Lifetime in Visual Basic
The lifetime of a declared element is the period of time during which it is available for use. Variables are the only elements that have lifetime. For this purpose, the compiler treats procedure parameters and function returns as special cases of variables. The lifetime of a variable represents the period of time during which it can hold a value. Its value can change over its lifetime, but it always holds some value.
Different Lifetimes
A member variable (declared at module level, outside any procedure) typically has the same lifetime as the element in which it is declared. A nonshared variable declared in a class or structure exists as a separate copy for each instance of the class or structure in which it is declared. Each such variable has the same lifetime as its instance. However, a Shared variable has only a single lifetime, which lasts for the entire time your application is running.
A local variable (declared inside a procedure) exists only while the procedure in which it is declared is running. This applies also to that procedure's parameters and to any function return. However, if that procedure calls other procedures, the local variables retain their values while the called procedures are running.
Beginning of Lifetime
A local variable's lifetime begins when control enters the procedure in which it is declared. Every local variable is initialized to the default value for its data type as soon as the procedure begins running. When the procedure encounters a Dim statement that specifies initial values, it sets those variables to those values, even if your code had already assigned other values to them.
Each member of a structure variable is initialized as if it were a separate variable. Similarly, each element of an array variable is initialized individually.
Variables declared within a block inside a procedure (such as a For loop) are initialized on entry to the procedure. These initializations take effect whether or not your code ever executes the block.
End of Lifetime
When a procedure terminates, the values of its local variables are not preserved, and Visual Basic reclaims their memory. The next time you call the procedure, all its local variables are created afresh and reinitialized.
When an instance of a class or structure terminates, its nonshared variables lose their memory and their values. Each new instance of the class or structure creates and reinitializes its nonshared variables. However, Shared variables are preserved until your application stops running.
Extension of Lifetime
If you declare a local variable with the Static keyword, its lifetime is longer than the execution time of its procedure. The following table shows how the procedure declaration determines how long a Static variable exists.
| Procedure location and sharing | Static variable lifetime begins | Static variable lifetime ends |
|---|---|---|
| In a module (shared by default) | The first time the procedure is called | When your application stops running |
In a class, Shared (procedure is not an instance member) |
The first time the procedure is called either on a specific instance or on the class or structure name itself | When your application stops running |
In an instance of a class, not Shared (procedure is an instance member) |
The first time the procedure is called on the specific instance | When the instance is released for garbage collection (GC) |
Static Variables of the Same Name
You can declare static variables with the same name in more than one procedure. If you do this, the Visual Basic compiler considers each such variable to be a separate element. The initialization of one of these variables does not affect the values of the others. The same applies if you define a procedure with a set of overloads and declare a static variable with the same name in each overload.
Containing Elements for Static Variables
You can declare a static local variable within a class, that is, inside a procedure in that class. However, you cannot declare a static local variable within a structure, either as a structure member or as a local variable of a procedure within that structure.
Example
Description
The following example declares a variable with the Static keyword. (Note that you do not need the Dim keyword when the Dim Statement uses a modifier such as Static.)
Code
Function runningTotal(ByVal num As Integer) As Integer
Static applesSold As Integer
applesSold = applesSold + num
Return applesSold
End Function
Comments
In the preceding example, the variable applesSold continues to exist after the procedure runningTotal returns to the calling code. The next time runningTotal is called, applesSold retains its previously calculated value.
If applesSold had been declared without using Static, the previous accumulated values would not be preserved across calls to runningTotal. The next time runningTotal was called, applesSold would have been recreated and initialized to 0, and runningTotal would have simply returned the same value with which it was called.
Compile the code
You can initialize the value of a static local variable as part of its declaration. If you declare an array to be Static, you can initialize its rank (number of dimensions), the length of each dimension, and the values of the individual elements.
Security
In the preceding example, you can produce the same lifetime by declaring applesSold at module level. If you changed the scope of a variable this way, however, the procedure would no longer have exclusive access to it. Because other procedures could access applesSold and change its value, the running total could be unreliable and the code could be more difficult to maintain.
