Create a Windows Service installer

บทความ
12/13/2023

When you create a .NET Windows Service (not to be mistaken with a .NET Framework Windows Service), you may want to create an installer for your service. Without an installer, users would have to know how to install and configure your service. An installer bundles your app's executables and exposes a customizable installation user experience. This tutorial is a continuation of the Create a Windows Service tutorial. It shows how to create an installer for your .NET Windows Service.

In this tutorial, you'll learn how to:

Install the Visual Studio Installer Projects extension.
Create a setup project.
Update an existing .NET Worker project to support installation.
Automate the installation and uninstallation with the Windows Service Control Manager.

Prerequisites

You're expected to have completed the Create a Windows Service tutorial, or be prepared to clone the sample repo.
The .NET 8.0 SDK or later
A Windows OS
A .NET integrated development environment (IDE)
- Feel free to use Visual Studio
An existing .NET Windows Service

Start by installing the Wix Toolset. The Wix Toolset is a set of tools that build Windows installation packages from XML source code.

dotnet tool install --global wix

Next, install the HeatWave for VS2022 extension. After installing, restart Visual Studio and you'll see new project templates available.

Get existing project

This tutorial is based on the app created as part of the Create a Windows Service using BackgroundService tutorial. You can either clone the sample repo or use the app you built in the previous tutorial.

Tip

All of the "Workers in .NET" example source code is available in the Samples Browser for download. For more information, see Browse code samples: Workers in .NET.

Wix Toolset
Microsoft installer extension

Open the solution in Visual Studio, and select F5 to ensure that the app builds and runs as expected. Press Ctrl+C to stop the app.

Handle installation switches

The Windows Service app needs to handle installation switches. The setup project will call into the Windows Service app with /Install and /Uninstall switches during installation and uninstallation respectively. When these switches are present, the app will behave differently, in that it will only perform installation or uninstallation using the Windows Service Control Manager executable (sc.exe).

For the app to call a separate process, install the CliWrap NuGet package as a convenience. To install the CliWrap package, use the dotnet add package command:

dotnet add App.WindowsService.csproj package CliWrap

For more information, see dotnet add package.

With CliWrap installed, open the Program.cs file of the App.WindowsService project. After the using directives, but before the IHost is created, add the following code:

using CliWrap;

const string ServiceName = ".NET Joke Service";

if (args is { Length: 1 })
{
    try
    {
        string executablePath =
            Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "App.WindowsService.exe");

        if (args[0] is "/Install")
        {
            await Cli.Wrap("sc")
                .WithArguments(new[] { "create", ServiceName, $"binPath={executablePath}", "start=auto" })
                .ExecuteAsync();
        }
        else if (args[0] is "/Uninstall")
        {
            await Cli.Wrap("sc")
                .WithArguments(new[] { "stop", ServiceName })
                .ExecuteAsync();

            await Cli.Wrap("sc")
                .WithArguments(new[] { "delete", ServiceName })
                .ExecuteAsync();
        }
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(ex);
    }

    return;
}

The preceding code:

Declares the service name as a const string value.
Checks the args for a single value.
Gets the executable path from the AppContext.BaseDirectory.
When the "/Install" switch is present, sc create ".NET Joke Service" binPath="path/to/App.WindowsService.exe" start=auto is called.
When the "/Uninstall" switch is present, sc stop ".NET Joke Service" and sc delete ".NET Joke Service" are called.

When no installation switches are present, the app behaves as it did before, but it now includes installation functionality.

Note

Defining custom actions, and manually handling installation switches is considered an anti-pattern. While this documentation demonstrates how to do it, you might want to consider using the third-party Wix Toolset instead.

Add new setup project

Wix Toolset
Microsoft installer extension

To add a new Wix setup project, right-click on the solution in the Solution Explorer and select Add > New Project:

Add new project dialog: New MSI Package (Wix v4) Project.

Select MSI Package (Wix v4) from the available templates, then select Next. Provide the desired Name and Location, then select Create.

Configure installer project

Wix Toolset
Microsoft installer extension

To configure the setup project, you first must add a reference to the App.WindowsService project. Right-click the setup project in the Solution Explorer, and then select Add > Project Reference.

The template includes example component and localization files. Delete these, files leaving only the Package.wxs file. Your project should now include a ProjectReference element, similar to the following:

<Project Sdk="WixToolset.Sdk/4.0.0">
  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\App.WindowsService.csproj" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

After the project reference has been added, configure the Package.wxs file. Open the file in the editor, and then replace the contents with the following:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!-- Define the variables in "$(var.*) expressions" -->
<?define Name = ".NET Joke Service" ?>
<?define Manufacturer = "Microsoft" ?>
<?define Version = "1.0.0.0" ?>
<?define UpgradeCode = "9ED3FF33-8718-444E-B44B-69A2344B7E98" ?>

<Wix xmlns="http://wixtoolset.org/schemas/v4/wxs">
    <Package Name="$(Name)"
             Manufacturer="$(Manufacturer)"
             Version="$(Version)"
             UpgradeCode="$(var.UpgradeCode)"
             Compressed="true">

        <!-- Allow upgrades and prevent downgrades -->
        <MajorUpgrade DowngradeErrorMessage="A later version of [ProductName] is already installed. Setup will now exit." />

        <!-- Define the directory structure -->
        <Directory Id="TARGETDIR" Name="SourceDir">
            <Directory Id="ProgramFiles64Folder">

                <!-- Create a folder inside program files -->
                <Directory Id="ROOTDIRECTORY" Name="$(var.Manufacturer)">

                    <!-- Create a folder within the parent folder given the name -->
                    <Directory Id="INSTALLFOLDER" Name="$(Name)" />
                </Directory>
            </Directory>
        </Directory>

        <!-- The files inside this DirectoryRef are linked to
             the App.WindowsService directory via INSTALLFOLDER -->
        <DirectoryRef Id="INSTALLFOLDER">

            <!-- Create a single component which is the App.WindowsService.exe file -->
            <Component Id="ServiceExecutable" Bitness="always64">

                <!-- Copies the App.WindowsService.exe file using the
                     project reference preprocessor variables -->
                <File Id="App.WindowsService.exe"
                      Source="$(var.App.WindowsService.TargetDir)publish\App.WindowsService.exe"
                      KeyPath="true" />

                <!-- Remove all files from the INSTALLFOLDER on uninstall -->
                <RemoveFile Id="ALLFILES" Name="*.*" On="both" />

                <!-- Tell WiX to install the Service -->
                <ServiceInstall Id="ServiceInstaller"
                                Type="ownProcess"
                                Name="App.WindowsService"
                                DisplayName="$(Name)"
                                Description="A joke service that periodically logs nerdy humor."
                                Start="auto"
                                ErrorControl="normal" />

                <!-- Tell WiX to start the Service -->
                <ServiceControl Id="StartService"
                                Start="install"
                                Stop="both"
                                Remove="uninstall"
                                Name="App.WindowsService"
                                Wait="true" />
            </Component>
        </DirectoryRef>

        <!-- Tell WiX to install the files -->
        <Feature Id="Service" Title="App.WindowsService Setup" Level="1">
            <ComponentRef Id="ServiceExecutable" />
        </Feature>

    </Package>
</Wix>

When you build the project, the output is an MSI file that can be used to install and uninstall the service.

To configure the installer project, select the project in the Solution Explorer. Select F4 to open the project properties pane. You can configure the app's "add" and "remove" icons, author, manufacturer, product name, title, target platform, and so on.

Installer project properties pane.

The installer project needs to define two custom actions for installation behavior. Right-click the project in the Solution Explorer, and then select View > Custom Actions.

Installer project Custom Actions context menu.

From the Custom Actions window, select Install > Add Custom Action.

Custom Actions properties dialog: select item.

Double-click the Application Folder (or select Add Output... with Application Folder selected), and select Publish Items from App.WindowsService (Active).

Custom Actions properties dialog: select item app folder.

Select Ok to confirm the selection. Right-click the added Publish Items from App.WindowsService (Active) node under Install, then select Properties.

Publish items properties.

Add /Install to the Arguments. Follow these same steps for Uninstall, adding /Uninstall to the Arguments.

Once you've done both, you should see the following:

Custom Actions with Install and Uninstall actions defined.

With these updates, the setup project has been configured to delegate its Install and Uninstall actions to call into the Windows Service app with appropriate arguments.

Test installation

Wix Toolset
Microsoft installer extension

To test the installer, publish the App.WindowsService project. Right-click the project in the Solution Explorer, and then select Publish. Once published with the profile you created in the previous tutorial, the executable will be in the publish directory. Next, you Build the setup project and run the installer.

You need to run the installation as an administrator. To do this, right-click the MSI file, and then select Run as administrator.

Once the service is installed, you can open Services to see the service running. To uninstall the service, use the Windows Add or Remove Programs feature to call the installer.

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