group 子句(C# 参考)

group 子句返回一个 IGrouping<TKey,TElement> 对象序列,这些对象包含零个或更多与该组的键值匹配的项。 例如,可以按照每个字符串中的第一个字母对字符串序列进行分组。 在这种情况下,第一个字母就是键,类型为 char,并且存储在每个 IGrouping<TKey,TElement> 对象的 Key 属性中。 编译器可推断键的类型。

可以用 group 子句结束查询表达式,如以下示例所示:

// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<char, Student>>
var studentQuery1 =
    from student in students
    group student by student.Last[0];

如果要对每个组执行附加查询操作,可使用上下文关键字 into 指定一个临时标识符。 使用 into 时,必须继续编写该查询,并最终使用一个select 语句或另一个 group 子句结束该查询,如以下代码摘录所示:

// Group students by the first letter of their last name
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<char, Student>>
var studentQuery2 =
    from student in students
    group student by student.Last[0] into g
    orderby g.Key
    select g;

对于含有和不含 intogroup,本文中的“示例”部分提供有关其用法的更完整示例。

枚举查询分组的结果

由于 group 查询产生的 IGrouping<TKey,TElement> 对象实质上是一个由列表组成的列表,因此必须使用嵌套的 foreach 循环来访问每一组中的各个项。 外部循环用于循环访问组键,内部循环用于循环访问组本身包含的每个项。 组可能具有键,但没有元素。 下面的 foreach 循环执行上述代码示例中的查询:

// Iterate group items with a nested foreach. This IGrouping encapsulates
// a sequence of Student objects, and a Key of type char.
// For convenience, var can also be used in the foreach statement.
foreach (IGrouping<char, Student> studentGroup in studentQuery2)
{
     Console.WriteLine(studentGroup.Key);
     // Explicit type for student could also be used here.
     foreach (var student in studentGroup)
     {
         Console.WriteLine("   {0}, {1}", student.Last, student.First);
     }
 }

键类型

组键可以是任何类型,如字符串、内置数值类型、用户定义的命名类型或匿名类型。

按字符串分组

上述代码示例使用 char。 可轻松改为指定字符串键,如完整的姓氏:

// Same as previous example except we use the entire last name as a key.
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<string, Student>>
var studentQuery3 =
    from student in students
    group student by student.Last;

按布尔值分组

下面的示例演示使用布尔值作为键将结果划分成两个组。 请注意,该值由 group 子句中的子表达式生成。

class GroupSample1
{
    // The element type of the data source.
    public class Student
    {
        public required string First { get; init; }
        public required string Last { get; init; }
        public required int ID { get; init; }
        public required List<int> Scores;
    }

    public static List<Student> GetStudents()
    {
        // Use a collection initializer to create the data source. Note that each element
        //  in the list contains an inner sequence of scores.
        List<Student> students =
        [
           new Student {First="Svetlana", Last="Omelchenko", ID=111, Scores= [97, 72, 81, 60]},
           new Student {First="Claire", Last="O'Donnell", ID=112, Scores= [75, 84, 91, 39]},
           new Student {First="Sven", Last="Mortensen", ID=113, Scores= [99, 89, 91, 95]},
           new Student {First="Cesar", Last="Garcia", ID=114, Scores= [72, 81, 65, 84]},
           new Student {First="Debra", Last="Garcia", ID=115, Scores= [97, 89, 85, 82]}
        ];

        return students;
    }

    static void Main()
    {
        // Obtain the data source.
        List<Student> students = GetStudents();

        // Group by true or false.
        // Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<bool, Student>>
        var booleanGroupQuery =
            from student in students
            group student by student.Scores.Average() >= 80; //pass or fail!

        // Execute the query and access items in each group
        foreach (var studentGroup in booleanGroupQuery)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(studentGroup.Key == true ? "High averages" : "Low averages");
            foreach (var student in studentGroup)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("   {0}, {1}:{2}", student.Last, student.First, student.Scores.Average());
            }
        }
    }
}
/* Output:
  Low averages
   Omelchenko, Svetlana:77.5
   O'Donnell, Claire:72.25
   Garcia, Cesar:75.5
  High averages
   Mortensen, Sven:93.5
   Garcia, Debra:88.25
*/

按数值范围分组

下一示例使用表达式创建表示百分比范围的数值组键。 请注意,该示例使用 let 作为方法调用结果的方便存储位置,因此无需在 group 子句中调用该方法两次。 若要详细了解如何在查询表达式中安全使用方法,请参阅在查询表达式中处理异常

class GroupSample2
{
    // The element type of the data source.
    public class Student
    {
        public required string First { get; init; }
        public required string Last { get; init; }
        public required int ID { get; init; }
        public required List<int> Scores;
    }

    public static List<Student> GetStudents()
    {
        // Use a collection initializer to create the data source. Note that each element
        //  in the list contains an inner sequence of scores.
        List<Student> students =
        [
           new Student {First="Svetlana", Last="Omelchenko", ID=111, Scores= [97, 72, 81, 60]},
           new Student {First="Claire", Last="O'Donnell", ID=112, Scores= [75, 84, 91, 39]},
           new Student {First="Sven", Last="Mortensen", ID=113, Scores= [99, 89, 91, 95]},
           new Student {First="Cesar", Last="Garcia", ID=114, Scores= [72, 81, 65, 84]},
           new Student {First="Debra", Last="Garcia", ID=115, Scores= [97, 89, 85, 82]}
        ];

        return students;
    }

    // This method groups students into percentile ranges based on their
    // grade average. The Average method returns a double, so to produce a whole
    // number it is necessary to cast to int before dividing by 10.
    static void Main()
    {
        // Obtain the data source.
        List<Student> students = GetStudents();

        // Write the query.
        var studentQuery =
            from student in students
            let avg = (int)student.Scores.Average()
            group student by (avg / 10) into g
            orderby g.Key
            select g;

        // Execute the query.
        foreach (var studentGroup in studentQuery)
        {
            int temp = studentGroup.Key * 10;
            Console.WriteLine("Students with an average between {0} and {1}", temp, temp + 10);
            foreach (var student in studentGroup)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("   {0}, {1}:{2}", student.Last, student.First, student.Scores.Average());
            }
        }
    }
}
/* Output:
     Students with an average between 70 and 80
       Omelchenko, Svetlana:77.5
       O'Donnell, Claire:72.25
       Garcia, Cesar:75.5
     Students with an average between 80 and 90
       Garcia, Debra:88.25
     Students with an average between 90 and 100
       Mortensen, Sven:93.5
 */

按复合键分组

希望按照多个键对元素进行分组时,可使用复合键。 使用匿名类型或命名类型来存储键元素,创建复合键。 在下面的示例中,假定已经使用名为 surnamecity 的两个成员声明了类 Persongroup 子句会为每组姓氏和城市相同的人员创建一个单独的组。

group person by new {name = person.surname, city = person.city};

如果必须将查询变量传递给其他方法,请使用命名类型。 使用自动实现的键属性创建一个特殊类,然后重写 EqualsGetHashCode 方法。 还可以使用结构,在此情况下,并不严格要求替代这些方法。 有关详细信息,请参阅 如何使用自动实现的属性 实现轻型类,以及如何 查询目录树中的重复文件。 后文包含的代码示例演示了如何将复合键与命名类型结合使用。

示例 1

下面的示例演示在没有向组应用附加查询逻辑时,将源数据按顺序放入组中的标准模式。 这称为不带延续的分组。 字符串数组中的元素按照它们的首字母进行分组。 查询的结果是 IGrouping<TKey,TElement> 类型(包含一个 char 类型的公共 Key 属性)和一个 IEnumerable<T> 集合(在分组中包含每个项)。

group 子句的结果是由序列组成的序列。 因此,若要访问返回的每个组中的单个元素,请在循环访问组键的循环内使用嵌套的 foreach 循环,如以下示例所示。

class GroupExample1
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // Create a data source.
        string[] words = ["blueberry", "chimpanzee", "abacus", "banana", "apple", "cheese"];

        // Create the query.
        var wordGroups =
            from w in words
            group w by w[0];

        // Execute the query.
        foreach (var wordGroup in wordGroups)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Words that start with the letter '{0}':", wordGroup.Key);
            foreach (var word in wordGroup)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(word);
            }
        }
    }
}
/* Output:
      Words that start with the letter 'b':
        blueberry
        banana
      Words that start with the letter 'c':
        chimpanzee
        cheese
      Words that start with the letter 'a':
        abacus
        apple
     */

示例 2

此示例演示在创建组之后,如何使用通过 into 实现的延续对这些组执行附加逻辑。 有关详细信息,请参阅 into。 下面的示例查询每个组,仅选择键值为元音的元素。

class GroupClauseExample2
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // Create the data source.
        string[] words2 = ["blueberry", "chimpanzee", "abacus", "banana", "apple", "cheese", "elephant", "umbrella", "anteater"];

        // Create the query.
        var wordGroups2 =
            from w in words2
            group w by w[0] into grps
            where (grps.Key == 'a' || grps.Key == 'e' || grps.Key == 'i'
                   || grps.Key == 'o' || grps.Key == 'u')
            select grps;

        // Execute the query.
        foreach (var wordGroup in wordGroups2)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Groups that start with a vowel: {0}", wordGroup.Key);
            foreach (var word in wordGroup)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("   {0}", word);
            }
        }
    }
}
/* Output:
    Groups that start with a vowel: a
        abacus
        apple
        anteater
    Groups that start with a vowel: e
        elephant
    Groups that start with a vowel: u
        umbrella
*/

备注

在编译时,group 子句转换为对 GroupBy 方法的调用。

group 子句查询的语法不支持自定义相等比较器。 若要在查询中使用 IEqualityComparer,请显式使用 GroupBy 方法。

另请参阅