C# null operators

Tip

This article is part of the Fundamentals section for developers who know at least one programming language and are learning C#. If you're new to programming, start with the Get started tutorials first. For the complete operator reference, see Member access operators and null-coalescing operators in the language reference.

C# provides several operators that make null-safe code concise. Instead of nesting if (x != null) guards throughout your code, these operators let you express null-safe access, fallback values, and null tests in a single expression.

This article covers ?. and ?[] for null-conditional access, ?? for null-coalescing, ??= for null-coalescing assignment, and is null/is not null for null pattern matching.

Null-conditional member access `?.`

The ?. operator accesses a member only when the object is non-null. When the object is null, the entire expression evaluates to null instead of throwing a NullReferenceException:

string? name = null;

// Without ?., accessing a member on null throws NullReferenceException:
// int len = name.Length; // throws if name is null

// ?. returns null instead of throwing:
int? len = name?.Length;
Console.WriteLine(len.HasValue); // False

name = "C#";
Console.WriteLine(name?.Length); // 2

The ?. operator short-circuits: when the left-hand side is null, everything to the right is skipped. No method calls run and no side effects occur.

You can chain multiple ?. operators in a single expression. The chain stops at the first null it encounters:

string? input = null;

// Chain ?. across multiple method calls — short-circuits at the first null:
string? upper = input?.Trim()?.ToUpperInvariant();
Console.WriteLine(upper ?? "(none)"); // (none)

input = "  hello  ";
Console.WriteLine(input?.Trim()?.ToUpperInvariant()); // HELLO

Null-conditional indexer access `?[]`

The ?[] operator applies the same short-circuit behavior to indexer and array access. Use it when the collection itself might be null:

string[]? tags = null;

// ?[] accesses an element only when the collection is non-null
string? first = tags?[0];
Console.WriteLine(first ?? "(none)"); // (none)

tags = ["csharp", "dotnet", "nullable"];
Console.WriteLine(tags?[0]);          // csharp

Chain null-conditional operators

Chain multiple ?. operators to traverse a path of potentially null references. The chain short-circuits at the first null:

var order = new Order("ORD-001", null);

// Each ?. short-circuits when null: Customer is null, so Address and City are never accessed
string? city = order.Customer?.Address?.City;
Console.WriteLine(city ?? "(no city)"); // (no city)

var fullOrder = new Order("ORD-002",
    new Customer("Alice", new Address("123 Main St", "Springfield", "IL")));

Console.WriteLine(fullOrder.Customer?.Address?.City); // Springfield

When Customer is null, neither Address nor City is evaluated. The whole expression returns null.

Thread-safe delegate invocation

?. provides a clean, thread-safe way to invoke a delegate or raise an event. The delegate expression is evaluated only once, so there's no window for another thread to unsubscribe between the null check and the invocation:

EventHandler? clicked = null;

// No subscribers — ?.Invoke does nothing instead of throwing NullReferenceException
clicked?.Invoke(null, EventArgs.Empty);

clicked += (_, _) => Console.WriteLine("Button clicked!");

// With a subscriber — ?.Invoke calls the handler
clicked?.Invoke(null, EventArgs.Empty);
// Output: Button clicked!

This pattern replaces the older if (clicked != null) clicked(...) idiom.

Null-coalescing `??`

The ?? operator returns its left-hand operand when it's non-null, and its right-hand operand when the left is null. Use it to provide a default value:

string? username = null;

// ?? returns the right-hand value when the left-hand is null
string display = username ?? "Guest";
Console.WriteLine(display); // Guest

username = "alice";
display  = username ?? "Guest";
Console.WriteLine(display); // alice

?? is right-associative, so a ?? b ?? c evaluates as a ?? (b ?? c). The first non-null value wins. A common pattern is to chain ?. with ??: use ?. to safely traverse a null-possible chain, then ?? to substitute a default if the chain returned null. For a complete example, see Combine null operators.

Null-coalescing assignment `??=`

The ??= operator assigns the right-hand value to a variable only when the variable is null. Use it for lazy initialization:

List<string>? cache = null;

// ??= assigns only when the variable is null
cache ??= LoadData();
Console.WriteLine(cache.Count); // 3

// cache is already non-null, so LoadData() isn't called again
cache ??= LoadData();
Console.WriteLine(cache.Count); // 3

static List<string> LoadData() => ["alpha", "beta", "gamma"];

The right-hand expression is evaluated only when the variable is null. When the variable already has a value, the right side isn't evaluated at all.

Null-conditional assignment (C# 14)

Beginning in C# 14, you can use ?. and ?[] as assignment targets. The assignment runs only when the left-hand object is non-null:

AppConfig? config = new AppConfig();

// Assigns only when config is non-null (C# 14)
config?.Theme = "dark";
Console.WriteLine(config?.Theme); // dark

AppConfig? missing = null;
missing?.Theme = "light";                         // no-op: missing is null
Console.WriteLine(missing?.Theme ?? "(no config)"); // (no config)

The right-hand side is evaluated only when the left-hand side is known to be non-null.

Null pattern matching: `is null` and `is not null`

The is null and is not null patterns test whether an expression is null:

string? input = null;

// is null is the preferred test — unaffected by operator overloading
if (input is null)
{
    Console.WriteLine("No input provided.");
}

// == null also works, but a custom == operator can change its behavior
if (input == null)
{
    Console.WriteLine("Still no input.");
}

Prefer is null over == null for null checks. The == operator can be overloaded, meaning x == null might return true even when x isn't null if the type defines a custom equality operator. The is null pattern always tests for the actual null reference, regardless of operator overloading.

string? value = "hello";

if (value is not null)
{
    Console.WriteLine(value.ToUpper()); // HELLO
}

Combine null operators

In practice, you often combine several of these operators. One expression can safely traverse a deep object graph, apply a fallback, and then guard on the result:

Order? order = GetPendingOrder();

// Chain ?. for safe traversal, ?? for a fallback, is null for a clear guard
string city = order?.Customer?.Address?.City ?? "unknown";

if (order is null)
{
    Console.WriteLine("No pending order.");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Shipping to: {city}");
}
// Output: No pending order.

Null-forgiving operator `!`

The ! postfix operator suppresses nullable warnings. Append ! to tell the compiler "this expression is definitely not null." The operator has no effect at runtime. It only affects the compiler's null-state analysis.

string? name = FindUser("alice");

// Use ! only when you have information the compiler doesn't.
// FindUser guarantees a non-null result for known usernames.
int length = name!.Length;
Console.WriteLine(length); // 5

Use ! sparingly, and only when you have information the compiler doesn't. Examples include tests that intentionally pass null to validate argument-checking logic, or calling a method whose contract guarantees a non-null return for a known input. Overusing ! defeats the purpose of nullable reference types. For a full explanation, see Nullable reference types.

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Last updated on 2026-05-11

C# null operators

Null-conditional member access ?.

Null-conditional indexer access ?[]

Chain null-conditional operators

Thread-safe delegate invocation

Null-coalescing ??

Null-coalescing assignment ??=

Null-conditional assignment (C# 14)

Null pattern matching: is null and is not null