协变接口允许其方法返回的派生类型比接口中指定的类型多。 逆变接口允许其方法接受的派生类型的参数比接口中指定的参数少。
在 .NET Framework 4 中,多个现有接口变为协变和逆变。 这些包括 IEnumerable<T> 和 IComparable<T>。 这使您能够将操作基类型泛型集合的方法重复用于派生类型集合。
有关 .NET 中变体接口的列表,请参阅泛型接口中的变体(C#)。
转换泛型集合
下面的示例演示了接口中 IEnumerable<T> 协变支持的好处。 该方法 PrintFullName
接受类型集合 IEnumerable<Person>
作为参数。 但是,你可以将其重新用于IEnumerable<Employee>
类型的集合,因为Employee
继承Person
。
// Simple hierarchy of classes.
public class Person
{
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
}
public class Employee : Person { }
class Program
{
// The method has a parameter of the IEnumerable<Person> type.
public static void PrintFullName(IEnumerable<Person> persons)
{
foreach (Person person in persons)
{
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0} {1}",
person.FirstName, person.LastName);
}
}
public static void Test()
{
IEnumerable<Employee> employees = new List<Employee>();
// You can pass IEnumerable<Employee>,
// although the method expects IEnumerable<Person>.
PrintFullName(employees);
}
}
比较泛型集合
以下示例演示了接口中 IEqualityComparer<T> 逆变支持的优点。
PersonComparer
类实现 IEqualityComparer<Person>
接口。 但是,可以重复使用这个类来比较一系列Employee
类型的对象,因为Employee
继承自Person
。
// Simple hierarchy of classes.
public class Person
{
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
}
public class Employee : Person { }
// The custom comparer for the Person type
// with standard implementations of Equals()
// and GetHashCode() methods.
class PersonComparer : IEqualityComparer<Person>
{
public bool Equals(Person x, Person y)
{
if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, y)) return true;
if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, null) ||
Object.ReferenceEquals(y, null))
return false;
return x.FirstName == y.FirstName && x.LastName == y.LastName;
}
public int GetHashCode(Person person)
{
if (Object.ReferenceEquals(person, null)) return 0;
int hashFirstName = person.FirstName == null
? 0 : person.FirstName.GetHashCode();
int hashLastName = person.LastName.GetHashCode();
return hashFirstName ^ hashLastName;
}
}
class Program
{
public static void Test()
{
List<Employee> employees = new List<Employee> {
new Employee() {FirstName = "Michael", LastName = "Alexander"},
new Employee() {FirstName = "Jeff", LastName = "Price"}
};
// You can pass PersonComparer,
// which implements IEqualityComparer<Person>,
// although the method expects IEqualityComparer<Employee>.
IEnumerable<Employee> noduplicates =
employees.Distinct<Employee>(new PersonComparer());
foreach (var employee in noduplicates)
Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName + " " + employee.LastName);
}
}