Use an NMAKE macro

To use a macro, enclose its name in parentheses preceded by a dollar sign ($) as follows:

$(macro_name)

No spaces are allowed. The parentheses are optional if macro_name is a single character. The definition string replaces $(macro_name); an undefined macro is replaced by a null string.

Macro substitution

When macro_name is invoked, each occurrence of string1 in its definition string is replaced by string2.

$(macro_name:string1=string2)

Macro substitution is case-sensitive and is literal; string1 and string2 can't invoke macros. Substitution doesn't modify the original definition. You can replace text in any predefined macro except $$@.

No spaces or tabs precede the colon (:); any spaces or tabs after the colon are interpreted as literal. If string2 is null, all occurrences of string1 are deleted from the macro's definition string.

Macro functions

NMAKE provides a set of functions that can be used to modify strings, lists of items and file paths. These functions are available in NMAKE starting in Visual Studio 2022.

Function syntax

Functions use the following syntax:

$(function_name arg0,arg1,arg2...)

Arguments to a function can be any string and may include nested macro invocations. Except in special cases, arguments can't be null.

Any extra whitespace between the function name and the argument list is ignored. If the first argument requires leading whitespace, then use a macro that contains the needed whitespace:

SINGLESPACE=$(subst ',,' ') # Use "subst" since a normal assignment trims trailing whitespace.
$(subst $(SINGLESPACE)an,irec,red ant) # Evaluates to "redirect"

Commas within an argument list are always considered argument separators and can't be escaped. If any argument requires a literal comma, use a macro that contains a comma instead:

COMMA=,
INPUT=a, b
$(subst $(COMMA) , and ,$(INPUT)) # Evaluates to "a and b"

List syntax

Some functions support a whitespace-separated list of items. Extra whitespace is ignored at the beginning of the list, the end of the list, or between each item. Lists produced by a function use a single space between each item as a separator, and don't have leading or trailing whitespace.

For example, the simplest list function is strip, which takes a single list argument and produces a list with the exact same items (but with the whitespace cleaned as above):

$(strip a   b   c d    ) # Evaluates to "a b c d"

Pattern syntax

Some functions support using a pattern. A pattern is a string that contains a single wildcard that can match any number of characters. The first % in a pattern is the wildcard, and any later % characters are treated as literals. A % anywhere before the actual wildcard can be escaped by using \ (that is, \% is treated as a literal %). Any \ that would escape the wildcard can be escaped with another \ (so \\% is treated as a literal \ followed by the wildcard). To be considered a match, all of the input characters must be matched by the pattern; partial matches aren't supported.

Patterns can be demonstrated using the filter function, which only keeps items that match the pattern:

$(filter abc,abc) # Evaluates to "abc" - exactly matches
$(filter bc,abc) # Evaluates to "" - pattern "bc" only matches part of the item "abc"
$(filter %ef,abcdef) # Evaluates to "abcdef" - wildcard matches "abcd"
$(filter a%f,abcdef) # Evaluates to "abcdef" - wildcard matches "bcde"
$(filter %abc,abc) # Evaluates to "abc" - wildcard doesn't need to match any characters
$(filter a%c%d,abcd abc%d) # Evaluates to "abc%d" - only the first `%` is a wildcard, the rest are literals
$(filter a\%b%d,a%bcd) # Evaluates to "a%bcd" - `%` before the wildcard must be escaped with `\`
$(filter a\\%cd,a\bcd) # Evaluates to "a\bcd" - a `\` that would escape the wildcard must be escaped with another `\`
$(filter a%c\\%d,abc\\%d) # Evaluates to "abc\\%d" - any `\` after the wildcard isn't treated as an escape
$(filter \\a%f,\\abcdef) # Evaluates to "\\abcdef" - any `\\` that isn't directly before the wildcard isn't treated as an escape

Functions by category

Function	Purpose	Supported
Text functions	Purpose	Supported
findstring, findstringi	Checks if the input contains a string.	VS 2022 17.0
lowercase	Converts a string to lowercase.	VS 2022 17.2
subst, substi	Replaces all instances of one string with another.	VS 2022 17.0
uppercase	Converts a string to uppercase.	VS 2022 17.2
List functions	Purpose	Supported
filter, filteri	Keeps items in a list that match at least one pattern.	VS 2022 17.0
filterout, filterouti	Keeps items in a list that don't match any patterns.	VS 2022 17.0
patsubst, patsubsti	Transforms each item that matches a pattern, items that don't match are left as-is.	VS 2022 17.1
strip	Cleans the whitespace in and around a list of items.	VS 2022 17.0
File path functions	Purpose	Supported
abspath	Gets the absolute path for each item in a list.	VS 2022 17.1
basename	Gets the base name for each item in a list.	VS 2022 17.1

See also

Macros and NMAKE