microsoftml.rx_fast_linear: Linear Model with Stochastic Dual Coordinate Ascent

Artikel
03/03/2023

Usage

microsoftml.rx_fast_linear()

Description

A Stochastic Dual Coordinate Ascent (SDCA) optimization trainer for linear binary classification and regression.

Details

rx_fast_linear is a trainer based on the Stochastic Dual Coordinate Ascent (SDCA) method, a state-of-the-art optimization technique for convex objective functions. The algorithm can be scaled for use on large out-of-memory data sets due to a semi-asynchronized implementation that supports multi-threading. Convergence is underwritten by periodically enforcing synchronization between primal and dual updates in a separate thread. Several choices of loss functions are also provided. The SDCA method combines several of the best properties and capabilities of logistic regression and SVM algorithms. For more information on SDCA, see the citations in the reference section.

Traditional optimization algorithms, such as stochastic gradient descent (SGD), optimize the empirical loss function directly. The SDCA chooses a different approach that optimizes the dual problem instead. The dual loss function is parametrized by per-example weights. In each iteration, when a training example from the training data set is read, the corresponding example weight is adjusted so that the dual loss function is optimized with respect to the current example. No learning rate is needed by SDCA to determine step size as is required by various gradient descent methods.

rx_fast_linear supports binary classification with three types of loss functions currently: Log loss, hinge loss, and smoothed hinge loss. Linear regression also supports with squared loss function. Elastic net regularization can be specified by the l2_weight and l1_weight parameters. Note that the l2_weight has an effect on the rate of convergence. In general, the larger the l2_weight, the faster SDCA converges.

Note that rx_fast_linear is a stochastic and streaming optimization algorithm. The results depend on the order of the training data. For reproducible results, it is recommended that one sets shuffle to False and train_threads to 1.

Arguments

formula

The formula described in revoscalepy.rx_formula. Interaction terms and F() are not currently supported in microsoftml.

data

A data source object or a character string specifying a .xdf file or a data frame object.

method

Specifies the model type with a character string: "binary" for the default binary classification or "regression" for linear regression.

loss_function

Specifies the empirical loss function to optimize. For binary classification, the following choices are available:

log_loss: The log-loss. This is the default.
hinge_loss: The SVM hinge loss. Its parameter represents the margin size.
smooth_hinge_loss: The smoothed hinge loss. Its parameter represents the smoothing constant.

For linear regression, squared loss squared_loss is currently supported. When this parameter is set to None, its default value depends on the type of learning:

log_loss for binary classification.
squared_loss for linear regression.

The following example changes the loss_function to hinge_loss: rx_fast_linear(..., loss_function=hinge_loss()).

l1_weight

Specifies the L1 regularization weight. The value must be either non-negative or None. If None is specified, the actual value is automatically computed based on data set. None is the default value.

l2_weight

Specifies the L2 regularization weight. The value must be either non-negative or None. If None is specified, the actual value is automatically computed based on data set. None is the default value.

train_threads

Specifies how many concurrent threads can be used to run the algorithm. When this parameter is set to None, the number of threads used is determined based on the number of logical processors available to the process as well as the sparsity of data. Set it to 1 to run the algorithm in a single thread.

convergence_tolerance

Specifies the tolerance threshold used as a convergence criterion. It must be between 0 and 1. The default value is 0.1. The algorithm is considered to have converged if the relative duality gap, which is the ratio between the duality gap and the primal loss, falls below the specified convergence tolerance.

max_iterations

Specifies an upper bound on the number of training iterations. This parameter must be positive or None. If None is specified, the actual value is automatically computed based on data set. Each iteration requires a complete pass over the training data. Training terminates after the total number of iterations reaches the specified upper bound or when the loss function converges, whichever happens earlier.

shuffle

Specifies whether to shuffle the training data. Set True to shuffle the data; False not to shuffle. The default value is True. SDCA is a stochastic optimization algorithm. If shuffling is turned on, the training data is shuffled on each iteration.

check_frequency

The number of iterations after which the loss function is computed and checked to determine whether it has converged. The value specified must be a positive integer or None. If None, the actual value is automatically computed based on data set. Otherwise, for example, if checkFrequency = 5 is specified, then the loss function is computed and convergence is checked every 5 iterations. The computation of the loss function requires a separate complete pass over the training data.

normalize

Specifies the type of automatic normalization used:

"Auto": if normalization is needed, it is performed automatically. This is the default choice.
"No": no normalization is performed.
"Yes": normalization is performed.
"Warn": if normalization is needed, a warning message is displayed, but normalization is not performed.

Normalization rescales disparate data ranges to a standard scale. Feature scaling insures the distances between data points are proportional and enables various optimization methods such as gradient descent to converge much faster. If normalization is performed, a MaxMin normalizer is used. It normalizes values in an interval [a, b] where -1 <= a <= 0 and 0 <= b <= 1 and b - a = 1. This normalizer preserves sparsity by mapping zero to zero.

ml_transforms

Specifies a list of MicrosoftML transforms to be performed on the data before training or None if no transforms are to be performed. See featurize_text, categorical, and categorical_hash, for transformations that are supported. These transformations are performed after any specified Python transformations. The default value is None.

ml_transform_vars

Specifies a character vector of variable names to be used in ml_transforms or None if none are to be used. The default value is None.

row_selection

NOT SUPPORTED. Specifies the rows (observations) from the data set that are to be used by the model with the name of a logical variable from the data set (in quotes) or with a logical expression using variables in the data set. For example:

row_selection = "old" will only use observations in which the value of the variable old is True.
row_selection = (age > 20) & (age < 65) & (log(income) > 10) only uses observations in which the value of the age variable is between 20 and 65 and the value of the log of the income variable is greater than 10.

The row selection is performed after processing any data transformations (see the arguments transforms or transform_function). As with all expressions, row_selection can be defined outside of the function call using the expression function.

transforms

NOT SUPPORTED. An expression of the form that represents the first round of variable transformations. As with all expressions, transforms (or row_selection) can be defined outside of the function call using the expression function.

transform_objects

NOT SUPPORTED. A named list that contains objects that can be referenced by transforms, transform_function, and row_selection.

transform_function

The variable transformation function.

transform_variables

A character vector of input data set variables needed for the transformation function.

transform_packages

NOT SUPPORTED. A character vector specifying additional Python packages (outside of those specified in RxOptions.get_option("transform_packages")) to be made available and preloaded for use in variable transformation functions. For example, those explicitly defined in revoscalepy functions via their transforms and transform_function arguments or those defined implicitly via their formula or row_selection arguments. The transform_packages argument may also be None, indicating that no packages outside RxOptions.get_option("transform_packages") are preloaded.

transform_environment

NOT SUPPORTED. A user-defined environment to serve as a parent to all environments developed internally and used for variable data transformation. If transform_environment = None, a new "hash" environment with parent revoscalepy.baseenv is used instead.

blocks_per_read

Specifies the number of blocks to read for each chunk of data read from the data source.

report_progress

An integer value that specifies the level of reporting on the row processing progress:

0: no progress is reported.
1: the number of processed rows is printed and updated.
2: rows processed and timings are reported.
3: rows processed and all timings are reported.

verbose

An integer value that specifies the amount of output wanted. If 0, no verbose output is printed during calculations. Integer values from 1 to 4 provide increasing amounts of information.

compute_context

Sets the context in which computations are executed, specified with a valid revoscalepy.RxComputeContext. Currently local and revoscalepy.RxInSqlServer compute contexts are supported.

ensemble

Control parameters for ensembling.

Returns

A FastLinear object with the trained model.

Note

This algorithm is multi-threaded and will not attempt to load the entire dataset into memory.

References

Scaling Up Stochastic Dual Coordinate Ascent

Stochastic Dual Coordinate Ascent Methods for Regularized Loss Minimization

Binary classification example

'''
Binary Classification.
'''
import numpy
import pandas
from microsoftml import rx_fast_linear, rx_predict
from revoscalepy.etl.RxDataStep import rx_data_step
from microsoftml.datasets.datasets import get_dataset

infert = get_dataset("infert")

import sklearn
if sklearn.__version__ < "0.18":
    from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
else:
    from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

infertdf = infert.as_df()
infertdf["isCase"] = infertdf.case == 1
data_train, data_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(infertdf, infertdf.isCase)

forest_model = rx_fast_linear(
    formula=" isCase ~ age + parity + education + spontaneous + induced ",
    data=data_train)
    
# RuntimeError: The type (RxTextData) for file is not supported.
score_ds = rx_predict(forest_model, data=data_test,
                     extra_vars_to_write=["isCase", "Score"])
                     
# Print the first five rows
print(rx_data_step(score_ds, number_rows_read=5))

Output:

Automatically adding a MinMax normalization transform, use 'norm=Warn' or 'norm=No' to turn this behavior off.
Beginning processing data.
Rows Read: 186, Read Time: 0, Transform Time: 0
Beginning processing data.
Beginning processing data.
Rows Read: 186, Read Time: 0, Transform Time: 0
Beginning processing data.
Beginning processing data.
Rows Read: 186, Read Time: 0, Transform Time: 0
Beginning processing data.
Using 2 threads to train.
Automatically choosing a check frequency of 2.
Auto-tuning parameters: maxIterations = 8064.
Auto-tuning parameters: L2 = 2.666837E-05.
Auto-tuning parameters: L1Threshold (L1/L2) = 0.
Using best model from iteration 568.
Not training a calibrator because it is not needed.
Elapsed time: 00:00:00.5810985
Elapsed time: 00:00:00.0084876
Beginning processing data.
Rows Read: 62, Read Time: 0, Transform Time: 0
Beginning processing data.
Elapsed time: 00:00:00.0292334
Finished writing 62 rows.
Writing completed.
Rows Read: 5, Total Rows Processed: 5, Total Chunk Time: Less than .001 seconds 
  isCase PredictedLabel     Score  Probability
0   True           True  0.990544     0.729195
1  False          False -2.307120     0.090535
2  False          False -0.608565     0.352387
3   True           True  1.028217     0.736570
4   True          False -3.913066     0.019588

Regression example

'''
Regression.
'''
import numpy
import pandas
from microsoftml import rx_fast_linear, rx_predict
from revoscalepy.etl.RxDataStep import rx_data_step
from microsoftml.datasets.datasets import get_dataset

attitude = get_dataset("attitude")

import sklearn
if sklearn.__version__ < "0.18":
    from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
else:
    from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

attitudedf = attitude.as_df()
data_train, data_test = train_test_split(attitudedf)

model = rx_fast_linear(
    formula="rating ~ complaints + privileges + learning + raises + critical + advance",
    method="regression",
    data=data_train)
    
# RuntimeError: The type (RxTextData) for file is not supported.
score_ds = rx_predict(model, data=data_test,
                     extra_vars_to_write=["rating"])
                     
# Print the first five rows
print(rx_data_step(score_ds, number_rows_read=5))