`CMenu` Class

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12/01/2022

An encapsulation of the Windows HMENU.

Syntax

class CMenu : public CObject

Members

Public Constructors

Name	Description
`CMenu::CMenu`	Constructs a `CMenu` object.

Public Methods

Name	Description
`CMenu::AppendMenu`	Appends a new item to the end of this menu.
`CMenu::Attach`	Attaches a Windows menu handle to a `CMenu` object.
`CMenu::CheckMenuItem`	Places a check mark next to or removes a check mark from a menu item in the pop-up menu.
`CMenu::CheckMenuRadioItem`	Places a radio button next to a menu item and removes the radio button from all of the other menu items in the group.
`CMenu::CreateMenu`	Creates an empty menu and attaches it to a `CMenu` object.
`CMenu::CreatePopupMenu`	Creates an empty pop-up menu and attaches it to a `CMenu` object.
`CMenu::DeleteMenu`	Deletes a specified item from the menu. If the menu item has an associated pop-up menu, destroys the handle to the pop-up menu and frees the memory used by it.
`CMenu::DeleteTempMap`	Deletes any temporary `CMenu` objects created by the `FromHandle` member function.
`CMenu::DestroyMenu`	Destroys the menu attached to a `CMenu` object and frees any memory that the menu occupied.
`CMenu::Detach`	Detaches a Windows menu handle from a `CMenu` object and returns the handle.
`CMenu::DrawItem`	Called by the framework when a visual aspect of an owner-drawn menu changes.
`CMenu::EnableMenuItem`	Enables, disables, or dims (grays) a menu item.
`CMenu::FromHandle`	Returns a pointer to a `CMenu` object given a Windows menu handle.
`CMenu::GetDefaultItem`	Determines the default menu item on the specified menu.
`CMenu::GetMenuContextHelpId`	Retrieves the help context ID associated with the menu.
`CMenu::GetMenuInfo`	Retrieves information on a specific menu.
`CMenu::GetMenuItemCount`	Determines the number of items in a pop-up or top-level menu.
`CMenu::GetMenuItemID`	Obtains the menu-item identifier for a menu item located at the specified position.
`CMenu::GetMenuItemInfo`	Retrieves information about a menu item.
`CMenu::GetMenuState`	Returns the status of the specified menu item or the number of items in a pop-up menu.
`CMenu::GetMenuString`	Retrieves the label of the specified menu item.
`CMenu::GetSafeHmenu`	Returns the `m_hMenu` wrapped by this `CMenu` object.
`CMenu::GetSubMenu`	Retrieves a pointer to a pop-up menu.
`CMenu::InsertMenu`	Inserts a new menu item at the specified position, moving other items down the menu.
`CMenu::InsertMenuItem`	Inserts a new menu item at the specified position in a menu.
`CMenu::LoadMenu`	Loads a menu resource from the executable file and attaches it to a `CMenu` object.
`CMenu::LoadMenuIndirect`	Loads a menu from a menu template in memory and attaches it to a `CMenu` object.
`CMenu::MeasureItem`	Called by the framework to determine menu dimensions when an owner-drawn menu is created.
`CMenu::ModifyMenu`	Changes an existing menu item at the specified position.
`CMenu::RemoveMenu`	Deletes a menu item with an associated pop-up menu from the specified menu.
`CMenu::SetDefaultItem`	Sets the default menu item for the specified menu.
`CMenu::SetMenuContextHelpId`	Sets the help context ID to be associated with the menu.
`CMenu::SetMenuInfo`	Sets information on a specific menu.
`CMenu::SetMenuItemBitmaps`	Associates the specified check-mark bitmaps with a menu item.
`CMenu::SetMenuItemInfo`	Changes information about a menu item.
`CMenu::TrackPopupMenu`	Displays a floating pop-up menu at the specified location and tracks the selection of items on the pop-up menu.
`CMenu::TrackPopupMenuEx`	Displays a floating pop-up menu at the specified location and tracks the selection of items on the pop-up menu.

Public Operators

Name	Description
`CMenu::operator HMENU`	Retrieves the handle of the menu object.
`CMenu::operator !=`	Determines if two menu objects are not equal.
`CMenu::operator ==`	Determines if two menu objects are equal.

Public Data Members

Name	Description
`CMenu::m_hMenu`	Specifies the handle to the Windows menu attached to the `CMenu` object.

Remarks

It provides member functions for creating, tracking, updating, and destroying a menu.

Create a CMenu object on the stack frame as a local, then call CMenu's member functions to manipulate the new menu as needed. Next, call CWnd::SetMenu to set the menu to a window, followed immediately by a call to the CMenu object's Detach member function. The CWnd::SetMenu member function sets the window's menu to the new menu, causes the window to be redrawn to reflect the menu change, and also passes ownership of the menu to the window. The call to Detach detaches the HMENU from the CMenu object, so that when the local CMenu variable passes out of scope, the CMenu object destructor does not attempt to destroy a menu it no longer owns. The menu itself is automatically destroyed when the window is destroyed.

You can use the LoadMenuIndirect member function to create a menu from a template in memory, but a menu created from a resource by a call to LoadMenu is more easily maintained, and the menu resource itself can be created and modified by the menu editor.

Inheritance Hierarchy

CObject

CMenu

Requirements

Header: afxwin.h

`CMenu::AppendMenu`

Appends a new item to the end of a menu.

BOOL AppendMenu(
    UINT nFlags,
    UINT_PTR nIDNewItem = 0,
    LPCTSTR lpszNewItem = NULL);

BOOL AppendMenu(
    UINT nFlags,
    UINT_PTR nIDNewItem,
    const CBitmap* pBmp);

Parameters

nFlags
Specifies information about the state of the new menu item when it is added to the menu. It consists of one or more of the values listed in the Remarks section.

nIDNewItem
Specifies either the command ID of the new menu item or, if nFlags is set to MF_POPUP, the menu handle (HMENU) of a pop-up menu. The nIDNewItem parameter is ignored (not needed) if nFlags is set to MF_SEPARATOR.

lpszNewItem
Specifies the content of the new menu item. The nFlags parameter is used to interpret lpszNewItem in the following way:

`nFlags`	Interpretation of `lpszNewItem`
`MF_OWNERDRAW`	Contains an application-supplied 32-bit value that the application can use to maintain additional data associated with the menu item. This 32-bit value is available to the application when it processes `WM_MEASUREITEM` and `WM_DRAWITEM` messages. The value is stored in the `itemData` member of the structure supplied with those messages.
`MF_STRING`	Contains a pointer to a null-terminated string. This is the default interpretation.
`MF_SEPARATOR`	The `lpszNewItem` parameter is ignored (not needed).

pBmp
Points to a CBitmap object that will be used as the menu item.

Return Value

Nonzero if the function is successful; otherwise 0.

Remarks

The application can specify the state of the menu item by setting values in nFlags. When nIDNewItem specifies a pop-up menu, it becomes part of the menu to which it is appended. If that menu is destroyed, the appended menu will also be destroyed. An appended menu should be detached from a CMenu object to avoid conflict. Note that MF_STRING and MF_OWNERDRAW are not valid for the bitmap version of AppendMenu.

The following list describes the flags that may be set in nFlags:

MF_CHECKED Acts as a toggle with MF_UNCHECKED to place the default check mark next to the item. When the application supplies check-mark bitmaps (see the SetMenuItemBitmaps member function), the "check mark on" bitmap is displayed.
MF_UNCHECKED Acts as a toggle with MF_CHECKED to remove a check mark next to the item. When the application supplies check-mark bitmaps (see the SetMenuItemBitmaps member function), the "check mark off" bitmap is displayed.
MF_DISABLED Disables the menu item so that it cannot be selected but does not dim it.
MF_ENABLED Enables the menu item so that it can be selected and restores it from its dimmed state.
MF_GRAYED Disables the menu item so that it cannot be selected and dims it.
MF_MENUBARBREAK Places the item on a new line in static menus or in a new column in pop-up menus. The new pop-up menu column will be separated from the old column by a vertical dividing line.
MF_MENUBREAK Places the item on a new line in static menus or in a new column in pop-up menus. No dividing line is placed between the columns.
MF_OWNERDRAW Specifies that the item is an owner-draw item. When the menu is displayed for the first time, the window that owns the menu receives a WM_MEASUREITEM message, which retrieves the height and width of the menu item. The WM_DRAWITEM message is the one sent whenever the owner must update the visual appearance of the menu item. This option is not valid for a top-level menu item.
MF_POPUP Specifies that the menu item has a pop-up menu associated with it. The ID parameter specifies a handle to a pop-up menu that is to be associated with the item. This is used for adding either a top-level pop-up menu or a hierarchical pop-up menu to a pop-up menu item.
MF_SEPARATOR Draws a horizontal dividing line. Can only be used in a pop-up menu. This line cannot be dimmed, disabled, or highlighted. Other parameters are ignored.
MF_STRING Specifies that the menu item is a character string.

Each of the following groups lists flags that are mutually exclusive and cannot be used together:

MF_DISABLED, MF_ENABLED, and MF_GRAYED
MF_STRING, MF_OWNERDRAW, MF_SEPARATOR, and the bitmap version
MF_MENUBARBREAK and MF_MENUBREAK
MF_CHECKED and MF_UNCHECKED

Whenever a menu that resides in a window is changed (whether or not the window is displayed), the application should call CWnd::DrawMenuBar.

Example

See the example for CMenu::CreateMenu.

`CMenu::Attach`

Attaches an existing Windows menu to a CMenu object.

BOOL Attach(HMENU hMenu);

Parameters

hMenu
Specifies a handle to a Windows menu.

Return Value

Nonzero if the operation was successful; otherwise 0.

Remarks

This function should not be called if a menu is already attached to the CMenu object. The menu handle is stored in the m_hMenu data member.

If the menu you want to manipulate is already associated with a window, you can use the CWnd::GetMenu function to get a handle to the menu.

Example

CMenu mnu;
HMENU hmnu = AfxGetMainWnd()->GetMenu()->GetSafeHmenu();
mnu.Attach(hmnu);

// Now you can manipulate the window's menu as a CMenu
// object...

mnu.Detach();

`CMenu::CheckMenuItem`

Adds check marks to or removes check marks from menu items in the pop-up menu.

UINT CheckMenuItem(
    UINT nIDCheckItem,
    UINT nCheck);

Parameters

nIDCheckItem
Specifies the menu item to be checked, as determined by nCheck.

nCheck
Specifies how to check the menu item and how to determine the item's position in the menu. The nCheck parameter can be a combination of MF_CHECKED or MF_UNCHECKED with MF_BYPOSITION or MF_BYCOMMAND flags. These flags can be combined by using the bitwise OR operator. They have the following meanings:

MF_BYCOMMAND Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default.
MF_BYPOSITION Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0.
MF_CHECKED Acts as a toggle with MF_UNCHECKED to place the default check mark next to the item.
MF_UNCHECKED Acts as a toggle with MF_CHECKED to remove a check mark next to the item.

Return Value

The previous state of the item: MF_CHECKED or MF_UNCHECKED, or 0xFFFFFFFF if the menu item did not exist.

Remarks

The nIDCheckItem parameter specifies the item to be modified.

The nIDCheckItem parameter may identify a pop-up menu item as well as a menu item. No special steps are required to check a pop-up menu item. Top-level menu items cannot be checked. A pop-up menu item must be checked by position since it does not have a menu-item identifier associated with it.

Example

See the example for CMenu::GetMenuState.

`CMenu::CheckMenuRadioItem`

Checks a specified menu item and makes it a radio item.

BOOL CheckMenuRadioItem(
    UINT nIDFirst,
    UINT nIDLast,
    UINT nIDItem,
    UINT nFlags);

Parameters

nIDFirst
Specifies (as an ID or offset, depending on the value of nFlags) the first menu item in the radio button group.

nIDLast
Specifies (as an ID or offset, depending on the value of nFlags) the last menu item in the radio button group.

nIDItem
Specifies (as an ID or offset, depending on the value of nFlags) the item in the group which will be checked with a radio button.

nFlags
Specifies interpretation of nIDFirst, nIDLast, and nIDItem in the following way:

nFlags	Interpretation
`MF_BYCOMMAND`	Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default if neither `MF_BYCOMMAND` nor `MF_BYPOSITION` is set.
`MF_BYPOSITION`	Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0.

Return Value

Nonzero if successful; otherwise 0

Remarks

At the same time, the function unchecks all other menu items in the associated group and clears the radio-item type flag for those items. The checked item is displayed using a radio button (or bullet) bitmap instead of a check mark bitmap.

Example

See the example for ON_COMMAND_RANGE.

`CMenu::CMenu`

Creates an empty menu and attaches it to a CMenu object.

CMenu();

Remarks

The menu is not created until you call one of the create or load member functions of CMenu:

CreateMenu
CreatePopupMenu
LoadMenu
LoadMenuIndirect
Attach

`CMenu::CreateMenu`

Creates a menu and attaches it to the CMenu object.

BOOL CreateMenu();

Return Value

Nonzero if the menu was created successfully; otherwise 0.

Remarks

The menu is initially empty. Menu items can be added by using the AppendMenu or InsertMenu member function.

If the menu is assigned to a window, it is automatically destroyed when the window is destroyed.

Before exiting, an application must free system resources associated with a menu if the menu is not assigned to a window. An application frees a menu by calling the DestroyMenu member function.

Example

// The code fragment below shows how to create a new menu for the
// application window using CreateMenu() and CreatePopupMenu().
// Then, the created menu will replace the current menu of the
// application. The old menu will be destroyed with DestroyMenu().
// NOTE: The code fragment below is done in a CFrameWnd-derived class.

// Create a new menu for the application window.
VERIFY(m_NewMenu.CreateMenu());

// Create a "File" popup menu and insert this popup menu to the
// new menu of the application window. The "File" menu has only
// one menu item, i.e. "Exit".
VERIFY(m_FileMenu.CreatePopupMenu());
m_FileMenu.AppendMenu(MF_STRING, ID_APP_EXIT, _T("E&xit"));
m_NewMenu.AppendMenu(MF_POPUP, (UINT_PTR)m_FileMenu.m_hMenu, _T("&File"));

// Remove and destroy old menu
SetMenu(NULL);
CMenu *old_menu = CMenu::FromHandle(m_hMenuDefault);
old_menu->DestroyMenu();

// Add new menu.
SetMenu(&m_NewMenu);

// Assign default menu
m_hMenuDefault = m_NewMenu.m_hMenu;

`CMenu::CreatePopupMenu`

Creates a pop-up menu and attaches it to the CMenu object.

BOOL CreatePopupMenu();

Return Value

Nonzero if the pop-up menu was successfully created; otherwise 0.

Remarks

The menu is initially empty. Menu items can be added by using the AppendMenu or InsertMenu member function. The application can add the pop-up menu to an existing menu or pop-up menu. The TrackPopupMenu member function may be used to display this menu as a floating pop-up menu and to track selections on the pop-up menu.

If the menu is assigned to a window, it is automatically destroyed when the window is destroyed. If the menu is added to an existing menu, it is automatically destroyed when that menu is destroyed.

Before exiting, an application must free system resources associated with a pop-up menu if the menu is not assigned to a window. An application frees a menu by calling the DestroyMenu member function.

Example

See the example for CMenu::CreateMenu.

`CMenu::DeleteMenu`

Deletes an item from the menu.

BOOL DeleteMenu(
    UINT nPosition,
    UINT nFlags);

Parameters

nPosition
Specifies the menu item that is to be deleted, as determined by nFlags.

nFlags
Is used to interpret nPosition in the following way:

`nFlags`	Interpretation of `nPosition`
`MF_BYCOMMAND`	Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default if neither `MF_BYCOMMAND` nor `MF_BYPOSITION` is set.
`MF_BYPOSITION`	Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0.

Return Value

Nonzero if the function is successful; otherwise 0.

Remarks

If the menu item has an associated pop-up menu, DeleteMenu destroys the handle to the pop-up menu and frees the memory used by the pop-up menu.

Whenever a menu that resides in a window is changed (whether or not the window is displayed), the application must call CWnd::DrawMenuBar.

Example

See the example for CWnd::GetMenu.

`CMenu::DeleteTempMap`

Called automatically by the CWinApp idle-time handler, deletes any temporary CMenu objects created by the FromHandle member function.

static void PASCAL DeleteTempMap();

Remarks

DeleteTempMap detaches the Windows menu object attached to a temporary CMenu object before deleting the CMenu object.

Example

// DeleteTempMap() is a static member and does not need
// an instantiated CMenu object.
CMenu::DeleteTempMap();

`CMenu::DestroyMenu`

Destroys the menu and any Windows resources that were used.

BOOL DestroyMenu();

Return Value

Nonzero if the menu is destroyed; otherwise 0.

Remarks

The menu is detached from the CMenu object before it is destroyed. The Windows DestroyMenu function is automatically called in the CMenu destructor.

Example

See the example for CMenu::CreateMenu.

`CMenu::Detach`

Detaches a Windows menu from a CMenu object and returns the handle.

HMENU Detach();

Return Value

The handle, of type HMENU, to a Windows menu, if successful; otherwise NULL.

Remarks

The m_hMenu data member is set to NULL.

Example

CMenu mnu;
HMENU hmnu = AfxGetMainWnd()->GetMenu()->GetSafeHmenu();
mnu.Attach(hmnu);

// Now you can manipulate the window's menu as a CMenu
// object...

mnu.Detach();

`CMenu::DrawItem`

Called by the framework when a visual aspect of an owner-drawn menu changes.

virtual void DrawItem(LPDRAWITEMSTRUCT lpDrawItemStruct);

Parameters

lpDrawItemStruct
A pointer to a DRAWITEMSTRUCT structure that contains information about the type of drawing required.

Remarks

The itemAction member of the DRAWITEMSTRUCT structure defines the drawing action that is to be performed. Override this member function to implement drawing for an owner-draw CMenu object. The application should restore all graphics device interface (GDI) objects selected for the display context supplied in lpDrawItemStruct before the termination of this member function.

See CWnd::OnDrawItem for a description of the DRAWITEMSTRUCT structure.

Example

The following code is from the MFC CTRLTEST sample:

// Override DrawItem() to implement drawing for an owner-draw CMenu object.
// CColorMenu is a CMenu-derived class.
void CColorMenu::DrawItem(LPDRAWITEMSTRUCT lpDIS)
{
   CDC *pDC = CDC::FromHandle(lpDIS->hDC);
   COLORREF cr = (COLORREF)lpDIS->itemData; // RGB in item data

   if (lpDIS->itemAction & ODA_DRAWENTIRE)
   {
      // Paint the color item in the color requested
      CBrush br(cr);
      pDC->FillRect(&lpDIS->rcItem, &br);
   }

   if ((lpDIS->itemState & ODS_SELECTED) &&
       (lpDIS->itemAction & (ODA_SELECT | ODA_DRAWENTIRE)))
   {
      // item has been selected - hilite frame
      COLORREF crHilite = RGB(255 - GetRValue(cr),
                              255 - GetGValue(cr), 255 - GetBValue(cr));
      CBrush br(crHilite);
      pDC->FrameRect(&lpDIS->rcItem, &br);
   }

   if (!(lpDIS->itemState & ODS_SELECTED) &&
       (lpDIS->itemAction & ODA_SELECT))
   {
      // Item has been de-selected -- remove frame
      CBrush br(cr);
      pDC->FrameRect(&lpDIS->rcItem, &br);
   }
}

`CMenu::EnableMenuItem`

Enables, disables, or dims a menu item.

UINT EnableMenuItem(
    UINT nIDEnableItem,
    UINT nEnable);

Parameters

nIDEnableItem
Specifies the menu item to be enabled, as determined by nEnable. This parameter can specify pop-up menu items as well as standard menu items.

nEnable
Specifies the action to take. It can be a combination of MF_DISABLED, MF_ENABLED, or MF_GRAYED, with MF_BYCOMMAND or MF_BYPOSITION. These values can be combined by using the C++ bitwise OR operator (|). These values have the following meanings:

MF_BYCOMMAND Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default.
MF_BYPOSITION Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0.
MF_DISABLED Disables the menu item so that it cannot be selected but does not dim it.
MF_ENABLED Enables the menu item so that it can be selected and restores it from its dimmed state.
MF_GRAYED Disables the menu item so that it cannot be selected and dims it.

Return Value

Previous state (MF_DISABLED, MF_ENABLED, or MF_GRAYED) or -1 if not valid.

Remarks

The CreateMenu, InsertMenu, ModifyMenu, and LoadMenuIndirect member functions can also set the state (enabled, disabled, or dimmed) of a menu item.

Using the MF_BYPOSITION value requires an application to use the correct CMenu. If the CMenu of the menu bar is used, a top-level menu item (an item in the menu bar) is affected. To set the state of an item in a pop-up or nested pop-up menu by position, an application must specify the CMenu of the pop-up menu.

When an application specifies the MF_BYCOMMAND flag, Windows checks all pop-up menu items that are subordinate to the CMenu; therefore, unless duplicate menu items are present, using the CMenu of the menu bar is sufficient.

Example

// The code fragment below shows how to disable (and gray out) the
// File\New menu item.
// NOTE: m_bAutoMenuEnable is set to FALSE in the constructor of
// CMainFrame so no ON_UPDATE_COMMAND_UI or ON_COMMAND handlers are
// needed, and CMenu::EnableMenuItem() will work as expected.

CMenu *mmenu = GetMenu();
CMenu *submenu = mmenu->GetSubMenu(0);
submenu->EnableMenuItem(ID_FILE_NEW, MF_BYCOMMAND | MF_DISABLED | MF_GRAYED);

`CMenu::FromHandle`

Returns a pointer to a CMenu object given a Windows handle to a menu.

static CMenu* PASCAL FromHandle(HMENU hMenu);

Parameters

hMenu
A Windows handle to a menu.

Return Value

A pointer to a CMenu that may be temporary or permanent.

Remarks

If a CMenu object is not already attached to the Windows menu object, a temporary CMenu object is created and attached.

This temporary CMenu object is only valid until the next time the application has idle time in its event loop, at which time all temporary objects are deleted.

Example

See the example for CMenu::CreateMenu.

`CMenu::GetDefaultItem`

Determines the default menu item on the specified menu.

UINT GetDefaultItem(
    UINT gmdiFlags,
    BOOL fByPos = FALSE);

Parameters

gmdiFlags
Value specifying how the function searches for menu items. This parameter can be none, one, or a combination of the following values:

Value	Meaning
`GMDI_GOINTOPOPUPS`	Specifies that, if the default item is one that opens a submenu, the function is to search in the corresponding submenu recursively. If the submenu has no default item, the return value identifies the item that opens the submenu. By default, the function returns the first default item on the specified menu, regardless of whether it is an item that opens a submenu.
`GMDI_USEDISABLED`	Specifies that the function is to return a default item, even if it is disabled. By default, the function skips disabled or grayed items.

fByPos
Value specifying whether to retrieve the menu item's identifier or its position. If this parameter is FALSE, the identifier is returned. Otherwise, the position is returned.

Return Value

If the function succeeds, the return value is the identifier or position of the menu item. If the function fails, the return value is - 1.

Remarks

This member function implements the behavior of the Win32 function GetMenuDefaultItem, as described in the Windows SDK.

Example

See the example for CMenu::InsertMenu.

`CMenu::GetMenuContextHelpId`

Retrieves the context help ID associated with CMenu.

DWORD GetMenuContextHelpId() const;

Return Value

The context help ID currently associated with CMenu if it has one; zero otherwise.

Example

See the example for CMenu::InsertMenu.

`CMenu::GetMenuInfo`

Retrieves information for a menu.

BOOL GetMenuInfo(LPMENUINFO lpcmi) const;

Parameters

lpcmi
A pointer to a MENUINFO structure containing information for the menu.

Return Value

If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero; otherwise, the return value is zero.

Remarks

Call this function to retrieve information about the menu.

`CMenu::GetMenuItemCount`

Determines the number of items in a pop-up or top-level menu.

UINT GetMenuItemCount() const;

Return Value

The number of items in the menu if the function is successful; otherwise -1.

Example

See the example for CWnd::GetMenu.

`CMenu::GetMenuItemID`

Obtains the menu-item identifier for a menu item located at the position defined by nPos.

UINT GetMenuItemID(int nPos) const;

Parameters

nPos
Specifies the position (zero-based) of the menu item whose ID is being retrieved.

Return Value

The item ID for the specified item in a pop-up menu if the function is successful. If the specified item is a pop-up menu (as opposed to an item within the pop-up menu), the return value is -1. If nPos corresponds to a SEPARATOR menu item, the return value is 0.

Example

See the example for CMenu::InsertMenu.

`CMenu::GetMenuItemInfo`

Retrieves information about a menu item.

BOOL GetMenuItemInfo(
    UINT uItem,
    LPMENUITEMINFO lpMenuItemInfo,
    BOOL fByPos = FALSE);

Parameters

uItem
Identifier or position of the menu item to get information about. The meaning of this parameter depends on the value of ByPos.

lpMenuItemInfo
A pointer to a MENUITEMINFO, as described in the Windows SDK, that contains information about the menu.

fByPos
Value specifying the meaning of nIDItem. By default, ByPos is FALSE, which indicates that uItem is a menu item identifier. If ByPos is not set to FALSE, it indicates a menu item position.

Return Value

If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero. If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, use the Win32 function GetLastError, as described in the Windows SDK.

Remarks

This member function implements the behavior of the of the Win32 function GetMenuItemInfo, as described in the Windows SDK. Note that in the MFC implementation of GetMenuItemInfo, you do not use a handle to a menu.

Example

// CMainFrame::OnToggleTestMenuInfo() is a menu command handler for 
// "Toggle Info" menu item (whose resource id is ID_MENU_TOGGLEINFO). It 
// toggles the checked or unchecked state of the "Toggle Info" menu item.
// CMainFrame is a CFrameWnd-derived class.
void CMainFrame::OnToggleTestMenuItemInfo()
{
   // Get the popup menu which contains the "Toggle Info" menu item.
   CMenu* mmenu = GetMenu();
   CMenu* submenu = mmenu->GetSubMenu(4);

   // Check the state of the "Toggle Info" menu item. Check the menu item
   // if it is currently unchecked. Otherwise, uncheck the menu item
   // if it is not currently checked.
   MENUITEMINFO info;
   info.cbSize = sizeof (MENUITEMINFO); // must fill up this field
   info.fMask = MIIM_STATE;             // get the state of the menu item
   VERIFY(submenu->GetMenuItemInfo(ID_MENU_TOGGLEINFO, &info));

   if (info.fState & MF_CHECKED)
      submenu->CheckMenuItem(ID_MENU_TOGGLEINFO, MF_UNCHECKED | MF_BYCOMMAND);
   else
      submenu->CheckMenuItem(ID_MENU_TOGGLEINFO, MF_CHECKED | MF_BYCOMMAND);
}

`CMenu::GetMenuState`

Returns the status of the specified menu item or the number of items in a pop-up menu.

UINT GetMenuState(
    UINT nID,
    UINT nFlags) const;

Parameters

nID
Specifies the menu item ID, as determined by nFlags.

nFlags
Specifies the nature of nID. It can be one of the following values:

MF_BYCOMMAND Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default.
MF_BYPOSITION Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0.

Return Value

The value 0xFFFFFFFF if the specified item does not exist. If nId identifies a pop-up menu, the high-order byte contains the number of items in the pop-up menu and the low-order byte contains the menu flags associated with the pop-up menu. Otherwise the return value is a mask (Boolean OR) of the values from the following list (this mask describes the status of the menu item that nId identifies):

MF_CHECKED Acts as a toggle with MF_UNCHECKED to place the default check mark next to the item. When the application supplies check-mark bitmaps (see the SetMenuItemBitmaps member function), the "check mark on" bitmap is displayed.
MF_DISABLED Disables the menu item so that it cannot be selected but does not dim it.
MF_ENABLED Enables the menu item so that it can be selected and restores it from its dimmed state. Note that the value of this constant is 0; an application should not test against 0 for failure when using this value.
MF_GRAYED Disables the menu item so that it cannot be selected and dims it.
MF_MENUBARBREAK Places the item on a new line in static menus or in a new column in pop-up menus. The new pop-up menu column will be separated from the old column by a vertical dividing line.
MF_MENUBREAK Places the item on a new line in static menus or in a new column in pop-up menus. No dividing line is placed between the columns.
MF_SEPARATOR Draws a horizontal dividing line. Can only be used in a pop-up menu. This line cannot be dimmed, disabled, or highlighted. Other parameters are ignored.
MF_UNCHECKED Acts as a toggle with MF_CHECKED to remove a check mark next to the item. When the application supplies check-mark bitmaps (see the SetMenuItemBitmaps member function), the "check mark off" bitmap is displayed. Note that the value of this constant is 0; an application should not test against 0 for failure when using this value.

Example

// CMainFrame::OnToggleTestMenuState() is a menu command handler for
// "Toggle State" menu item (whose resource id is ID_MENU_TOGGLESTATE).
// It toggles the checked or unchecked state of the "Toggle State" menu item.
// CMainFrame is a CFrameWnd-derived class.
void CMainFrame::OnToggleTestMenuState()
{
   // Get the popup menu which contains the "Toggle State" menu item.
   CMenu *mmenu = GetMenu();
   CMenu *submenu = mmenu->GetSubMenu(4);

   // Check the state of the "Toggle State" menu item. Check the menu item
   // if it is currently unchecked. Otherwise, uncheck the menu item
   // if it is not currently checked.
   UINT state = submenu->GetMenuState(ID_MENU_TOGGLESTATE, MF_BYCOMMAND);
   ASSERT(state != 0xFFFFFFFF);

   if (state & MF_CHECKED)
      submenu->CheckMenuItem(ID_MENU_TOGGLESTATE, MF_UNCHECKED | MF_BYCOMMAND);
   else
      submenu->CheckMenuItem(ID_MENU_TOGGLESTATE, MF_CHECKED | MF_BYCOMMAND);
}

`CMenu::GetMenuString`

Copies the label of the specified menu item to the specified buffer.

int GetMenuString(
    UINT nIDItem,
    LPTSTR lpString,
    int nMaxCount,
    UINT nFlags) const;

int GetMenuString(
    UINT nIDItem,
    CString& rString,
    UINT nFlags) const;

Parameters

nIDItem
Specifies the integer identifier of the menu item or the offset of the menu item in the menu, depending on the value of nFlags.

lpString
Points to the buffer that is to receive the label.

rString
A reference to a CString object that is to receive the copied menu string.

nMaxCount
Specifies the maximum length (in characters) of the label to be copied. If the label is longer than the maximum specified in nMaxCount, the extra characters are truncated.

nFlags
Specifies the interpretation of the nIDItem parameter. It can be one of the following values:

`nFlags`	Interpretation of `nIDItem`
`MF_BYCOMMAND`	Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default if neither `MF_BYCOMMAND` nor `MF_BYPOSITION` is set.
`MF_BYPOSITION`	Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0.

Return Value

Specifies the actual number of characters copied to the buffer, not including the null terminator.

Remarks

The nMaxCount parameter should be one larger than the number of characters in the label to accommodate the null character that terminates a string.

Example

See the example for CMenu::InsertMenu.

`CMenu::GetSafeHmenu`

Returns the HMENU wrapped by this CMenu object, or a NULL CMenu pointer.

HMENU GetSafeHmenu() const;

Example

See the example for CMenu::LoadMenu.

`CMenu::GetSubMenu`

Retrieves the CMenu object of a pop-up menu.

CMenu* GetSubMenu(int nPos) const;

Parameters

nPos
Specifies the position of the pop-up menu contained in the menu. Position values start at 0 for the first menu item. The pop-up menu's identifier cannot be used in this function.

Return Value

A pointer to a CMenu object whose m_hMenu member contains a handle to the pop-up menu if a pop-up menu exists at the given position; otherwise NULL. If a CMenu object does not exist, then a temporary one is created. The CMenu pointer returned should not be stored.

Example

See the example for CMenu::TrackPopupMenu.

`CMenu::InsertMenu`

Inserts a new menu item at the position specified by nPosition and moves other items down the menu.

BOOL InsertMenu(
    UINT nPosition,
    UINT nFlags,
    UINT_PTR nIDNewItem = 0,
    LPCTSTR lpszNewItem = NULL);

BOOL InsertMenu(
    UINT nPosition,
    UINT nFlags,
    UINT_PTR nIDNewItem,
    const CBitmap* pBmp);

Parameters

nPosition
Specifies the menu item before which the new menu item is to be inserted. The nFlags parameter can be used to interpret nPosition in the following ways:

`nFlags`	Interpretation of `nPosition`
`MF_BYCOMMAND`	Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default if neither `MF_BYCOMMAND` nor `MF_BYPOSITION` is set.
`MF_BYPOSITION`	Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0. If `nPosition` is -1, the new menu item is appended to the end of the menu.

nFlags
Specifies how nPosition is interpreted and specifies information about the state of the new menu item when it is added to the menu. For a list of the flags that may be set, see the AppendMenu member function. To specify more than one value, use the bitwise OR operator to combine them with the MF_BYCOMMAND or MF_BYPOSITION flag.

nIDNewItem
Specifies either the command ID of the new menu item or, if nFlags is set to MF_POPUP, the menu handle (HMENU) of the pop-up menu. The nIDNewItem parameter is ignored (not needed) if nFlags is set to MF_SEPARATOR.

lpszNewItem
Specifies the content of the new menu item. nFlags can be used to interpret lpszNewItem in the following ways:

`nFlags`	Interpretation of `lpszNewItem`
`MF_OWNERDRAW`	Contains an application-supplied 32-bit value that the application can use to maintain additional data associated with the menu item. This 32-bit value is available to the application in the `itemData` member of the structure supplied by the `WM_MEASUREITEM` and `WM_DRAWITEM` messages. These messages are sent when the menu item is initially displayed or is changed.
`MF_STRING`	Contains a long pointer to a null-terminated string. This is the default interpretation.
`MF_SEPARATOR`	The `lpszNewItem` parameter is ignored (not needed).

pBmp
Points to a CBitmap object that will be used as the menu item.

Return Value

Nonzero if the function is successful; otherwise 0.

Remarks

The application can specify the state of the menu item by setting values in nFlags.

Whenever a menu that resides in a window is changed (whether or not the window is displayed), the application should call CWnd::DrawMenuBar.

When nIDNewItem specifies a pop-up menu, it becomes part of the menu in which it is inserted. If that menu is destroyed, the inserted menu will also be destroyed. An inserted menu should be detached from a CMenu object to avoid conflict.

If the active multiple document interface (MDI) child window is maximized and an application inserts a pop-up menu into the MDI application's menu by calling this function and specifying the MF_BYPOSITION flag, the menu is inserted one position farther left than expected. This happens because the Control menu of the active MDI child window is inserted into the first position of the MDI frame window's menu bar. To position the menu properly, the application must add 1 to the position value that would otherwise be used. An application can use the WM_MDIGETACTIVE message to determine whether the currently active child window is maximized.

Example

// CMainFrame::OnChangeFileMenu() is a menu command handler for
// CMainFrame class, which in turn is a CFrameWnd-derived class.
// It modifies the File menu by inserting, removing and renaming
// some menu items. Other operations include associating a context
// help id and setting default menu item to the File menu.
// CMainFrame is a CFrameWnd-derived class.
void CMainFrame::OnChangeFileMenu()
{
   // Get the menu from the application window.
   CMenu *mmenu = GetMenu();

   // Look for "File" menu.
   int pos = FindMenuItem(mmenu, _T("&File"));
   if (pos == -1)
      return;

   // Remove "New" menu item from the File menu.
   CMenu *submenu = mmenu->GetSubMenu(pos);
   pos = FindMenuItem(submenu, _T("&New\tCtrl+N"));
   if (pos > -1)
      submenu->RemoveMenu(pos, MF_BYPOSITION);

   // Look for "Open" menu item from the File menu. Insert a new
   // menu item called "Close" right after the "Open" menu item.
   // ID_CLOSEFILE is the command id for the "Close" menu item.
   pos = FindMenuItem(submenu, _T("&Open...\tCtrl+O"));
   if (pos > -1)
      submenu->InsertMenu(pos + 1, MF_BYPOSITION, ID_CLOSEFILE, _T("&Close"));

   // Rename menu item "Exit" to "Exit Application".
   pos = FindMenuItem(submenu, _T("E&xit"));
   if (pos > -1)
   {
      UINT id = submenu->GetMenuItemID(pos);
      submenu->ModifyMenu(id, MF_BYCOMMAND, id, _T("E&xit Application"));
   }

   // Associate a context help ID with File menu, if one is not found.
   // ID_FILE_CONTEXT_HELPID is the context help ID for the File menu
   // that is defined in resource file.
   if (submenu->GetMenuContextHelpId() == 0)
      submenu->SetMenuContextHelpId(ID_FILE_CONTEXT_HELPID);

   // Set "Open" menu item as the default menu item for the File menu,
   // if one is not found. So, when a user double-clicks the File
   // menu, the system sends a command message to the menu's owner
   // window and closes the menu as if the File\Open command item had
   // been chosen.
   if (submenu->GetDefaultItem(GMDI_GOINTOPOPUPS, TRUE) == -1)
   {
      pos = FindMenuItem(submenu, _T("&Open...\tCtrl+O"));
      submenu->SetDefaultItem(pos, TRUE);
   }
}

// FindMenuItem() will find a menu item string from the specified
// popup menu and returns its position (0-based) in the specified
// popup menu. It returns -1 if no such menu item string is found.
int FindMenuItem(CMenu *Menu, LPCTSTR MenuString)
{
   ASSERT(Menu);
   ASSERT(::IsMenu(Menu->GetSafeHmenu()));

   int count = Menu->GetMenuItemCount();
   for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
   {
      CString str;
      if (Menu->GetMenuString(i, str, MF_BYPOSITION) &&
          str.Compare(MenuString) == 0)
         return i;
   }

   return -1;
}

`CMenu::InsertMenuItem`

Inserts a new menu item at the specified position in a menu.

BOOL InsertMenuItem(
    UINT uItem,
    LPMENUITEMINFO lpMenuItemInfo,
    BOOL fByPos = FALSE);

Parameters

uItem
See description of uItem in InsertMenuItem in the Windows SDK.

lpMenuItemInfo
See description of lpmii in InsertMenuItem in the Windows SDK.

fByPos
See description of fByPosition in InsertMenuItem in the Windows SDK.

Remarks

This function wraps InsertMenuItem, described in the Windows SDK.

`CMenu::LoadMenu`

Loads a menu resource from the application's executable file and attaches it to the CMenu object.

BOOL LoadMenu(LPCTSTR lpszResourceName);
BOOL LoadMenu(UINT nIDResource);

Parameters

lpszResourceName
Points to a null-terminated string that contains the name of the menu resource to load.

nIDResource
Specifies the menu ID of the menu resource to load.

Return Value

Nonzero if the menu resource was loaded successfully; otherwise 0.

Remarks

Before exiting, an application must free system resources associated with a menu if the menu is not assigned to a window. An application frees a menu by calling the DestroyMenu member function.

Example

// CMainFrame::OnReplaceMenu() is a menu command handler for CMainFrame
// class, which in turn is a CFrameWnd-derived class. It loads a new
// menu resource and replaces the SDI application window's menu bar with
// this new menu. CMainFrame is a CFrameWnd-derived class.
void CMainFrame::OnReplaceMenu()
{
   // Load the new menu.
   m_ShortMenu.LoadMenu(IDR_SHORT_MENU);
   ASSERT(m_ShortMenu);

   // Remove and destroy the old menu
   SetMenu(NULL);
   ::DestroyMenu(m_hMenuDefault);

   // Add the new menu
   SetMenu(&m_ShortMenu);

   // Assign default menu
   m_hMenuDefault = m_ShortMenu.GetSafeHmenu(); // or m_ShortMenu.m_hMenu;
}

`CMenu::LoadMenuIndirect`

Loads a resource from a menu template in memory and attaches it to the CMenu object.

BOOL LoadMenuIndirect(const void* lpMenuTemplate);

Parameters

lpMenuTemplate
Points to a menu template (which is a single MENUITEMTEMPLATEHEADER structure and a collection of one or more MENUITEMTEMPLATE structures). For more information on these two structures, see the Windows SDK.

Return Value

Nonzero if the menu resource was loaded successfully; otherwise 0.

Remarks

A menu template is a header followed by a collection of one or more MENUITEMTEMPLATE structures, each of which may contain one or more menu items and pop-up menus.

The version number should be 0.

The mtOption flags should include MF_END for the last item in a pop-up list and for the last item in the main list. See the AppendMenu member function for other flags. The mtId member must be omitted from the MENUITEMTEMPLATE structure when MF_POPUP is specified in mtOption.

The space allocated for the MENUITEMTEMPLATE structure must be large enough for mtString to contain the name of the menu item as a null-terminated string.

Before exiting, an application must free system resources associated with a menu if the menu is not assigned to a window. An application frees a menu by calling the DestroyMenu member function.

Example

// CMainFrame::OnLoadMenuIndirect() is a menu command handler for
// CMainFrame class, which in turn is a CFrameWnd-derived class. It
// shows how to use LoadMenuIndirect() to load a resource from a
// menu template in memory.
void CMainFrame::OnLoadMenuIndirect()
{
   // For simplicity, allocate 500 bytes from stack. May use
   // GlobalAlloc() to allocate memory bytes from heap.
   BYTE milist[500];
   memset(milist, 0, 500);
   int bytes_left = sizeof(milist);

   // Fill up the MENUITEMTEMPLATEHEADER structure.
   MENUITEMTEMPLATEHEADER *mheader = (MENUITEMTEMPLATEHEADER*)milist;
   mheader->versionNumber = 0;
   mheader->offset = 0;

   int bytes_used = sizeof(MENUITEMTEMPLATEHEADER);
   bytes_left -= bytes_used;

   // Add the following menu items to menu bar:
   // File     Edit
   //   Exit     Copy
   //            Paste
   bytes_used += AddMenuItem(milist + bytes_used, bytes_left, L"&File", 0,
                             TRUE, FALSE);
   bytes_left -= bytes_used;
   bytes_used += AddMenuItem(milist + bytes_used, bytes_left, L"E&xit",
                             ID_APP_EXIT, FALSE, TRUE);
   bytes_left -= bytes_used;
   bytes_used += AddMenuItem(milist + bytes_used, bytes_left, L"&Edit", 0,
                             TRUE, TRUE);
   bytes_left -= bytes_used;
   bytes_used += AddMenuItem(milist + bytes_used, bytes_left, L"&Copy",
                             ID_EDIT_COPY, FALSE, FALSE);
   bytes_left -= bytes_used;
   bytes_used += AddMenuItem(milist + bytes_used, bytes_left, L"&Paste",
                             ID_EDIT_PASTE, FALSE, TRUE);
   bytes_left -= bytes_used;

   // Load resource from a menu template in memory.
   ASSERT(m_IndiMenu.LoadMenuIndirect(milist));

   // Remove and destroy old menu
   SetMenu(NULL);
   ::DestroyMenu(m_hMenuDefault);

   // Add new menu.
   SetMenu(&m_IndiMenu);

   // Assign default menu
   m_hMenuDefault = m_IndiMenu.m_hMenu;
}

// This is a helper function for adding a menu item (either a popup
// or command item) to the specified menu template.
//
//    MenuTemplate  - pointer to a menu template
//    TemplateBytes - space remaining in MenuTemplate
//    MenuString    - string for the menu item to be added
//    MenuID        - id for the command item. Its value is ignored if
//                    IsPopup is TRUE.
//    IsPopup       - TRUE for popup menu (or submenu); FALSE for command
//                    item
//    LastItem      - TRUE if MenuString is the last item for the popup;
//                    FALSE otherwise.
UINT AddMenuItem(LPVOID MenuTemplate, int TemplateBytes, WCHAR *MenuString,
                 WORD MenuID, BOOL IsPopup, BOOL LastItem)
{
   MENUITEMTEMPLATE *mitem = (MENUITEMTEMPLATE*)MenuTemplate;

   UINT bytes_used = 0;
   if (IsPopup) // for popup menu
   {
      if (LastItem)
         mitem->mtOption = MF_POPUP | MF_END;
      else
         mitem->mtOption = MF_POPUP;
      bytes_used += sizeof(mitem->mtOption);

      mitem = (MENUITEMTEMPLATE*)((BYTE*)MenuTemplate + bytes_used);
      // a popup doesn't have mtID!!!

      TemplateBytes -= bytes_used;
      wcscpy_s((WCHAR*)mitem, TemplateBytes / sizeof(WCHAR), MenuString);
      bytes_used += (UINT)(sizeof(WCHAR) * (wcslen(MenuString) + 1)); // include '\0'
   }
   else // for command item
   {
      mitem->mtOption = LastItem ? MF_END : 0;
      mitem->mtID = MenuID;
      TemplateBytes -= bytes_used;
      wcscpy_s(mitem->mtString, TemplateBytes / sizeof(WCHAR), MenuString);
      bytes_used += (UINT)(sizeof(mitem->mtOption) + sizeof(mitem->mtID) +
                           sizeof(WCHAR) * (wcslen(MenuString) + 1)); // include '\0'
   }

   return bytes_used;
}

`CMenu::m_hMenu`

Specifies the HMENU handle of the Windows menu attached to the CMenu object.

HMENU m_hMenu;

Example

See the example for CMenu::LoadMenu.

`CMenu::MeasureItem`

Called by the framework when a menu with the owner-draw style is created.

virtual void MeasureItem(LPMEASUREITEMSTRUCT lpMeasureItemStruct);

Parameters

lpMeasureItemStruct
A pointer to a MEASUREITEMSTRUCT structure.

Remarks

By default, this member function does nothing. Override this member function and fill in the MEASUREITEMSTRUCT structure to inform Windows of the menu's dimensions.

See CWnd::OnMeasureItem for a description of the MEASUREITEMSTRUCT structure.

Example

The following code is from the MFC CTRLTEST sample:

// Override MeasureItem() to return the size of the menu item.
// CColorMenu is a CMenu-derived class.

#define COLOR_BOX_WIDTH 20
#define COLOR_BOX_HEIGHT 20

void CColorMenu::MeasureItem(LPMEASUREITEMSTRUCT lpMIS)
{
   // all items are of fixed size
   lpMIS->itemWidth = COLOR_BOX_WIDTH;
   lpMIS->itemHeight = COLOR_BOX_HEIGHT;
}

`CMenu::ModifyMenu`

Changes an existing menu item at the position specified by nPosition.

BOOL ModifyMenu(
    UINT nPosition,
    UINT nFlags,
    UINT_PTR nIDNewItem = 0,
    LPCTSTR lpszNewItem = NULL);

BOOL ModifyMenu(
    UINT nPosition,
    UINT nFlags,
    UINT_PTR nIDNewItem,
    const CBitmap* pBmp);

Parameters

nPosition
Specifies the menu item to be changed. The nFlags parameter can be used to interpret nPosition in the following ways:

`nFlags`	Interpretation of `nPosition`
`MF_BYCOMMAND`	Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default if neither `MF_BYCOMMAND` nor `MF_BYPOSITION` is set.
`MF_BYPOSITION`	Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0.

nFlags
Specifies how nPosition is interpreted and gives information about the changes to be made to the menu item. For a list of flags that may be set, see the AppendMenu member function.

nIDNewItem
Specifies either the command ID of the modified menu item or, if nFlags is set to MF_POPUP, the menu handle (HMENU) of a pop-up menu. The nIDNewItem parameter is ignored (not needed) if nFlags is set to MF_SEPARATOR.

lpszNewItem
Specifies the content of the new menu item. The nFlags parameter can be used to interpret lpszNewItem in the following ways:

`nFlags`	Interpretation of `lpszNewItem`
`MF_OWNERDRAW`	Contains an application-supplied 32-bit value that the application can use to maintain additional data associated with the menu item. This 32-bit value is available to the application when it processes `MF_MEASUREITEM` and `MF_DRAWITEM`.
`MF_STRING`	Contains a long pointer to a null-terminated string or to a `CString`.
`MF_SEPARATOR`	The `lpszNewItem` parameter is ignored (not needed).

pBmp
Points to a CBitmap object that will be used as the menu item.

Return Value

Nonzero if the function is successful; otherwise 0.

Remarks

The application specifies the new state of the menu item by setting values in nFlags. If this function replaces a pop-up menu associated with the menu item, it destroys the old pop-up menu and frees the memory used by the pop-up menu.

Whenever a menu that resides in a window is changed (whether or not the window is displayed), the application should call CWnd::DrawMenuBar. To change the attributes of existing menu items, it is much faster to use the CheckMenuItem and EnableMenuItem member functions.

Example

See the example for CMenu::InsertMenu.

`CMenu::operator HMENU`

Use this operator to retrieve the handle of the CMenu object.

operator HMENU() const;

Return Value

If successful, the handle of the CMenu object; otherwise, NULL.

Remarks

You can use the handle to call Windows APIs directly.

`CMenu::operator !=`

Determines if two menus are logically not equal.

BOOL operator!=(const CMenu& menu) const;

Parameters

menu
A CMenu object for comparison.

Remarks

Tests if a menu object on the left side is not equal to a menu object on the right side.

`CMenu::operator ==`

Determines if two menus are logically equal.

BOOL operator==(const CMenu& menu) const;

Parameters

menu
A CMenu object for comparison.

Remarks

Tests if a menu object on the left side is equal (in terms of the HMENU value) to a menu object on the right side.

`CMenu::RemoveMenu`

Deletes a menu item with an associated pop-up menu from the menu.

BOOL RemoveMenu(
    UINT nPosition,
    UINT nFlags);

Parameters

nPosition
Specifies the menu item to be removed. The nFlags parameter can be used to interpret nPosition in the following ways:

`nFlags`	Interpretation of `nPosition`
`MF_BYCOMMAND`	Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default if neither `MF_BYCOMMAND` nor `MF_BYPOSITION` is set.
`MF_BYPOSITION`	Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0.

nFlags
Specifies how nPosition is interpreted.

Return Value

Nonzero if the function is successful; otherwise 0.

Remarks

It does not destroy the handle for a pop-up menu, so the menu can be reused. Before calling this function, the application may call the GetSubMenu member function to retrieve the pop-up CMenu object for reuse.

Whenever a menu that resides in a window is changed (whether or not the window is displayed), the application must call CWnd::DrawMenuBar.

Example

See the example for CMenu::InsertMenu.

`CMenu::SetDefaultItem`

Sets the default menu item for the specified menu.

BOOL SetDefaultItem(
    UINT uItem,
    BOOL fByPos = FALSE);

Parameters

uItem
Identifier or position of the new default menu item or - 1 for no default item. The meaning of this parameter depends on the value of fByPos.

fByPos
Value specifying the meaning of uItem. If this parameter is FALSE, uItem is a menu item identifier. Otherwise, it is a menu item position.

Return Value

Remarks

This member function implements the behavior of the Win32 function SetMenuDefaultItem, as described in the Windows SDK.

Example

See the example for CMenu::InsertMenu.

`CMenu::SetMenuContextHelpId`

Associates a context help ID with CMenu.

BOOL SetMenuContextHelpId(DWORD dwContextHelpId);

Parameters

dwContextHelpId
Context help ID to associate with CMenu.

Return Value

Nonzero if successful; otherwise 0

Remarks

All items in the menu share this identifier — it is not possible to attach a help context identifier to the individual menu items.

Example

See the example for CMenu::InsertMenu.

`CMenu::SetMenuInfo`

Sets information for a menu.

BOOL SetMenuInfo(LPCMENUINFO lpcmi);

Parameters

lpcmi
A pointer to a MENUINFO structure containing information for the menu.

Return Value

If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero; otherwise, the return value is zero.

Remarks

Call this function to set specific information about the menu.

`CMenu::SetMenuItemBitmaps`

Associates the specified bitmaps with a menu item.

BOOL SetMenuItemBitmaps(
    UINT nPosition,
    UINT nFlags,
    const CBitmap* pBmpUnchecked,
    const CBitmap* pBmpChecked);

Parameters

nPosition
Specifies the menu item to be changed. The nFlags parameter can be used to interpret nPosition in the following ways:

`nFlags`	Interpretation of nPosition
`MF_BYCOMMAND`	Specifies that the parameter gives the command ID of the existing menu item. This is the default if neither `MF_BYCOMMAND` nor `MF_BYPOSITION` is set.
`MF_BYPOSITION`	Specifies that the parameter gives the position of the existing menu item. The first item is at position 0.

nFlags
Specifies how nPosition is interpreted.

pBmpUnchecked
Specifies the bitmap to use for menu items that are not checked.

pBmpChecked
Specifies the bitmap to use for menu items that are checked.

Return Value

Nonzero if the function is successful; otherwise 0.

Remarks

Whether the menu item is checked or unchecked, Windows displays the appropriate bitmap next to the menu item.

If either pBmpUnchecked or pBmpChecked is NULL, then Windows displays nothing next to the menu item for the corresponding attribute. If both parameters are NULL, Windows uses the default check mark when the item is checked and removes the check mark when the item is unchecked.

When the menu is destroyed, these bitmaps are not destroyed; the application must destroy them.

The Windows GetMenuCheckMarkDimensions function retrieves the dimensions of the default check mark used for menu items. The application uses these values to determine the appropriate size for the bitmaps supplied with this function. Get the size, create your bitmaps, and then set them.

Example

// The code fragment below is from CMainFrame::OnCreate and shows
// how to associate bitmaps with the "Bitmap" menu item.
// Whether the "Bitmap" menu item is checked or unchecked, Windows
// displays the appropriate bitmap next to the menu item. Both
// IDB_CHECKBITMAP and IDB_UNCHECKBITMAP bitmaps are loaded
// in OnCreate() and destroyed in the destructor of CMainFrame class.
// CMainFrame is a CFrameWnd-derived class.

// Load bitmaps from resource. Both m_CheckBitmap and m_UnCheckBitmap
// are member variables of CMainFrame class of type CBitmap.
ASSERT(m_CheckBitmap.LoadBitmap(IDB_CHECKBITMAP));
ASSERT(m_UnCheckBitmap.LoadBitmap(IDB_UNCHECKBITMAP));

// Associate bitmaps with the "Bitmap" menu item.
CMenu *mmenu = GetMenu();
CMenu *submenu = mmenu->GetSubMenu(4);
ASSERT(submenu->SetMenuItemBitmaps(ID_MENU_BITMAP, MF_BYCOMMAND,
                                   &m_CheckBitmap, &m_UnCheckBitmap));

// This code fragment is taken from CMainFrame::~CMainFrame

// Destroy the bitmap objects if they are loaded successfully
// in OnCreate().
if (m_CheckBitmap.m_hObject)
   m_CheckBitmap.DeleteObject();

if (m_UnCheckBitmap.m_hObject)
   m_UnCheckBitmap.DeleteObject();

`CMenu::SetMenuItemInfo`

Changes information about a menu item.

BOOL SetMenuItemInfo(
    UINT uItem,
    LPMENUITEMINFO lpMenuItemInfo,
    BOOL fByPos = FALSE);

Parameters

uItem
See description of uItem in SetMenuItemInfo in the Windows SDK.

lpMenuItemInfo
See description of lpmii in SetMenuItemInfo in the Windows SDK.

fByPos
See description of fByPosition in SetMenuItemInfo in the Windows SDK.

Remarks

This function wraps SetMenuItemInfo, described in the Windows SDK.

`CMenu::TrackPopupMenu`

Displays a floating pop-up menu at the specified location and tracks the selection of items on the pop-up menu.

BOOL TrackPopupMenu(
    UINT nFlags,
    int x,
    int y,
    CWnd* pWnd,
    LPCRECT lpRect = 0);

Parameters

nFlags
Specifies screen-position and mouse-position flags. See TrackPopupMenu for a list of available flags.

x
Specifies the horizontal position in screen coordinates of the pop-up menu. Depending on the value of the nFlags parameter, the menu can be left-aligned, right-aligned, or centered relative to this position.

y
Specifies the vertical position in screen coordinates of the top of the menu on the screen.

pWnd
Identifies the window that owns the pop-up menu. This parameter cannot be NULL, even if the TPM_NONOTIFY flag is specified. This window receives all WM_COMMAND messages from the menu. In Windows versions 3.1 and later, the window does not receive WM_COMMAND messages until TrackPopupMenu returns. In Windows 3.0, the window receives WM_COMMAND messages before TrackPopupMenu returns.

lpRect
Ignored.

Return Value

This method returns the result of calling TrackPopupMenu in the Windows SDK.

Remarks

A floating pop-up menu can appear anywhere on the screen.

Example

// The code fragment shows how to get the File menu from the
// application window and displays it as a floating popup menu
// when the right mouse button is clicked in view.
// CMdiView is a CView-derived class.
void CMdiView::OnRButtonDown(UINT nFlags, CPoint point)
{
   CView::OnRButtonDown(nFlags, point);

   CMenu *menu_bar = AfxGetMainWnd()->GetMenu();
   CMenu *file_menu = menu_bar->GetSubMenu(0);
   ASSERT(file_menu);

   ClientToScreen(&point);
   file_menu->TrackPopupMenu(TPM_LEFTALIGN | TPM_RIGHTBUTTON, point.x,
                             point.y, this);
}

`CMenu::TrackPopupMenuEx`

Displays a floating pop-up menu at the specified location and tracks the selection of items on the pop-up menu.

BOOL TrackPopupMenuEx(
    UINT fuFlags,
    int x,
    int y,
    CWnd* pWnd,
    LPTPMPARAMS lptpm);

Parameters

fuFlags
Specifies various functions for the extended menu. For a listing of all values and their meaning, see TrackPopupMenuEx.

x
Specifies the horizontal position in screen coordinates of the pop-up menu.

y
Specifies the vertical position in screen coordinates of the top of the menu on the screen.

pWnd
A pointer to the window owning the pop-up menu and receiving the messages from the created menu. This window can be any window from the current application but cannot be NULL. If you specify TPM_NONOTIFY in the fuFlags parameter, the function does not send any messages to pWnd. The function must return for the window pointed to by pWnd to receive the WM_COMMAND message.

lptpm
Pointer to a TPMPARAMS structure that specifies an area of the screen the menu should not overlap. This parameter can be NULL.

Return Value

If you specify TPM_RETURNCMD in the fuFlags parameter, the return value is the menu-item identifier of the item that the user selected. If the user cancels the menu without making a selection, or if an error occurs, then the return value is 0.

If you do not specify TPM_RETURNCMD in the fuFlags parameter, the return value is nonzero if the function succeeds and 0 if it fails. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

Remarks

A floating pop-up menu can appear anywhere on the screen. For more information on handling errors when creating the pop-up menu, see TrackPopupMenuEx.

แชร์ผ่าน

CMenu Class

Syntax

Members

Public Constructors

Public Methods

Public Operators

Public Data Members

Remarks

Inheritance Hierarchy

Requirements

CMenu::AppendMenu

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::Attach

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::CheckMenuItem

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::CheckMenuRadioItem

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::CMenu

Remarks

CMenu::CreateMenu

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::CreatePopupMenu

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::DeleteMenu

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::DeleteTempMap

Remarks

Example

CMenu::DestroyMenu

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::Detach

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::DrawItem

Parameters

Remarks

Example

CMenu::EnableMenuItem

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::FromHandle

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::GetDefaultItem

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

CMenu::GetMenuContextHelpId

Return Value

Example

CMenu::GetMenuInfo

`CMenu` Class

`CMenu::AppendMenu`

`CMenu::Attach`

`CMenu::CheckMenuItem`

`CMenu::CheckMenuRadioItem`

`CMenu::CMenu`

`CMenu::CreateMenu`

`CMenu::CreatePopupMenu`

`CMenu::DeleteMenu`

`CMenu::DeleteTempMap`

`CMenu::DestroyMenu`

`CMenu::Detach`

`CMenu::DrawItem`

`CMenu::EnableMenuItem`

`CMenu::FromHandle`

`CMenu::GetDefaultItem`

`CMenu::GetMenuContextHelpId`

`CMenu::GetMenuInfo`

`CMenu::GetMenuItemCount`

`CMenu::GetMenuItemID`

`CMenu::GetMenuItemInfo`

`CMenu::GetMenuState`

`CMenu::GetMenuString`

`CMenu::GetSafeHmenu`

`CMenu::GetSubMenu`

`CMenu::InsertMenu`

`CMenu::InsertMenuItem`

`CMenu::LoadMenu`

`CMenu::LoadMenuIndirect`

`CMenu::m_hMenu`

`CMenu::MeasureItem`

`CMenu::ModifyMenu`

`CMenu::operator HMENU`

`CMenu::operator !=`

`CMenu::operator ==`

`CMenu::RemoveMenu`