最小 API 应用中的参数绑定

注意

此版本不是本文的最新版本。 对于当前版本,请参阅此文的 .NET 8 版本

警告

此版本的 ASP.NET Core 不再受支持。 有关详细信息,请参阅 .NET 和 .NET Core 支持策略。 对于当前版本,请参阅此文的 .NET 8 版本

重要

此信息与预发布产品相关,相应产品在商业发布之前可能会进行重大修改。 Microsoft 对此处提供的信息不提供任何明示或暗示的保证。

对于当前版本,请参阅此文的 .NET 8 版本

参数绑定是将请求数据转换为由路由处理程序表示的强类型参数的过程。 绑定源确定绑定参数的位置。 绑定源可以是显式的,也可以是基于 HTTP 方法和参数类型推断的。

支持的绑定源:

  • 路由值
  • 查询字符串
  • 标头
  • 主体(如 JSON)
  • 窗体值
  • 依赖项注入提供的服务
  • 自定义

下面的 GET 路由处理程序使用其中一些参数绑定源:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Added as service
builder.Services.AddSingleton<Service>();

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/{id}", (int id,
                     int page,
                     [FromHeader(Name = "X-CUSTOM-HEADER")] string customHeader,
                     Service service) => { });

class Service { }

下表显示了前面的示例中使用的参数与关联的绑定源之间的关系。

参数 绑定源
id 路由值
page 查询字符串
customHeader 标头的值开始缓存响应
service 由依赖项注入提供

HTTP 方法 GETHEADOPTIONSDELETE 不会从正文隐式绑定。 如需从这些 HTTP 方法的主体(如 JSON)进行绑定,可以使用 [FromBody]显式绑定或从 HttpRequest 读取。

以下示例 POST 路由处理程序将主体(如 JSON)的绑定源用于 person 参数:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapPost("/", (Person person) => { });

record Person(string Name, int Age);

上述示例中的参数都自动从请求数据绑定。 为了演示参数绑定的便利性,以下路由处理程序演示如何直接从请求读取请求数据:

app.MapGet("/{id}", (HttpRequest request) =>
{
    var id = request.RouteValues["id"];
    var page = request.Query["page"];
    var customHeader = request.Headers["X-CUSTOM-HEADER"];

    // ...
});

app.MapPost("/", async (HttpRequest request) =>
{
    var person = await request.ReadFromJsonAsync<Person>();

    // ...
});

显式参数绑定

特性可用于显式声明绑定参数的位置。

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Added as service
builder.Services.AddSingleton<Service>();

var app = builder.Build();


app.MapGet("/{id}", ([FromRoute] int id,
                     [FromQuery(Name = "p")] int page,
                     [FromServices] Service service,
                     [FromHeader(Name = "Content-Type")] string contentType) 
                     => {});

class Service { }

record Person(string Name, int Age);
参数 绑定源
id 名称为 id 的路由值
page 名称为 "p" 的查询字符串
service 由依赖项注入提供
contentType 名称为 "Content-Type" 的标头

从窗体值显式绑定

[FromForm] 属性绑定窗体值:

app.MapPost("/todos", async ([FromForm] string name,
    [FromForm] Visibility visibility, IFormFile? attachment, TodoDb db) =>
{
    var todo = new Todo
    {
        Name = name,
        Visibility = visibility
    };

    if (attachment is not null)
    {
        var attachmentName = Path.GetRandomFileName();

        using var stream = File.Create(Path.Combine("wwwroot", attachmentName));
        await attachment.CopyToAsync(stream);
    }

    db.Todos.Add(todo);
    await db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.Ok();
});

// Remaining code removed for brevity.

另一种方法是将 [AsParameters] 属性与带有使用 [FromForm] 进行注释的属性的自定义类型一起使用。 例如,以下代码从窗体值绑定到 NewTodoRequest 记录结构的属性:

app.MapPost("/ap/todos", async ([AsParameters] NewTodoRequest request, TodoDb db) =>
{
    var todo = new Todo
    {
        Name = request.Name,
        Visibility = request.Visibility
    };

    if (request.Attachment is not null)
    {
        var attachmentName = Path.GetRandomFileName();

        using var stream = File.Create(Path.Combine("wwwroot", attachmentName));
        await request.Attachment.CopyToAsync(stream);

        todo.Attachment = attachmentName;
    }

    db.Todos.Add(todo);
    await db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.Ok();
});

// Remaining code removed for brevity.
public record struct NewTodoRequest([FromForm] string Name,
    [FromForm] Visibility Visibility, IFormFile? Attachment);

有关详细信息,请参阅本文后面的 AsParameters 部分。

AspNetCore.Docs.Samples 存储库中的完整示例代码

IFormFile 和 IFormFileCollection 的安全绑定

可以通过 IFormFileIFormFileCollection[FromForm] 来支持复杂表单绑定:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Antiforgery;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.HttpResults;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder();

builder.Services.AddAntiforgery();

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseAntiforgery();

// Generate a form with an anti-forgery token and an /upload endpoint.
app.MapGet("/", (HttpContext context, IAntiforgery antiforgery) =>
{
    var token = antiforgery.GetAndStoreTokens(context);
    var html = MyUtils.GenerateHtmlForm(token.FormFieldName, token.RequestToken!);
    return Results.Content(html, "text/html");
});

app.MapPost("/upload", async Task<Results<Ok<string>, BadRequest<string>>>
    ([FromForm] FileUploadForm fileUploadForm, HttpContext context,
                                                IAntiforgery antiforgery) =>
{
    await MyUtils.SaveFileWithName(fileUploadForm.FileDocument!,
              fileUploadForm.Name!, app.Environment.ContentRootPath);
    return TypedResults.Ok($"Your file with the description:" +
        $" {fileUploadForm.Description} has been uploaded successfully");
});

app.Run();

通过 [FromForm] 绑定到请求的参数包括防伪令牌。 处理请求时会验证防伪令牌。 有关详细信息,请参阅用最小 API 实现防伪

有关详细信息,请参阅最小 API 中的表单绑定

AspNetCore.Docs.Samples 存储库中的完整示例代码

通过依赖关系注入进行参数绑定

当类型配置为服务时,最小 API 的参数绑定通过依赖关系注入绑定参数。 无需将 [FromServices] 属性显式应用于参数。 在以下代码中,这两个操作返回时间:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IDateTime, SystemDateTime>();

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/",   (               IDateTime dateTime) => dateTime.Now);
app.MapGet("/fs", ([FromServices] IDateTime dateTime) => dateTime.Now);
app.Run();

可选参数

在路由处理程序中声明的参数被视为必需参数:

  • 如果请求与路由匹配,则只有在请求中提供了所有必需的参数时,路由处理程序才会运行。
  • 未能提供所有必需的参数会导致错误。
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/products", (int pageNumber) => $"Requesting page {pageNumber}");

app.Run();
URI result
/products?pageNumber=3 已返回 3
/products BadHttpRequestException:查询字符串中未提供必需的参数“int pageNumber”。
/products/1 HTTP 404 错误,无匹配的路由

若要设置为 pageNumber 可选,请将类型定义为可选,或提供默认值:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/products", (int? pageNumber) => $"Requesting page {pageNumber ?? 1}");

string ListProducts(int pageNumber = 1) => $"Requesting page {pageNumber}";

app.MapGet("/products2", ListProducts);

app.Run();
URI result
/products?pageNumber=3 已返回 3
/products 已返回 1
/products2 已返回 1

前面的可为空默认值适用于所有源:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapPost("/products", (Product? product) => { });

app.Run();

如果未发送请求正文,则前面的代码将使用 null 产品调用方法。

注意:如果提供的数据无效并且参数可为空,则路由处理程序不运行。

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/products", (int? pageNumber) => $"Requesting page {pageNumber ?? 1}");

app.Run();
URI result
/products?pageNumber=3 已返回 3
/products 已返回 1
/products?pageNumber=two BadHttpRequestException:无法从“two”绑定参数 "Nullable<int> pageNumber"
/products/two HTTP 404 错误,无匹配的路由

有关详细信息,请参阅绑定失败部分。

特殊类型

以下类型在绑定时没有显式特性:

  • HttpContext:包含有关当前 HTTP 请求或响应的所有信息的上下文:

    app.MapGet("/", (HttpContext context) => context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello World"));
    
  • HttpRequestHttpResponse:HTTP 请求和 HTTP 响应:

    app.MapGet("/", (HttpRequest request, HttpResponse response) =>
        response.WriteAsync($"Hello World {request.Query["name"]}"));
    
  • CancellationToken:与当前 HTTP 请求关联的取消标记:

    app.MapGet("/", async (CancellationToken cancellationToken) => 
        await MakeLongRunningRequestAsync(cancellationToken));
    
  • ClaimsPrincipal:与请求关联的用户,从 HttpContext.User 进行绑定:

    app.MapGet("/", (ClaimsPrincipal user) => user.Identity.Name);
    

将请求正文绑定为 StreamPipeReader

请求正文可以绑定为 StreamPipeReader,以有效支持用户必须处理数据的情况,以及:

  • 将数据存储在 Blob 存储中,或将数据排入队列提供程序的队列。
  • 使用工作进程或云功能处理存储的数据。

例如,数据可能排队到 Azure 队列存储 或存储在 Azure Blob 存储中。

以下代码可实现后台队列:

using System.Text.Json;
using System.Threading.Channels;

namespace BackgroundQueueService;

class BackgroundQueue : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> _queue;
    private readonly ILogger<BackgroundQueue> _logger;

    public BackgroundQueue(Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> queue,
                               ILogger<BackgroundQueue> logger)
    {
        _queue = queue;
        _logger = logger;
    }

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
    {
        await foreach (var dataStream in _queue.Reader.ReadAllAsync(stoppingToken))
        {
            try
            {
                var person = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Person>(dataStream.Span)!;
                _logger.LogInformation($"{person.Name} is {person.Age} " +
                                       $"years and from {person.Country}");
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                _logger.LogError(ex.Message);
            }
        }
    }
}

class Person
{
    public string Name { get; set; } = String.Empty;
    public int Age { get; set; }
    public string Country { get; set; } = String.Empty;
}

以下代码将请求正文绑定到 Stream

app.MapPost("/register", async (HttpRequest req, Stream body,
                                 Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> queue) =>
{
    if (req.ContentLength is not null && req.ContentLength > maxMessageSize)
    {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }

    // We're not above the message size and we have a content length, or
    // we're a chunked request and we're going to read up to the maxMessageSize + 1. 
    // We add one to the message size so that we can detect when a chunked request body
    // is bigger than our configured max.
    var readSize = (int?)req.ContentLength ?? (maxMessageSize + 1);

    var buffer = new byte[readSize];

    // Read at least that many bytes from the body.
    var read = await body.ReadAtLeastAsync(buffer, readSize, throwOnEndOfStream: false);

    // We read more than the max, so this is a bad request.
    if (read > maxMessageSize)
    {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }

    // Attempt to send the buffer to the background queue.
    if (queue.Writer.TryWrite(buffer.AsMemory(0..read)))
    {
        return Results.Accepted();
    }

    // We couldn't accept the message since we're overloaded.
    return Results.StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests);
});

以下代码显示完整的 Program.cs 文件:

using System.Threading.Channels;
using BackgroundQueueService;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
// The max memory to use for the upload endpoint on this instance.
var maxMemory = 500 * 1024 * 1024;

// The max size of a single message, staying below the default LOH size of 85K.
var maxMessageSize = 80 * 1024;

// The max size of the queue based on those restrictions
var maxQueueSize = maxMemory / maxMessageSize;

// Create a channel to send data to the background queue.
builder.Services.AddSingleton<Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>>>((_) =>
                     Channel.CreateBounded<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>>(maxQueueSize));

// Create a background queue service.
builder.Services.AddHostedService<BackgroundQueue>();
var app = builder.Build();

// curl --request POST 'https://localhost:<port>/register' --header 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-raw '{ "Name":"Samson", "Age": 23, "Country":"Nigeria" }'
// curl --request POST "https://localhost:<port>/register" --header "Content-Type: application/json" --data-raw "{ \"Name\":\"Samson\", \"Age\": 23, \"Country\":\"Nigeria\" }"
app.MapPost("/register", async (HttpRequest req, Stream body,
                                 Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> queue) =>
{
    if (req.ContentLength is not null && req.ContentLength > maxMessageSize)
    {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }

    // We're not above the message size and we have a content length, or
    // we're a chunked request and we're going to read up to the maxMessageSize + 1. 
    // We add one to the message size so that we can detect when a chunked request body
    // is bigger than our configured max.
    var readSize = (int?)req.ContentLength ?? (maxMessageSize + 1);

    var buffer = new byte[readSize];

    // Read at least that many bytes from the body.
    var read = await body.ReadAtLeastAsync(buffer, readSize, throwOnEndOfStream: false);

    // We read more than the max, so this is a bad request.
    if (read > maxMessageSize)
    {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }

    // Attempt to send the buffer to the background queue.
    if (queue.Writer.TryWrite(buffer.AsMemory(0..read)))
    {
        return Results.Accepted();
    }

    // We couldn't accept the message since we're overloaded.
    return Results.StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests);
});

app.Run();
  • 读取数据时,Stream 是与 HttpRequest.Body 相同的对象。
  • 默认情况下,不缓冲请求正文。 读取正文后,不支持后退。 无法多次读取流。
  • 不能在最小操作处理程序之外使用 StreamPipeReader,因为基础缓冲区将被释放或重用。

使用 IFormFile 和 IFormFileCollection 上传文件

以下代码使用 IFormFileIFormFileCollection 上传文件:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/", () => "Hello World!");

app.MapPost("/upload", async (IFormFile file) =>
{
    var tempFile = Path.GetTempFileName();
    app.Logger.LogInformation(tempFile);
    using var stream = File.OpenWrite(tempFile);
    await file.CopyToAsync(stream);
});

app.MapPost("/upload_many", async (IFormFileCollection myFiles) =>
{
    foreach (var file in myFiles)
    {
        var tempFile = Path.GetTempFileName();
        app.Logger.LogInformation(tempFile);
        using var stream = File.OpenWrite(tempFile);
        await file.CopyToAsync(stream);
    }
});

app.Run();

使用授权标头客户端证书或 cookie 标头支持经过身份验证的文件上传请求。

使用 IFormCollection、IFormFile 和 IFormFileCollection 绑定到表单

支持使用 IFormCollectionIFormFileIFormFileCollection 从基于表单的参数进行绑定。 OpenAPI 元数据针对表单参数进行推断,以支持与 Swagger UI 集成。

以下代码使用从 IFormFile 类型推断的绑定上传文件:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Antiforgery;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.HttpResults;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder();

builder.Services.AddAntiforgery();

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseAntiforgery();

string GetOrCreateFilePath(string fileName, string filesDirectory = "uploadFiles")
{
    var directoryPath = Path.Combine(app.Environment.ContentRootPath, filesDirectory);
    Directory.CreateDirectory(directoryPath);
    return Path.Combine(directoryPath, fileName);
}

async Task UploadFileWithName(IFormFile file, string fileSaveName)
{
    var filePath = GetOrCreateFilePath(fileSaveName);
    await using var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create);
    await file.CopyToAsync(fileStream);
}

app.MapGet("/", (HttpContext context, IAntiforgery antiforgery) =>
{
    var token = antiforgery.GetAndStoreTokens(context);
    var html = $"""
      <html>
        <body>
          <form action="/upload" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
            <input name="{token.FormFieldName}" type="hidden" value="{token.RequestToken}"/>
            <input type="file" name="file" placeholder="Upload an image..." accept=".jpg, 
                                                                            .jpeg, .png" />
            <input type="submit" />
          </form> 
        </body>
      </html>
    """;

    return Results.Content(html, "text/html");
});

app.MapPost("/upload", async Task<Results<Ok<string>,
   BadRequest<string>>> (IFormFile file, HttpContext context, IAntiforgery antiforgery) =>
{
    var fileSaveName = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N") + Path.GetExtension(file.FileName);
    await UploadFileWithName(file, fileSaveName);
    return TypedResults.Ok("File uploaded successfully!");
});

app.Run();

警告:实现表单时,应用必须防止跨网站请求伪造 (XSRF/CSRF) 攻击。 在上述代码中,IAntiforgery 服务用于通过生成和验证防伪令牌来防止 XSRF 攻击:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Antiforgery;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.HttpResults;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder();

builder.Services.AddAntiforgery();

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseAntiforgery();

string GetOrCreateFilePath(string fileName, string filesDirectory = "uploadFiles")
{
    var directoryPath = Path.Combine(app.Environment.ContentRootPath, filesDirectory);
    Directory.CreateDirectory(directoryPath);
    return Path.Combine(directoryPath, fileName);
}

async Task UploadFileWithName(IFormFile file, string fileSaveName)
{
    var filePath = GetOrCreateFilePath(fileSaveName);
    await using var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create);
    await file.CopyToAsync(fileStream);
}

app.MapGet("/", (HttpContext context, IAntiforgery antiforgery) =>
{
    var token = antiforgery.GetAndStoreTokens(context);
    var html = $"""
      <html>
        <body>
          <form action="/upload" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
            <input name="{token.FormFieldName}" type="hidden" value="{token.RequestToken}"/>
            <input type="file" name="file" placeholder="Upload an image..." accept=".jpg, 
                                                                            .jpeg, .png" />
            <input type="submit" />
          </form> 
        </body>
      </html>
    """;

    return Results.Content(html, "text/html");
});

app.MapPost("/upload", async Task<Results<Ok<string>,
   BadRequest<string>>> (IFormFile file, HttpContext context, IAntiforgery antiforgery) =>
{
    var fileSaveName = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N") + Path.GetExtension(file.FileName);
    await UploadFileWithName(file, fileSaveName);
    return TypedResults.Ok("File uploaded successfully!");
});

app.Run();

有关 XSRF 攻击的详细信息,请参阅使用最少 API 进行防伪造

有关详细信息,请参阅 Form binding in minimal APIs(最小 API 中的表单绑定);

绑定到窗体中的连接和复杂类型

以下支持绑定:

  • 集合,例如列表字典
  • 复杂类型,例如 TodoProject

下面的代码演示:

  • 将多部分表单输入绑定到复杂对象的最小终结点。
  • 如何使用防伪服务来支持生成和验证防伪令牌。
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Antiforgery;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.HttpResults;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddAntiforgery();

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseAntiforgery();

app.MapGet("/", (HttpContext context, IAntiforgery antiforgery) =>
{
    var token = antiforgery.GetAndStoreTokens(context);
    var html = $"""
        <html><body>
           <form action="/todo" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
               <input name="{token.FormFieldName}" 
                                type="hidden" value="{token.RequestToken}" />
               <input type="text" name="name" />
               <input type="date" name="dueDate" />
               <input type="checkbox" name="isCompleted" value="true" />
               <input type="submit" />
               <input name="isCompleted" type="hidden" value="false" /> 
           </form>
        </body></html>
    """;
    return Results.Content(html, "text/html");
});

app.MapPost("/todo", async Task<Results<Ok<Todo>, BadRequest<string>>> 
               ([FromForm] Todo todo, HttpContext context, IAntiforgery antiforgery) =>
{
    try
    {
        await antiforgery.ValidateRequestAsync(context);
        return TypedResults.Ok(todo);
    }
    catch (AntiforgeryValidationException e)
    {
        return TypedResults.BadRequest("Invalid anti-forgery token");
    }
});

app.Run();

class Todo
{
    public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
    public bool IsCompleted { get; set; } = false;
    public DateTime DueDate { get; set; } = DateTime.Now.Add(TimeSpan.FromDays(1));
}

在上述代码中:

  • 必须使用“[FromForm]”属性对目标参数进行批注,与应从 JSON 正文中读取的参数进行区分。
  • 使用请求委托生成器编译的最小 API 不支持从复杂或集合类型进行绑定
  • 该标记显示了一个额外的隐藏输入,其名称为 isCompleted,值为 false。 如果在提交表单时选中了 isCompleted 复选框,则 truefalse 两个值都会作为值提交。 如果未选中该复选框,则仅提交隐藏输入值 false。 ASP.NET Core 模型绑定进程在绑定到 bool 值时仅读取第一个值,这导致选中的复选框为 true,未选中的复选框为 false

提交到上述终结点的表单数据示例如下所示:

__RequestVerificationToken: CfDJ8Bveip67DklJm5vI2PF2VOUZ594RC8kcGWpTnVV17zCLZi1yrs-CSz426ZRRrQnEJ0gybB0AD7hTU-0EGJXDU-OaJaktgAtWLIaaEWMOWCkoxYYm-9U9eLV7INSUrQ6yBHqdMEE_aJpD4AI72gYiCqc
name: Walk the dog
dueDate: 2024-04-06
isCompleted: true
isCompleted: false

绑定标头和查询字符串中的数组和字符串值

下面的代码展示如何将查询字符串绑定到基元类型、字符串数组和 StringValues 数组:

// Bind query string values to a primitive type array.
// GET  /tags?q=1&q=2&q=3
app.MapGet("/tags", (int[] q) =>
                      $"tag1: {q[0]} , tag2: {q[1]}, tag3: {q[2]}");

// Bind to a string array.
// GET /tags2?names=john&names=jack&names=jane
app.MapGet("/tags2", (string[] names) =>
            $"tag1: {names[0]} , tag2: {names[1]}, tag3: {names[2]}");

// Bind to StringValues.
// GET /tags3?names=john&names=jack&names=jane
app.MapGet("/tags3", (StringValues names) =>
            $"tag1: {names[0]} , tag2: {names[1]}, tag3: {names[2]}");

在类型实现 TryParse 时,支持将查询字符串或标头值绑定到复杂类型的数组。 以下代码绑定到字符串数组,并返回具有指定标记的所有项:

// GET /todoitems/tags?tags=home&tags=work
app.MapGet("/todoitems/tags", async (Tag[] tags, TodoDb db) =>
{
    return await db.Todos
        .Where(t => tags.Select(i => i.Name).Contains(t.Tag.Name))
        .ToListAsync();
});

以下代码显示了模型和所需的 TryParse 实现:

public class Todo
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string? Name { get; set; }
    public bool IsComplete { get; set; }

    // This is an owned entity. 
    public Tag Tag { get; set; } = new();
}

[Owned]
public class Tag
{
    public string? Name { get; set; } = "n/a";

    public static bool TryParse(string? name, out Tag tag)
    {
        if (name is null)
        {
            tag = default!;
            return false;
        }

        tag = new Tag { Name = name };
        return true;
    }
}

以下代码绑定到 int 数组:

// GET /todoitems/query-string-ids?ids=1&ids=3
app.MapGet("/todoitems/query-string-ids", async (int[] ids, TodoDb db) =>
{
    return await db.Todos
        .Where(t => ids.Contains(t.Id))
        .ToListAsync();
});

若要测试上述代码,请添加以下终结点以使用 Todo 项填充数据库:

// POST /todoitems/batch
app.MapPost("/todoitems/batch", async (Todo[] todos, TodoDb db) =>
{
    await db.Todos.AddRangeAsync(todos);
    await db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.Ok(todos);
});

使用 HttpRepl 之类的工具将以下数据传递给上一终结点:

[
    {
        "id": 1,
        "name": "Have Breakfast",
        "isComplete": true,
        "tag": {
            "name": "home"
        }
    },
    {
        "id": 2,
        "name": "Have Lunch",
        "isComplete": true,
        "tag": {
            "name": "work"
        }
    },
    {
        "id": 3,
        "name": "Have Supper",
        "isComplete": true,
        "tag": {
            "name": "home"
        }
    },
    {
        "id": 4,
        "name": "Have Snacks",
        "isComplete": true,
        "tag": {
            "name": "N/A"
        }
    }
]

以下代码绑定到标头键 X-Todo-Id,并返回具有匹配 Id 值的 Todo 项:

// GET /todoitems/header-ids
// The keys of the headers should all be X-Todo-Id with different values
app.MapGet("/todoitems/header-ids", async ([FromHeader(Name = "X-Todo-Id")] int[] ids, TodoDb db) =>
{
    return await db.Todos
        .Where(t => ids.Contains(t.Id))
        .ToListAsync();
});

注意

从查询字符串绑定 string[] 时,缺少任何匹配的查询字符串值都会导致空数组而不是 null 值。

使用 [AsParameters] 对参数列表进行参数绑定

AsParametersAttribute 启用对类型的简单参数绑定而不是复杂或递归模型绑定。

考虑下列代码:

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using TodoApi.Models;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddDatabaseDeveloperPageExceptionFilter();
builder.Services.AddDbContext<TodoDb>(opt => opt.UseInMemoryDatabase("TodoList"));
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/todoitems", async (TodoDb db) =>
    await db.Todos.Select(x => new TodoItemDTO(x)).ToListAsync());

app.MapGet("/todoitems/{id}",
                             async (int Id, TodoDb Db) =>
    await Db.Todos.FindAsync(Id)
        is Todo todo
            ? Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo))
            : Results.NotFound());
// Remaining code removed for brevity.

请考虑以下 GET 终结点:

app.MapGet("/todoitems/{id}",
                             async (int Id, TodoDb Db) =>
    await Db.Todos.FindAsync(Id)
        is Todo todo
            ? Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo))
            : Results.NotFound());

以下 struct 可用于替换上述突出显示的参数:

struct TodoItemRequest
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public TodoDb Db { get; set; }
}

重构的 GET 终结点将上述 structAsParameters 属性一起使用:

app.MapGet("/ap/todoitems/{id}",
                                async ([AsParameters] TodoItemRequest request) =>
    await request.Db.Todos.FindAsync(request.Id)
        is Todo todo
            ? Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo))
            : Results.NotFound());

以下代码显示应用中的其他终结点:

app.MapPost("/todoitems", async (TodoItemDTO Dto, TodoDb Db) =>
{
    var todoItem = new Todo
    {
        IsComplete = Dto.IsComplete,
        Name = Dto.Name
    };

    Db.Todos.Add(todoItem);
    await Db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.Created($"/todoitems/{todoItem.Id}", new TodoItemDTO(todoItem));
});

app.MapPut("/todoitems/{id}", async (int Id, TodoItemDTO Dto, TodoDb Db) =>
{
    var todo = await Db.Todos.FindAsync(Id);

    if (todo is null) return Results.NotFound();

    todo.Name = Dto.Name;
    todo.IsComplete = Dto.IsComplete;

    await Db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.NoContent();
});

app.MapDelete("/todoitems/{id}", async (int Id, TodoDb Db) =>
{
    if (await Db.Todos.FindAsync(Id) is Todo todo)
    {
        Db.Todos.Remove(todo);
        await Db.SaveChangesAsync();
        return Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo));
    }

    return Results.NotFound();
});

以下类用于重构参数列表:

class CreateTodoItemRequest
{
    public TodoItemDTO Dto { get; set; } = default!;
    public TodoDb Db { get; set; } = default!;
}

class EditTodoItemRequest
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public TodoItemDTO Dto { get; set; } = default!;
    public TodoDb Db { get; set; } = default!;
}

以下代码显示了使用 AsParameters 和上述 struct 及类的重构终结点:

app.MapPost("/ap/todoitems", async ([AsParameters] CreateTodoItemRequest request) =>
{
    var todoItem = new Todo
    {
        IsComplete = request.Dto.IsComplete,
        Name = request.Dto.Name
    };

    request.Db.Todos.Add(todoItem);
    await request.Db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.Created($"/todoitems/{todoItem.Id}", new TodoItemDTO(todoItem));
});

app.MapPut("/ap/todoitems/{id}", async ([AsParameters] EditTodoItemRequest request) =>
{
    var todo = await request.Db.Todos.FindAsync(request.Id);

    if (todo is null) return Results.NotFound();

    todo.Name = request.Dto.Name;
    todo.IsComplete = request.Dto.IsComplete;

    await request.Db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.NoContent();
});

app.MapDelete("/ap/todoitems/{id}", async ([AsParameters] TodoItemRequest request) =>
{
    if (await request.Db.Todos.FindAsync(request.Id) is Todo todo)
    {
        request.Db.Todos.Remove(todo);
        await request.Db.SaveChangesAsync();
        return Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo));
    }

    return Results.NotFound();
});

以下 record 类型可用于替换上述参数:

record TodoItemRequest(int Id, TodoDb Db);
record CreateTodoItemRequest(TodoItemDTO Dto, TodoDb Db);
record EditTodoItemRequest(int Id, TodoItemDTO Dto, TodoDb Db);

structAsParameters 一起使用可能比使用 record 类型性能更佳。

AspNetCore.Docs.Samples 存储库中的完整示例代码

自定义绑定

自定义参数绑定有两种方法:

  1. 对于路由、查询和标头绑定源,通过添加类型的静态 TryParse 方法来绑定自定义类型。
  2. 通过对类型实现 BindAsync 方法来控制绑定过程。

TryParse

TryParse 具有两个 API:

public static bool TryParse(string value, out T result);
public static bool TryParse(string value, IFormatProvider provider, out T result);

下面的代码显示带有 URI /map?Point=12.3,10.1Point: 12.3, 10.1

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

// GET /map?Point=12.3,10.1
app.MapGet("/map", (Point point) => $"Point: {point.X}, {point.Y}");

app.Run();

public class Point
{
    public double X { get; set; }
    public double Y { get; set; }

    public static bool TryParse(string? value, IFormatProvider? provider,
                                out Point? point)
    {
        // Format is "(12.3,10.1)"
        var trimmedValue = value?.TrimStart('(').TrimEnd(')');
        var segments = trimmedValue?.Split(',',
                StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
        if (segments?.Length == 2
            && double.TryParse(segments[0], out var x)
            && double.TryParse(segments[1], out var y))
        {
            point = new Point { X = x, Y = y };
            return true;
        }

        point = null;
        return false;
    }
}

BindAsync

BindAsync 具有以下 API:

public static ValueTask<T?> BindAsync(HttpContext context, ParameterInfo parameter);
public static ValueTask<T?> BindAsync(HttpContext context);

下面的代码显示带有 URI /products?SortBy=xyz&SortDir=Desc&Page=99SortBy:xyz, SortDirection:Desc, CurrentPage:99

using System.Reflection;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

// GET /products?SortBy=xyz&SortDir=Desc&Page=99
app.MapGet("/products", (PagingData pageData) => $"SortBy:{pageData.SortBy}, " +
       $"SortDirection:{pageData.SortDirection}, CurrentPage:{pageData.CurrentPage}");

app.Run();

public class PagingData
{
    public string? SortBy { get; init; }
    public SortDirection SortDirection { get; init; }
    public int CurrentPage { get; init; } = 1;

    public static ValueTask<PagingData?> BindAsync(HttpContext context,
                                                   ParameterInfo parameter)
    {
        const string sortByKey = "sortBy";
        const string sortDirectionKey = "sortDir";
        const string currentPageKey = "page";

        Enum.TryParse<SortDirection>(context.Request.Query[sortDirectionKey],
                                     ignoreCase: true, out var sortDirection);
        int.TryParse(context.Request.Query[currentPageKey], out var page);
        page = page == 0 ? 1 : page;

        var result = new PagingData
        {
            SortBy = context.Request.Query[sortByKey],
            SortDirection = sortDirection,
            CurrentPage = page
        };

        return ValueTask.FromResult<PagingData?>(result);
    }
}

public enum SortDirection
{
    Default,
    Asc,
    Desc
}

绑定失败

绑定失败时,框架会记录调试消息,并根据失败模式将各种状态代码返回到客户端。

故障模式 可为空参数类型 绑定源 状态代码
{ParameterType}.TryParse 返回 false route/query/header 400
{ParameterType}.BindAsync 返回 null 自定义 400
{ParameterType}.BindAsync 引发 不重要 custom 500
未能反序列化 JSON 正文 不重要 body 400
错误的内容类型(不是 application/json 不重要 body 415

绑定优先级

用于从参数确定绑定源的规则:

  1. 按以下顺序在参数(From* 属性)上定义的显式属性:
    1. 路由值:[FromRoute]
    2. 查询字符串:[FromQuery]
    3. 标头:[FromHeader]
    4. 正文:[FromBody]
    5. 窗体:[FromForm]
    6. 一个服务:[FromServices]
    7. 参数值:[AsParameters]
  2. 特殊类型
    1. HttpContext
    2. HttpRequest (HttpContext.Request)
    3. HttpResponse (HttpContext.Response)
    4. ClaimsPrincipal (HttpContext.User)
    5. CancellationToken (HttpContext.RequestAborted)
    6. IFormCollection (HttpContext.Request.Form)
    7. IFormFileCollection (HttpContext.Request.Form.Files)
    8. IFormFile (HttpContext.Request.Form.Files[paramName])
    9. Stream (HttpContext.Request.Body)
    10. PipeReader (HttpContext.Request.BodyReader)
  3. 参数类型具有有效的静态 BindAsync 方法。
  4. 参数类型为字符串或具有有效的静态 TryParse 方法。
    1. 如果路由模板中存在参数名称(例如 app.Map("/todo/{id}", (int id) => {});),则将从路由中绑定它。
    2. 从查询字符串进行绑定。
  5. 如果参数类型为依赖项注入提供的服务,则它将该服务用作源。
  6. 参数来自正文。

为正文绑定配置 JSON 反序列化选项

正文绑定源使用 System.Text.Json 进行反序列化。 不能更改此默认值,但可以配置 JSON 序列化和反序列化选项

全局配置 JSON 反序列化选项

全局应用于应用的选项可以通过调用 ConfigureHttpJsonOptions 进行配置。 以下示例包括公共字段,并设置 JSON 输出的格式。

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.ConfigureHttpJsonOptions(options => {
    options.SerializerOptions.WriteIndented = true;
    options.SerializerOptions.IncludeFields = true;
});

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapPost("/", (Todo todo) => {
    if (todo is not null) {
        todo.Name = todo.NameField;
    }
    return todo;
});

app.Run();

class Todo {
    public string? Name { get; set; }
    public string? NameField;
    public bool IsComplete { get; set; }
}
// If the request body contains the following JSON:
//
// {"nameField":"Walk dog", "isComplete":false}
//
// The endpoint returns the following JSON:
//
// {
//    "name":"Walk dog",
//    "nameField":"Walk dog",
//    "isComplete":false
// }

由于示例代码同时配置序列化和反序列化,因此它可以读取 NameField 并在输出 JSON 中包含 NameField

为终结点配置 JSON 反序列化选项

ReadFromJsonAsync 具有接受 JsonSerializerOptions 对象的重载。 以下示例包括公共字段,并设置 JSON 输出的格式。

using System.Text.Json;

var app = WebApplication.Create();

var options = new JsonSerializerOptions(JsonSerializerDefaults.Web) { 
    IncludeFields = true, 
    WriteIndented = true
};

app.MapPost("/", async (HttpContext context) => {
    if (context.Request.HasJsonContentType()) {
        var todo = await context.Request.ReadFromJsonAsync<Todo>(options);
        if (todo is not null) {
            todo.Name = todo.NameField;
        }
        return Results.Ok(todo);
    }
    else {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }
});

app.Run();

class Todo
{
    public string? Name { get; set; }
    public string? NameField;
    public bool IsComplete { get; set; }
}
// If the request body contains the following JSON:
//
// {"nameField":"Walk dog", "isComplete":false}
//
// The endpoint returns the following JSON:
//
// {
//    "name":"Walk dog",
//    "isComplete":false
// }

由于上述代码仅将自定义选项应用于反序列化,输出 JSON 不包括 NameField

读取请求正文

使用 HttpContextHttpRequest 参数直接读取请求正文:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapPost("/uploadstream", async (IConfiguration config, HttpRequest request) =>
{
    var filePath = Path.Combine(config["StoredFilesPath"], Path.GetRandomFileName());

    await using var writeStream = File.Create(filePath);
    await request.BodyReader.CopyToAsync(writeStream);
});

app.Run();

前面的代码:

参数绑定是将请求数据转换为由路由处理程序表示的强类型参数的过程。 绑定源确定绑定参数的位置。 绑定源可以是显式的,也可以是基于 HTTP 方法和参数类型推断的。

支持的绑定源:

  • 路由值
  • 查询字符串
  • 标头
  • 主体(如 JSON)
  • 依赖项注入提供的服务
  • 自定义

.NET 6 和 7 本身不支持从窗体值进行绑定。

下面的 GET 路由处理程序使用其中一些参数绑定源:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Added as service
builder.Services.AddSingleton<Service>();

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/{id}", (int id,
                     int page,
                     [FromHeader(Name = "X-CUSTOM-HEADER")] string customHeader,
                     Service service) => { });

class Service { }

下表显示了前面的示例中使用的参数与关联的绑定源之间的关系。

参数 绑定源
id 路由值
page 查询字符串
customHeader 标头的值开始缓存响应
service 由依赖项注入提供

HTTP 方法 GETHEADOPTIONSDELETE 不会从正文隐式绑定。 如需从这些 HTTP 方法的主体(如 JSON)进行绑定,可以使用 [FromBody]显式绑定或从 HttpRequest 读取。

以下示例 POST 路由处理程序将主体(如 JSON)的绑定源用于 person 参数:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapPost("/", (Person person) => { });

record Person(string Name, int Age);

上述示例中的参数都自动从请求数据绑定。 为了演示参数绑定的便利性,以下路由处理程序演示如何直接从请求读取请求数据:

app.MapGet("/{id}", (HttpRequest request) =>
{
    var id = request.RouteValues["id"];
    var page = request.Query["page"];
    var customHeader = request.Headers["X-CUSTOM-HEADER"];

    // ...
});

app.MapPost("/", async (HttpRequest request) =>
{
    var person = await request.ReadFromJsonAsync<Person>();

    // ...
});

显式参数绑定

特性可用于显式声明绑定参数的位置。

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Added as service
builder.Services.AddSingleton<Service>();

var app = builder.Build();


app.MapGet("/{id}", ([FromRoute] int id,
                     [FromQuery(Name = "p")] int page,
                     [FromServices] Service service,
                     [FromHeader(Name = "Content-Type")] string contentType) 
                     => {});

class Service { }

record Person(string Name, int Age);
参数 绑定源
id 名称为 id 的路由值
page 名称为 "p" 的查询字符串
service 由依赖项注入提供
contentType 名称为 "Content-Type" 的标头

注意

.NET 6 和 7 本身不支持从窗体值进行绑定。

通过依赖关系注入进行参数绑定

当类型配置为服务时,最小 API 的参数绑定通过依赖关系注入绑定参数。 无需将 [FromServices] 属性显式应用于参数。 在以下代码中,这两个操作返回时间:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IDateTime, SystemDateTime>();

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/",   (               IDateTime dateTime) => dateTime.Now);
app.MapGet("/fs", ([FromServices] IDateTime dateTime) => dateTime.Now);
app.Run();

可选参数

在路由处理程序中声明的参数被视为必需参数:

  • 如果请求与路由匹配,则只有在请求中提供了所有必需的参数时,路由处理程序才会运行。
  • 未能提供所有必需的参数会导致错误。
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/products", (int pageNumber) => $"Requesting page {pageNumber}");

app.Run();
URI result
/products?pageNumber=3 已返回 3
/products BadHttpRequestException:查询字符串中未提供必需的参数“int pageNumber”。
/products/1 HTTP 404 错误,无匹配的路由

若要设置为 pageNumber 可选,请将类型定义为可选,或提供默认值:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/products", (int? pageNumber) => $"Requesting page {pageNumber ?? 1}");

string ListProducts(int pageNumber = 1) => $"Requesting page {pageNumber}";

app.MapGet("/products2", ListProducts);

app.Run();
URI result
/products?pageNumber=3 已返回 3
/products 已返回 1
/products2 已返回 1

前面的可为空默认值适用于所有源:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapPost("/products", (Product? product) => { });

app.Run();

如果未发送请求正文,则前面的代码将使用 null 产品调用方法。

注意:如果提供的数据无效并且参数可为空,则路由处理程序不运行。

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/products", (int? pageNumber) => $"Requesting page {pageNumber ?? 1}");

app.Run();
URI result
/products?pageNumber=3 已返回 3
/products 已返回 1
/products?pageNumber=two BadHttpRequestException:无法从“two”绑定参数 "Nullable<int> pageNumber"
/products/two HTTP 404 错误,无匹配的路由

有关详细信息,请参阅绑定失败部分。

特殊类型

以下类型在绑定时没有显式特性:

  • HttpContext:包含有关当前 HTTP 请求或响应的所有信息的上下文:

    app.MapGet("/", (HttpContext context) => context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello World"));
    
  • HttpRequestHttpResponse:HTTP 请求和 HTTP 响应:

    app.MapGet("/", (HttpRequest request, HttpResponse response) =>
        response.WriteAsync($"Hello World {request.Query["name"]}"));
    
  • CancellationToken:与当前 HTTP 请求关联的取消标记:

    app.MapGet("/", async (CancellationToken cancellationToken) => 
        await MakeLongRunningRequestAsync(cancellationToken));
    
  • ClaimsPrincipal:与请求关联的用户,从 HttpContext.User 进行绑定:

    app.MapGet("/", (ClaimsPrincipal user) => user.Identity.Name);
    

将请求正文绑定为 StreamPipeReader

请求正文可以绑定为 StreamPipeReader,以有效支持用户必须处理数据的情况,以及:

  • 将数据存储在 Blob 存储中,或将数据排入队列提供程序的队列。
  • 使用工作进程或云功能处理存储的数据。

例如,数据可能排队到 Azure 队列存储 或存储在 Azure Blob 存储中。

以下代码可实现后台队列:

using System.Text.Json;
using System.Threading.Channels;

namespace BackgroundQueueService;

class BackgroundQueue : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> _queue;
    private readonly ILogger<BackgroundQueue> _logger;

    public BackgroundQueue(Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> queue,
                               ILogger<BackgroundQueue> logger)
    {
        _queue = queue;
        _logger = logger;
    }

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
    {
        await foreach (var dataStream in _queue.Reader.ReadAllAsync(stoppingToken))
        {
            try
            {
                var person = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Person>(dataStream.Span)!;
                _logger.LogInformation($"{person.Name} is {person.Age} " +
                                       $"years and from {person.Country}");
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                _logger.LogError(ex.Message);
            }
        }
    }
}

class Person
{
    public string Name { get; set; } = String.Empty;
    public int Age { get; set; }
    public string Country { get; set; } = String.Empty;
}

以下代码将请求正文绑定到 Stream

app.MapPost("/register", async (HttpRequest req, Stream body,
                                 Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> queue) =>
{
    if (req.ContentLength is not null && req.ContentLength > maxMessageSize)
    {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }

    // We're not above the message size and we have a content length, or
    // we're a chunked request and we're going to read up to the maxMessageSize + 1. 
    // We add one to the message size so that we can detect when a chunked request body
    // is bigger than our configured max.
    var readSize = (int?)req.ContentLength ?? (maxMessageSize + 1);

    var buffer = new byte[readSize];

    // Read at least that many bytes from the body.
    var read = await body.ReadAtLeastAsync(buffer, readSize, throwOnEndOfStream: false);

    // We read more than the max, so this is a bad request.
    if (read > maxMessageSize)
    {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }

    // Attempt to send the buffer to the background queue.
    if (queue.Writer.TryWrite(buffer.AsMemory(0..read)))
    {
        return Results.Accepted();
    }

    // We couldn't accept the message since we're overloaded.
    return Results.StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests);
});

以下代码显示完整的 Program.cs 文件:

using System.Threading.Channels;
using BackgroundQueueService;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
// The max memory to use for the upload endpoint on this instance.
var maxMemory = 500 * 1024 * 1024;

// The max size of a single message, staying below the default LOH size of 85K.
var maxMessageSize = 80 * 1024;

// The max size of the queue based on those restrictions
var maxQueueSize = maxMemory / maxMessageSize;

// Create a channel to send data to the background queue.
builder.Services.AddSingleton<Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>>>((_) =>
                     Channel.CreateBounded<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>>(maxQueueSize));

// Create a background queue service.
builder.Services.AddHostedService<BackgroundQueue>();
var app = builder.Build();

// curl --request POST 'https://localhost:<port>/register' --header 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-raw '{ "Name":"Samson", "Age": 23, "Country":"Nigeria" }'
// curl --request POST "https://localhost:<port>/register" --header "Content-Type: application/json" --data-raw "{ \"Name\":\"Samson\", \"Age\": 23, \"Country\":\"Nigeria\" }"
app.MapPost("/register", async (HttpRequest req, Stream body,
                                 Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> queue) =>
{
    if (req.ContentLength is not null && req.ContentLength > maxMessageSize)
    {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }

    // We're not above the message size and we have a content length, or
    // we're a chunked request and we're going to read up to the maxMessageSize + 1. 
    // We add one to the message size so that we can detect when a chunked request body
    // is bigger than our configured max.
    var readSize = (int?)req.ContentLength ?? (maxMessageSize + 1);

    var buffer = new byte[readSize];

    // Read at least that many bytes from the body.
    var read = await body.ReadAtLeastAsync(buffer, readSize, throwOnEndOfStream: false);

    // We read more than the max, so this is a bad request.
    if (read > maxMessageSize)
    {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }

    // Attempt to send the buffer to the background queue.
    if (queue.Writer.TryWrite(buffer.AsMemory(0..read)))
    {
        return Results.Accepted();
    }

    // We couldn't accept the message since we're overloaded.
    return Results.StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests);
});

app.Run();
  • 读取数据时,Stream 是与 HttpRequest.Body 相同的对象。
  • 默认情况下,不缓冲请求正文。 读取正文后,不支持后退。 无法多次读取流。
  • 不能在最小操作处理程序之外使用 StreamPipeReader,因为基础缓冲区将被释放或重用。

使用 IFormFile 和 IFormFileCollection 上传文件

以下代码使用 IFormFileIFormFileCollection 上传文件:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/", () => "Hello World!");

app.MapPost("/upload", async (IFormFile file) =>
{
    var tempFile = Path.GetTempFileName();
    app.Logger.LogInformation(tempFile);
    using var stream = File.OpenWrite(tempFile);
    await file.CopyToAsync(stream);
});

app.MapPost("/upload_many", async (IFormFileCollection myFiles) =>
{
    foreach (var file in myFiles)
    {
        var tempFile = Path.GetTempFileName();
        app.Logger.LogInformation(tempFile);
        using var stream = File.OpenWrite(tempFile);
        await file.CopyToAsync(stream);
    }
});

app.Run();

使用授权标头客户端证书或 cookie 标头支持经过身份验证的文件上传请求。

ASP.NET Core 7.0 中未提供对防伪的内置支持。 防伪在 ASP.NET Core 8.0 及更高版本中可用。 但是,这可以使用 IAntiforgery 服务来实现。

绑定标头和查询字符串中的数组和字符串值

下面的代码展示如何将查询字符串绑定到基元类型、字符串数组和 StringValues 数组:

// Bind query string values to a primitive type array.
// GET  /tags?q=1&q=2&q=3
app.MapGet("/tags", (int[] q) =>
                      $"tag1: {q[0]} , tag2: {q[1]}, tag3: {q[2]}");

// Bind to a string array.
// GET /tags2?names=john&names=jack&names=jane
app.MapGet("/tags2", (string[] names) =>
            $"tag1: {names[0]} , tag2: {names[1]}, tag3: {names[2]}");

// Bind to StringValues.
// GET /tags3?names=john&names=jack&names=jane
app.MapGet("/tags3", (StringValues names) =>
            $"tag1: {names[0]} , tag2: {names[1]}, tag3: {names[2]}");

在类型实现 TryParse 时,支持将查询字符串或标头值绑定到复杂类型的数组。 以下代码绑定到字符串数组,并返回具有指定标记的所有项:

// GET /todoitems/tags?tags=home&tags=work
app.MapGet("/todoitems/tags", async (Tag[] tags, TodoDb db) =>
{
    return await db.Todos
        .Where(t => tags.Select(i => i.Name).Contains(t.Tag.Name))
        .ToListAsync();
});

以下代码显示了模型和所需的 TryParse 实现:

public class Todo
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string? Name { get; set; }
    public bool IsComplete { get; set; }

    // This is an owned entity. 
    public Tag Tag { get; set; } = new();
}

[Owned]
public class Tag
{
    public string? Name { get; set; } = "n/a";

    public static bool TryParse(string? name, out Tag tag)
    {
        if (name is null)
        {
            tag = default!;
            return false;
        }

        tag = new Tag { Name = name };
        return true;
    }
}

以下代码绑定到 int 数组:

// GET /todoitems/query-string-ids?ids=1&ids=3
app.MapGet("/todoitems/query-string-ids", async (int[] ids, TodoDb db) =>
{
    return await db.Todos
        .Where(t => ids.Contains(t.Id))
        .ToListAsync();
});

若要测试上述代码,请添加以下终结点以使用 Todo 项填充数据库:

// POST /todoitems/batch
app.MapPost("/todoitems/batch", async (Todo[] todos, TodoDb db) =>
{
    await db.Todos.AddRangeAsync(todos);
    await db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.Ok(todos);
});

使用 HttpRepl 之类的 API 测试工具将以下数据传递给上一终结点:

[
    {
        "id": 1,
        "name": "Have Breakfast",
        "isComplete": true,
        "tag": {
            "name": "home"
        }
    },
    {
        "id": 2,
        "name": "Have Lunch",
        "isComplete": true,
        "tag": {
            "name": "work"
        }
    },
    {
        "id": 3,
        "name": "Have Supper",
        "isComplete": true,
        "tag": {
            "name": "home"
        }
    },
    {
        "id": 4,
        "name": "Have Snacks",
        "isComplete": true,
        "tag": {
            "name": "N/A"
        }
    }
]

以下代码绑定到标头键 X-Todo-Id,并返回具有匹配 Id 值的 Todo 项:

// GET /todoitems/header-ids
// The keys of the headers should all be X-Todo-Id with different values
app.MapGet("/todoitems/header-ids", async ([FromHeader(Name = "X-Todo-Id")] int[] ids, TodoDb db) =>
{
    return await db.Todos
        .Where(t => ids.Contains(t.Id))
        .ToListAsync();
});

注意

从查询字符串绑定 string[] 时,缺少任何匹配的查询字符串值都会导致空数组而不是 null 值。

使用 [AsParameters] 对参数列表进行参数绑定

AsParametersAttribute 启用对类型的简单参数绑定而不是复杂或递归模型绑定。

考虑下列代码:

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using TodoApi.Models;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddDatabaseDeveloperPageExceptionFilter();
builder.Services.AddDbContext<TodoDb>(opt => opt.UseInMemoryDatabase("TodoList"));
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/todoitems", async (TodoDb db) =>
    await db.Todos.Select(x => new TodoItemDTO(x)).ToListAsync());

app.MapGet("/todoitems/{id}",
                             async (int Id, TodoDb Db) =>
    await Db.Todos.FindAsync(Id)
        is Todo todo
            ? Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo))
            : Results.NotFound());
// Remaining code removed for brevity.

请考虑以下 GET 终结点:

app.MapGet("/todoitems/{id}",
                             async (int Id, TodoDb Db) =>
    await Db.Todos.FindAsync(Id)
        is Todo todo
            ? Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo))
            : Results.NotFound());

以下 struct 可用于替换上述突出显示的参数:

struct TodoItemRequest
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public TodoDb Db { get; set; }
}

重构的 GET 终结点将上述 structAsParameters 属性一起使用:

app.MapGet("/ap/todoitems/{id}",
                                async ([AsParameters] TodoItemRequest request) =>
    await request.Db.Todos.FindAsync(request.Id)
        is Todo todo
            ? Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo))
            : Results.NotFound());

以下代码显示应用中的其他终结点:

app.MapPost("/todoitems", async (TodoItemDTO Dto, TodoDb Db) =>
{
    var todoItem = new Todo
    {
        IsComplete = Dto.IsComplete,
        Name = Dto.Name
    };

    Db.Todos.Add(todoItem);
    await Db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.Created($"/todoitems/{todoItem.Id}", new TodoItemDTO(todoItem));
});

app.MapPut("/todoitems/{id}", async (int Id, TodoItemDTO Dto, TodoDb Db) =>
{
    var todo = await Db.Todos.FindAsync(Id);

    if (todo is null) return Results.NotFound();

    todo.Name = Dto.Name;
    todo.IsComplete = Dto.IsComplete;

    await Db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.NoContent();
});

app.MapDelete("/todoitems/{id}", async (int Id, TodoDb Db) =>
{
    if (await Db.Todos.FindAsync(Id) is Todo todo)
    {
        Db.Todos.Remove(todo);
        await Db.SaveChangesAsync();
        return Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo));
    }

    return Results.NotFound();
});

以下类用于重构参数列表:

class CreateTodoItemRequest
{
    public TodoItemDTO Dto { get; set; } = default!;
    public TodoDb Db { get; set; } = default!;
}

class EditTodoItemRequest
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public TodoItemDTO Dto { get; set; } = default!;
    public TodoDb Db { get; set; } = default!;
}

以下代码显示了使用 AsParameters 和上述 struct 及类的重构终结点:

app.MapPost("/ap/todoitems", async ([AsParameters] CreateTodoItemRequest request) =>
{
    var todoItem = new Todo
    {
        IsComplete = request.Dto.IsComplete,
        Name = request.Dto.Name
    };

    request.Db.Todos.Add(todoItem);
    await request.Db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.Created($"/todoitems/{todoItem.Id}", new TodoItemDTO(todoItem));
});

app.MapPut("/ap/todoitems/{id}", async ([AsParameters] EditTodoItemRequest request) =>
{
    var todo = await request.Db.Todos.FindAsync(request.Id);

    if (todo is null) return Results.NotFound();

    todo.Name = request.Dto.Name;
    todo.IsComplete = request.Dto.IsComplete;

    await request.Db.SaveChangesAsync();

    return Results.NoContent();
});

app.MapDelete("/ap/todoitems/{id}", async ([AsParameters] TodoItemRequest request) =>
{
    if (await request.Db.Todos.FindAsync(request.Id) is Todo todo)
    {
        request.Db.Todos.Remove(todo);
        await request.Db.SaveChangesAsync();
        return Results.Ok(new TodoItemDTO(todo));
    }

    return Results.NotFound();
});

以下 record 类型可用于替换上述参数:

record TodoItemRequest(int Id, TodoDb Db);
record CreateTodoItemRequest(TodoItemDTO Dto, TodoDb Db);
record EditTodoItemRequest(int Id, TodoItemDTO Dto, TodoDb Db);

structAsParameters 一起使用可能比使用 record 类型性能更佳。

AspNetCore.Docs.Samples 存储库中的完整示例代码

自定义绑定

自定义参数绑定有两种方法:

  1. 对于路由、查询和标头绑定源,通过添加类型的静态 TryParse 方法来绑定自定义类型。
  2. 通过对类型实现 BindAsync 方法来控制绑定过程。

TryParse

TryParse 具有两个 API:

public static bool TryParse(string value, out T result);
public static bool TryParse(string value, IFormatProvider provider, out T result);

下面的代码显示带有 URI /map?Point=12.3,10.1Point: 12.3, 10.1

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

// GET /map?Point=12.3,10.1
app.MapGet("/map", (Point point) => $"Point: {point.X}, {point.Y}");

app.Run();

public class Point
{
    public double X { get; set; }
    public double Y { get; set; }

    public static bool TryParse(string? value, IFormatProvider? provider,
                                out Point? point)
    {
        // Format is "(12.3,10.1)"
        var trimmedValue = value?.TrimStart('(').TrimEnd(')');
        var segments = trimmedValue?.Split(',',
                StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
        if (segments?.Length == 2
            && double.TryParse(segments[0], out var x)
            && double.TryParse(segments[1], out var y))
        {
            point = new Point { X = x, Y = y };
            return true;
        }

        point = null;
        return false;
    }
}

BindAsync

BindAsync 具有以下 API:

public static ValueTask<T?> BindAsync(HttpContext context, ParameterInfo parameter);
public static ValueTask<T?> BindAsync(HttpContext context);

下面的代码显示带有 URI /products?SortBy=xyz&SortDir=Desc&Page=99SortBy:xyz, SortDirection:Desc, CurrentPage:99

using System.Reflection;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

// GET /products?SortBy=xyz&SortDir=Desc&Page=99
app.MapGet("/products", (PagingData pageData) => $"SortBy:{pageData.SortBy}, " +
       $"SortDirection:{pageData.SortDirection}, CurrentPage:{pageData.CurrentPage}");

app.Run();

public class PagingData
{
    public string? SortBy { get; init; }
    public SortDirection SortDirection { get; init; }
    public int CurrentPage { get; init; } = 1;

    public static ValueTask<PagingData?> BindAsync(HttpContext context,
                                                   ParameterInfo parameter)
    {
        const string sortByKey = "sortBy";
        const string sortDirectionKey = "sortDir";
        const string currentPageKey = "page";

        Enum.TryParse<SortDirection>(context.Request.Query[sortDirectionKey],
                                     ignoreCase: true, out var sortDirection);
        int.TryParse(context.Request.Query[currentPageKey], out var page);
        page = page == 0 ? 1 : page;

        var result = new PagingData
        {
            SortBy = context.Request.Query[sortByKey],
            SortDirection = sortDirection,
            CurrentPage = page
        };

        return ValueTask.FromResult<PagingData?>(result);
    }
}

public enum SortDirection
{
    Default,
    Asc,
    Desc
}

绑定失败

绑定失败时,框架会记录调试消息,并根据失败模式将各种状态代码返回到客户端。

故障模式 可为空参数类型 绑定源 状态代码
{ParameterType}.TryParse 返回 false route/query/header 400
{ParameterType}.BindAsync 返回 null 自定义 400
{ParameterType}.BindAsync 引发 不重要 自定义 500
未能反序列化 JSON 正文 不重要 body 400
错误的内容类型(不是 application/json 不重要 body 415

绑定优先级

用于从参数确定绑定源的规则:

  1. 按以下顺序在参数(From* 属性)上定义的显式属性:
    1. 路由值:[FromRoute]
    2. 查询字符串:[FromQuery]
    3. 标头:[FromHeader]
    4. 正文:[FromBody]
    5. 一个服务:[FromServices]
    6. 参数值:[AsParameters]
  2. 特殊类型
    1. HttpContext
    2. HttpRequest (HttpContext.Request)
    3. HttpResponse (HttpContext.Response)
    4. ClaimsPrincipal (HttpContext.User)
    5. CancellationToken (HttpContext.RequestAborted)
    6. IFormFileCollection (HttpContext.Request.Form.Files)
    7. IFormFile (HttpContext.Request.Form.Files[paramName])
    8. Stream (HttpContext.Request.Body)
    9. PipeReader (HttpContext.Request.BodyReader)
  3. 参数类型具有有效的静态 BindAsync 方法。
  4. 参数类型为字符串或具有有效的静态 TryParse 方法。
    1. 如果路由模板中存在参数名称(例如 app.Map("/todo/{id}", (int id) => {});),则会将其从路由中绑定。
    2. 从查询字符串进行绑定。
  5. 如果参数类型为依赖项注入提供的服务,则它将该服务用作源。
  6. 参数来自正文。

为正文绑定配置 JSON 反序列化选项

正文绑定源使用 System.Text.Json 进行反序列化。 不能更改此默认值,但可以配置 JSON 序列化和反序列化选项

全局配置 JSON 反序列化选项

全局应用于应用的选项可以通过调用 ConfigureHttpJsonOptions 进行配置。 以下示例包括公共字段,并设置 JSON 输出的格式。

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.ConfigureHttpJsonOptions(options => {
    options.SerializerOptions.WriteIndented = true;
    options.SerializerOptions.IncludeFields = true;
});

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapPost("/", (Todo todo) => {
    if (todo is not null) {
        todo.Name = todo.NameField;
    }
    return todo;
});

app.Run();

class Todo {
    public string? Name { get; set; }
    public string? NameField;
    public bool IsComplete { get; set; }
}
// If the request body contains the following JSON:
//
// {"nameField":"Walk dog", "isComplete":false}
//
// The endpoint returns the following JSON:
//
// {
//    "name":"Walk dog",
//    "nameField":"Walk dog",
//    "isComplete":false
// }

由于示例代码同时配置序列化和反序列化,因此它可以读取 NameField 并在输出 JSON 中包含 NameField

为终结点配置 JSON 反序列化选项

ReadFromJsonAsync 具有接受 JsonSerializerOptions 对象的重载。 以下示例包括公共字段,并设置 JSON 输出的格式。

using System.Text.Json;

var app = WebApplication.Create();

var options = new JsonSerializerOptions(JsonSerializerDefaults.Web) { 
    IncludeFields = true, 
    WriteIndented = true
};

app.MapPost("/", async (HttpContext context) => {
    if (context.Request.HasJsonContentType()) {
        var todo = await context.Request.ReadFromJsonAsync<Todo>(options);
        if (todo is not null) {
            todo.Name = todo.NameField;
        }
        return Results.Ok(todo);
    }
    else {
        return Results.BadRequest();
    }
});

app.Run();

class Todo
{
    public string? Name { get; set; }
    public string? NameField;
    public bool IsComplete { get; set; }
}
// If the request body contains the following JSON:
//
// {"nameField":"Walk dog", "isComplete":false}
//
// The endpoint returns the following JSON:
//
// {
//    "name":"Walk dog",
//    "isComplete":false
// }

由于上述代码仅将自定义选项应用于反序列化,输出 JSON 不包括 NameField

读取请求正文

使用 HttpContextHttpRequest 参数直接读取请求正文:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapPost("/uploadstream", async (IConfiguration config, HttpRequest request) =>
{
    var filePath = Path.Combine(config["StoredFilesPath"], Path.GetRandomFileName());

    await using var writeStream = File.Create(filePath);
    await request.BodyReader.CopyToAsync(writeStream);
});

app.Run();

前面的代码: