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Azure DNS Private Resolver endpoints and rulesets

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In this article, you learn about components of the Azure DNS Private Resolver. Inbound endpoints, outbound endpoints, and DNS forwarding rulesets are discussed. Properties and settings of these components are described, and examples are provided for how to use them.

The architecture for Azure DNS Private Resolver is summarized in the following figure. In this example network, a DNS resolver is deployed in a hub VNet that peers with a spoke VNet.

Diagram that shows private resolver architecture

Figure 1: Example hub and spoke network with DNS resolver

  • Ruleset links are provisioned in the DNS forwarding ruleset to both the hub and spoke VNets, enabling resources in both VNets to resolve custom DNS namespaces using DNS forwarding rules.
  • A private DNS zone is also deployed and linked to the hub VNet, enabling resources in the hub VNet to resolve records in the zone.
  • The spoke VNet resolves records in the private zone by using a DNS forwarding rule that forwards private zone queries to the inbound endpoint VIP in the hub VNet.
  • An ExpressRoute-connected on-premises network is also shown in the figure, with DNS servers configured to forward queries for the Azure private zone to the inbound endpoint VIP. For more information about enabling hybrid DNS resolution using the Azure DNS Private Resolver, see Resolve Azure and on-premises domains.

Note

The peering connection shown in the diagram is not required for name resolution. VNets that are linked from a DNS forwarding ruleset use the ruleset when performing name resolution, whether or not the linked VNet peers with the ruleset VNet.

Inbound endpoints

As the name suggests, inbound endpoints ingress to Azure. Inbound endpoints provide an IP address to forward DNS queries from on-premises and other locations outside your virtual network. DNS queries sent to the inbound endpoint are resolved using Azure DNS. Private DNS zones that are linked to the virtual network where the inbound endpoint is provisioned are resolved by the inbound endpoint.

The IP address associated with an inbound endpoint is always part of the private virtual network address space where the private resolver is deployed. No other resources can exist in the same subnet with the inbound endpoint.

Static and dynamic endpoint IP addresses

The IP address assigned to an inbound endpoint can be static or dynamic. If you select static, you can't choose a reserved IP address in the subnet. If you choose a dynamic IP address, the fifth available IP address in the subnet is assigned. For example, 10.10.0.4 is the fifth IP address in the 10.10.0.0/28 subnet (.0, .1, .2, .3, .4). If the inbound endpoint is reprovisioned, this IP address could change, but normally the 5th IP address in the subnet is used again. The dynamic IP address does not change unless the inbound endpoint is reprovisioned. The following example specifies a static IP address:


A screenshot displaying how to choose a static IP address.

The following example shows provisioning of an inbound endpoint with a virtual IP address (VIP) of 10.10.0.4 inside the subnet snet-E-inbound within a virtual network with address space of 10.10.0.0/16.

A screenshot showing inbound endpoints.

Outbound endpoints

Outbound endpoints egress from Azure and can be linked to DNS Forwarding Rulesets.

Outbound endpoints are also part of the private virtual network address space where the private resolver is deployed. An outbound endpoint is associated with a subnet, but isn't provisioned with an IP address like the inbound endpoint. No other resources can exist in the same subnet with the outbound endpoint. The following screenshot shows an outbound endpoint inside the subnet snet-E-outbound.

View outbound endpoints

DNS forwarding rulesets

DNS forwarding rulesets enable you to specify one or more custom DNS servers to answer queries for specific DNS namespaces. The individual rules in a ruleset determine how these DNS names are resolved. Rulesets can also be linked one or more virtual networks, enabling resources in the VNets to use the forwarding rules that you configure.

Rulesets have the following associations:

  • A single ruleset can be associated with up to 2 outbound endpoints belonging to the same DNS Private Resolver instance. It can't be associated with 2 outbound endpoints in two different DNS Private Resolver instances.
  • A ruleset can have up to 1000 DNS forwarding rules.
  • A ruleset can be linked to up to 500 virtual networks in the same region.

A ruleset can't be linked to a virtual network in another region. For more information about ruleset and other private resolver limits, see What are the usage limits for Azure DNS?.

When you link a ruleset to a virtual network, resources within that virtual network use the DNS forwarding rules enabled in the ruleset. The linked virtual networks aren't required to peer with the virtual network where the outbound endpoint exists, but these networks can be configured as peers. This configuration is common in a hub and spoke design. In this hub and spoke scenario, the spoke vnet doesn't need to be linked to the private DNS zone in order to resolve resource records in the zone. In this case, the forwarding ruleset rule for the private zone sends queries to the hub vnet's inbound endpoint. For example: azure.contoso.com to 10.10.0.4.

The following screenshot shows a DNS forwarding ruleset linked to the spoke virtual network: myeastspoke.

View ruleset links

Virtual network links for DNS forwarding rulesets enable resources in other VNets to use forwarding rules when resolving DNS names. The VNet with the private resolver must also be linked from any private DNS zones for which there are ruleset rules.

For example, resources in the vnet myeastspoke can resolve records in the private DNS zone azure.contoso.com if:

  • The ruleset provisioned in myeastvnet is linked to myeastspoke
  • A ruleset rule is configured and enabled in the linked ruleset to resolve azure.contoso.com using the inbound endpoint in myeastvnet

Note

You can also link a ruleset to a virtual network in another Azure subscription. However, the resource group specified must be in the same region as the private resolver.

Rules

DNS forwarding rules (ruleset rules) have the following properties:

Property Description
Rule name The name of your rule. The name must begin with a letter, and can contain only letters, numbers, underscores, and dashes.
Domain name The dot-terminated DNS namespace where your rule applies. The namespace must have either zero labels (for wildcard) or between 1 and 34 labels. For example, contoso.com. has two labels.1
Destination IP:Port The forwarding destination. One or more IP addresses and ports of DNS servers that are used to resolve DNS queries in the specified namespace.
Rule state The rule state: Enabled or disabled. If a rule is disabled, it's ignored.

1Single-label domain names are supported.

If multiple rules are matched, the longest prefix match is used.

For example, if you have the following rules:

Rule name Domain name Destination IP:Port Rule state
Contoso contoso.com. 10.100.0.2:53 Enabled
AzurePrivate azure.contoso.com. 10.10.0.4:53 Enabled
Wildcard . 10.100.0.2:53 Enabled

A query for secure.store.azure.contoso.com matches the AzurePrivate rule for azure.contoso.com and also the Contoso rule for contoso.com, but the AzurePrivate rule takes precedence because the prefix azure.contoso is longer than contoso.

Important

If a rule is present in the ruleset that has as its destination a private resolver inbound endpoint, do not link the ruleset to the VNet where the inbound endpoint is provisioned. This configuration can cause DNS resolution loops. For example: In the previous scenario, no ruleset link should be added to myeastvnet because the inbound endpoint at 10.10.0.4 is provisioned in myeastvnet and a rule is present that resolves azure.contoso.com using the inbound endpoint.

The rules shown in this article are examples of rules that you can use for specific scenarios. The examples used aren't required. Be careful to test your forwarding rules.

If you include a wildcard rule in your ruleset, ensure that the target DNS service can resolve public DNS names. Some Azure services have dependencies on public name resolution.

Rule processing

  • If multiple DNS servers are entered as the destination for a rule, the first IP address that is entered is used unless it doesn't respond. An exponential backoff algorithm is used to determine whether or not a destination IP address is responsive.
  • Certain domains are ignored when using a wildcard rule for DNS resolution, because they're reserved for Azure services. See Azure services DNS zone configuration for a list of domains that are reserved. The two-label DNS names listed in this article (for example: windows.net, azure.com, azure.net, windowsazure.us) are reserved for Azure services.

Important

  • You can't enter the Azure DNS IP address of 168.63.129.16 as the destination IP address for a rule. Attempting to add this IP address outputs the error: Exception while making add request for rule.
  • Do not use the private resolver's inbound endpoint IP address as a forwarding destination for zones that aren't linked to the virtual network where the private resolver is provisioned.

Design options

How you deploy forwarding rulesets and inbound endpoints in a hub and spoke architecture ideally depends on your network design. Two configuration options are discussed briefly in the following sections. For a more detailed discussion with configuration examples, see Private resolver architecture.

Linking a forwarding ruleset to a VNet enables DNS forwarding capabilities in that VNet. For example, if a ruleset contains a rule to forward queries to a private resolver's inbound endpoint, this type of rule can be used to enable resolution of private zones that are linked to the inbound endpoint's VNet. This configuration can be used where a Hub VNet is linked to a private zone and you want to enable the private zone to be resolved in spoke VNets that aren't linked to the private zone. In this scenario, DNS resolution of the private zone is carried out by the inbound endpoint in the hub VNet.

The ruleset link design scenario is best suited to a distributed DNS architecture where network traffic is spread across your Azure network, and might be unique in some locations. With this design, you can control DNS resolution in all VNets linked to the ruleset by modifying a single ruleset.

Note

If you use the ruleset link option and there is a forwarding rule with the inbound endpoint as destination, do not link the forwarding ruleset to the Hub VNet. Linking this type of ruleset to the same VNet where the inbound endpoint is provisioned can result in a DNS resolution loop.

Inbound endpoints as custom DNS

Inbound endpoints are able to process inbound DNS queries, and can be configured as custom DNS for a VNet. This configuration can replace instances where you're using your own DNS server as custom DNS in a VNet.

The custom DNS design scenario is best suited to a centralized DNS architecture where DNS resolution and network traffic flow are mostly to a hub VNet, and is controlled from a central location.

To resolve a private DNS zone from a spoke VNet using this method, the VNet where the inbound endpoint exists must be linked to the private zone. The Hub VNet can be (optionally) linked to a forwarding ruleset. If a ruleset is linked to the Hub, all DNS traffic sent to the inbound endpoint is processed by the ruleset.

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