Word Wrap, but not both. |
Printing |
You can use the options in the Print dialog box to include line numbers or hide collapsed regions of code when you print a file. In the Page Setup dialog box, you can also choose to print the full path and the name of the file by choosing Page header. You can set color printing options in the Tools/Options/Environment/Fonts and Colors dialog box. Choose Printer in the Show settings for list to customize color printing. You can specify different colors for printing a file than for editing a file. |
Global Undo and Redo |
The Undo Last Global Action and Redo Last Global Action commands on the Edit menu undo or redo global actions that affect multiple files. Global actions include renaming a class or namespace, performing a find-and-replace operation across a solution, refactoring a database, or any other action that changes multiple files. You can apply the global undo and redo commands to actions in the current Visual Studio session, even after you close the solution in which an action was applied. |
Advanced Editing Features
You can find a number of advanced features on the Edit/Advanced submenu. Not all these features are available for all types of code files.
Format Document |
Sets the proper indentation of lines of code and moves curly braces to separate lines in the document. |
Format Selection |
Sets the proper indentation of lines of code and moves curly braces to separate lines in the selection. |
Tabify Selected Lines |
Changes leading spaces to tabs where appropriate. |
Untabify Selected Lines |
Changes leading tabs to spaces. If you want to convert all the spaces in your file to tabs (or all the tabs to spaces), you can use the Edit.ConvertSpacesToTabs and Edit.ConvertTabsToSpaces commands. These commands do not appear in Visual Studio menus, but you can call them from the Quick Access window or the command window. |
Make Uppercase |
Changes all characters in the selection to uppercase, or if there is no selection, changes the character at the insertion point to uppercase. |
Make Lowercase |
Changes all characters in the selection to lowercase, or if there is no selection, changes the character at the insertion point to lowercase. |
Validate Document |
Validates JScript code files. |
Delete Horizontal White Space |
Deletes tabs or spaces at the end of the current line. |
View White Space |
Displays spaces as raised dots, and tabs as arrows. The end of a file is displayed as a rectangular glyph. If Tools/Options/Text Editor/All Languages/Word Wrap/Show visible glyphs for word wrap is selected, that glyph is also displayed. |
Word Wrap |
Causes all the lines in a document to be visible in the code window. You can turn word wrap off and on in the Text Editor All Languages settings (Tools/Options/ Text Editor/All Languages). |
Uncomment Selection |
Adds comment characters to the selection or the current line. |
Comment Selection |
Removes comment characters from the selection or the current line. |
Increase Line Indent |
Adds a tab (or the equivalent spaces) to the selected lines or the current line. |
Decrease Line Indent |
Removes a tab (or the equivalent spaces) from the selected lines or the current line. |
Select Tag |
In a document that contains tags (for example, XML or HTML), selects the tag. |
Select Tag Content |
In a document that contains tags (for example, XML or HTML), selects the content. |
Navigating in the Code Window
You can move around in a document in several different ways. In addition to the standard operations, you can use the Navigate Backward (or CTRL + MINUS) and Navigate Forward (CTRL + SHIFT + MINUS) buttons on the toolbar to move the insertion point to previous locations or return to more recent locations in the active document. These buttons retain the last 20 locations of the insertion point.
You can also use the enhanced scroll bar in a code window to get a bird’s-eye view of your code. For more information, see How to: Track Your Code by Customizing the Scrollbar.
The following commands are code-specific navigation methods:
Go To <line number> |
(Edit/Go To or CTRL + G): Move to a specific line number in the active document. |
Navigate To |
(Edit/Navigate To or CTRL + ,): Finds a symbol or file in the active solution. It helps you pick a good set of matching results from a query. You can search for keywords that are contained in a symbol by using camel casing and underscore characters to divide the symbol into keywords. |
Find All References |
(context menu): Finds all the references to the selected element in the solution. |
Go To Definition |
(context menu or F12): Finds the definition of the selected element. |
Peek Definition |
(context menu or Alt+F12): Finds the definition of the selected element and displays it in a popup window. For more information, see How to: View and Edit Code by Using Peek Definition (Alt+F12). |
Next Method, Previous Method |
(Edit/Next Method, Previous Method) In Visual Basic code files, use these commands to move the insertion point to different methods. |
Reference Highlighting |
When you click a symbol in the source code, all instances of that symbol are highlighted in the document. The highlighted symbols may include declarations and references, and many other symbols that Find All References would return. These include the names of classes, objects, variables, methods, and properties. In Visual Basic code, keywords for many control structures are also highlighted. To move to the next or the previous highlighted symbol, press CTRL+SHIFT+DOWN ARROW or CTRL+SHIFT+UP ARROW. You can change the highlighting color in Tools/Options/Environment/Fonts and Colors/Highlighted Reference. |
Find code-related info |
You can find info about specific code, like changes and who made those changes, references, bugs, work items, code reviews, and unit test status when you use CodeLens in the code editor. CodeLens works like a heads-up display when you use Visual Studio Ultimate with Team Foundation Server. See Find code changes and other history with CodeLens. |
You can also use the navigation bar, that is, the two dropdown boxes displayed at the top of the code window, to navigate in a code file. This bar allows you to navigate directly to a particular type or to one of the members within a type. The navigation bar appears with Visual Basic, C#, and C++ code files.
To hide the navigation bar, change the Navigation bar option in the Text Editor All Languages settings (Tools/Options/Text Editor/All Languages, or you can change the settings for individual languages). You can navigate in the dropdown boxes as follows:
To shift focus from the code window to the navigation bar, press the shortcut key combination CTRL+F2.
To return focus from the navigation bar to the code window, press the ESC key.
To shift focus from item to item on the navigation bar, press the TAB key.
To select the Navigation bar item that has focus and return to the IDE, press the ENTER key
To navigate to a class or type, click its name in the left dropdown.
To navigate directly to a procedure in a class, click a procedure in the right dropdown.
In a partial class, members defined outside the current code file may be grayed out.
Customizing the Editor
Import and Export Settings: You can share settings with another developer, have your settings conform to a standard, or return to Visual Studio default settings by using the Import and Export Settings Wizard on the Tools menu. You can change general settings or language and project-specific settings.
Keyboard Mapping: You can define new hotkeys or redefine existing ones in the Tools/Options/Environment/Keyboard settings. For more information about hotkeys, see Default Keyboard Shortcuts in Visual Studio.
For information about language-specific editor options, see the following: