封送类、结构和联合

项目
05/10/2023

.NET Framework 中类和结构非常相似。它们都可以具有字段、属性和事件。并且都可以具有静态和非静态方法。一个显著区别是结构是值类型，而类是引用类型。

下表列出了类、结构和联合的封送处理选项；描述了它们的用法；并提供了到相应平台调用示例的链接。

类型	描述	示例
按值传递类。	将具有整数成员的类传递为 In/Out 参数，与托管的情形相似。	SysTime 示例
按值传递结构。	将结构作为 In 参数传递。	结构示例
按引用传递结构。	将结构作为 In/Out 参数传递。	OSInfo 示例
具有内嵌结构（平展）的结构。	传递非托管函数中表示内嵌结构的结构的类。此结构在托管的原型中将平展为一个大的结构。	FindFile 示例
具有指向另一结构的指针的结构。	将包含指向第二结构的指针的结构作为成员传递。	结构示例
按值传递具有整数的结构数组。	将仅包含整数的结构数组作为 In/Out 参数进行传递。可以更改数组的成员。	数组示例
按引用传递具有整数和字符串的结构数组。	将包含整数和字符串的结构数组作为 Out 参数传递。被调用的函数为数组分配内存。	OutArrayOfStructs 示例
具有值类型的联合。	传递具有值类型（整数和双精度）的联合。	联合示例
具有混合类型的联合。	传递具有混合类型（整数和字符串）的联合。	联合示例
具有特定于平台的布局的结构。	使用本机打包定义传递类型。	平台示例
结构中的 null 值。	传递空引用（Visual Basic 中为 Nothing），而不传递对值类型的引用。	HandleRef 示例

结构示例

此示例演示了如何传递指向第二结构的结构、具有嵌入结构的结构和具有嵌入数组的结构。

“结构”示例使用以下非托管函数（与原始函数声明一同显示）：

从 PinvokeLib.dll 导出的 TestStructInStruct。
```
int TestStructInStruct(MYPERSON2* pPerson2);
```
从 PinvokeLib.dll 导出的 TestStructInStruct3。
```
void TestStructInStruct3(MYPERSON3 person3);
```

从 PinvokeLib.dll 导出的 TestArrayInStruct。

void TestArrayInStruct(MYARRAYSTRUCT* pStruct);

PinvokeLib.dll 是一种自定义的非托管库，包含上述函数和 4 种结构（MYPERSON、MYPERSON2、MYPERSON3 和 MYARRAYSTRUCT ）的实现。这些结构包含以下元素：

typedef struct _MYPERSON
{
   char* first;
   char* last;
} MYPERSON, *LP_MYPERSON;

typedef struct _MYPERSON2
{
   MYPERSON* person;
   int age;
} MYPERSON2, *LP_MYPERSON2;

typedef struct _MYPERSON3
{
   MYPERSON person;
   int age;
} MYPERSON3;

typedef struct _MYARRAYSTRUCT
{
   bool flag;
   int vals[ 3 ];
} MYARRAYSTRUCT;

托管的 MyPerson、MyPerson2、MyPerson3 和 MyArrayStruct 结构具有以下特征：

MyPerson 仅包含字符串成员。 CharSet 字段在传递到非托管函数时将字符串设置为 ANSI 格式。
MyPerson2 将 IntPtr 包含到 MyPerson 结构中。 IntPtr 类型替换指向非托管结构的原始指针，因为 .NET Framework 应用程序不使用指针，除非代码被标记为“不安全” 。
MyPerson3 将 MyPerson 作为嵌入结构包含在内。嵌入其他结构的结构可通过将嵌入结构的元素直接放入主结构中来进行平展，还可以保留为嵌入结构，如本示例中操作所示。
MyArrayStruct 包含整数数组。 MarshalAsAttribute 属性将 UnmanagedType 枚举值设置为 ByValArray，此值用于指示数组中的元素数。

对于此示例中的所有结构，应用 StructLayoutAttribute 属性以确保成员在内存中按出现的顺序进行排列。

NativeMethods 类包含 App 类所调用的 TestStructInStruct、TestStructInStruct3 和 TestArrayInStruct 方法的托管原型。每个原型均声明一个参数，如下所示：

TestStructInStruct 将对 MyPerson2 类型的引用声明为其参数。
TestStructInStruct3 将 MyPerson3 类型声明为其参数并按值传递此参数。
TestArrayInStruct 将对 MyArrayStruct 类型的引用声明为其参数。

作为方法自变量的结构按值传递，除非此参数包含 ref（Visual Basic 中为 ByRef）关键字。例如，TestStructInStruct 方法将对 MyPerson2 类型对象的引用（地址的值）传递到非托管代码。为了处理 MyPerson2 指向的结构，此示例创建了具有指定大小的缓冲区，并同时使用 Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem 和 Marshal.SizeOf 方法返回其地址。然后，此示例将该托管结构的内容复制到非托管的缓冲区。最后，此示例使用 Marshal.PtrToStructure 方法将非托管缓冲区的数据封送到托管对象，并使用 Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem 方法释放非托管的内存块。

声明原型

// Declares a managed structure for each unmanaged structure.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential, CharSet = CharSet::Ansi)]
public value struct MyPerson
{
public:
    String^ first;
    String^ last;
};

[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential)]
public value struct MyPerson2
{
public:
    IntPtr person;
    int age;
};

[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential)]
public value struct MyPerson3
{
public:
    MyPerson person;
    int age;
};

[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential)]
public value struct MyArrayStruct
{
public:
    bool flag;
    [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType::ByValArray, SizeConst = 3)]
    array<int>^ vals;
};

private ref class NativeMethods
{
public:
    // Declares a managed prototype for unmanaged function.
    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PinvokeLib.dll")]
    static int TestStructInStruct(MyPerson2% person2);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PinvokeLib.dll")]
    static int TestStructInStruct3(MyPerson3 person3);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PinvokeLib.dll")]
    static int TestArrayInStruct(MyArrayStruct% myStruct);
};

// Declares a managed structure for each unmanaged structure.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Ansi)]
public struct MyPerson
{
    public string first;
    public string last;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct MyPerson2
{
    public IntPtr person;
    public int age;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct MyPerson3
{
    public MyPerson person;
    public int age;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct MyArrayStruct
{
    public bool flag;

    [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValArray, SizeConst = 3)]
    public int[] vals;
}

internal static class NativeMethods
{
    // Declares a managed prototype for unmanaged function.
    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestStructInStruct(ref MyPerson2 person2);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestStructInStruct3(MyPerson3 person3);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestArrayInStruct(ref MyArrayStruct myStruct);
}

' Declares a managed structure for each unmanaged structure.
<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet:=CharSet.Ansi)>
Public Structure MyPerson
    Public first As String
    Public last As String
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)>
Public Structure MyPerson2
    Public person As IntPtr
    Public age As Integer
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)>
Public Structure MyPerson3
    Public person As MyPerson
    Public age As Integer
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)>
Public Structure MyArrayStruct
    Public flag As Boolean
    <MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValArray, SizeConst:=3)>
    Public vals As Integer()
End Structure

Friend Class NativeMethods
    ' Declares managed prototypes for unmanaged functions.
    <DllImport("..\LIB\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestStructInStruct(
        ByRef person2 As MyPerson2) As Integer
    End Function

    <DllImport("..\LIB\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestStructInStruct3(
        ByVal person3 As MyPerson3) As Integer
    End Function

    <DllImport("..\LIB\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestArrayInStruct(
        ByRef myStruct As MyArrayStruct) As Integer
    End Function
End Class

调用函数

public ref class App
{
public:
    static void Main()
    {
        // Structure with a pointer to another structure.
        MyPerson personName;
        personName.first = "Mark";
        personName.last = "Lee";

        MyPerson2 personAll;
        personAll.age = 30;

        IntPtr buffer = Marshal::AllocCoTaskMem(Marshal::SizeOf(personName));
        Marshal::StructureToPtr(personName, buffer, false);

        personAll.person = buffer;

        Console::WriteLine("\nPerson before call:");
        Console::WriteLine("first = {0}, last = {1}, age = {2}",
            personName.first, personName.last, personAll.age);

        int res = NativeMethods::TestStructInStruct(personAll);

        MyPerson personRes =
            (MyPerson)Marshal::PtrToStructure(personAll.person,
                MyPerson::typeid);

        Marshal::FreeCoTaskMem(buffer);

        Console::WriteLine("Person after call:");
        Console::WriteLine("first = {0}, last = {1}, age = {2}",
            personRes.first, personRes.last, personAll.age);

        // Structure with an embedded structure.
        MyPerson3 person3;// = gcnew MyPerson3();
        person3.person.first = "John";
        person3.person.last = "Evans";
        person3.age = 27;
        NativeMethods::TestStructInStruct3(person3);

        // Structure with an embedded array.
        MyArrayStruct myStruct;// = new MyArrayStruct();

        myStruct.flag = false;
        myStruct.vals = gcnew array<int>(3);
        myStruct.vals[0] = 1;
        myStruct.vals[1] = 4;
        myStruct.vals[2] = 9;

        Console::WriteLine("\nStructure with array before call:");
        Console::WriteLine(myStruct.flag);
        Console::WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", myStruct.vals[0],
            myStruct.vals[1], myStruct.vals[2]);

        NativeMethods::TestArrayInStruct(myStruct);
        Console::WriteLine("\nStructure with array after call:");
        Console::WriteLine(myStruct.flag);
        Console::WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", myStruct.vals[0],
            myStruct.vals[1], myStruct.vals[2]);
    }
};

public class App
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // Structure with a pointer to another structure.
        MyPerson personName;
        personName.first = "Mark";
        personName.last = "Lee";

        MyPerson2 personAll;
        personAll.age = 30;

        IntPtr buffer = Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(Marshal.SizeOf(personName));
        Marshal.StructureToPtr(personName, buffer, false);

        personAll.person = buffer;

        Console.WriteLine("\nPerson before call:");
        Console.WriteLine("first = {0}, last = {1}, age = {2}",
            personName.first, personName.last, personAll.age);

        int res = NativeMethods.TestStructInStruct(ref personAll);

        MyPerson personRes =
            (MyPerson)Marshal.PtrToStructure(personAll.person,
            typeof(MyPerson));

        Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem(buffer);

        Console.WriteLine("Person after call:");
        Console.WriteLine("first = {0}, last = {1}, age = {2}",
            personRes.first, personRes.last, personAll.age);

        // Structure with an embedded structure.
        MyPerson3 person3 = new MyPerson3();
        person3.person.first = "John";
        person3.person.last = "Evans";
        person3.age = 27;
        NativeMethods.TestStructInStruct3(person3);

        // Structure with an embedded array.
        MyArrayStruct myStruct = new MyArrayStruct();

        myStruct.flag = false;
        myStruct.vals = new int[3];
        myStruct.vals[0] = 1;
        myStruct.vals[1] = 4;
        myStruct.vals[2] = 9;

        Console.WriteLine("\nStructure with array before call:");
        Console.WriteLine(myStruct.flag);
        Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", myStruct.vals[0],
            myStruct.vals[1], myStruct.vals[2]);

        NativeMethods.TestArrayInStruct(ref myStruct);
        Console.WriteLine("\nStructure with array after call:");
        Console.WriteLine(myStruct.flag);
        Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", myStruct.vals[0],
            myStruct.vals[1], myStruct.vals[2]);
    }
}

Public Class App
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        ' Structure with a pointer to another structure.
        Dim personName As MyPerson
        personName.first = "Mark"
        personName.last = "Lee"

        Dim personAll As MyPerson2
        personAll.age = 30

        Dim buffer As IntPtr = Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(Marshal.SizeOf(
            personName))
        Marshal.StructureToPtr(personName, buffer, False)

        personAll.person = buffer

        Console.WriteLine(ControlChars.CrLf & "Person before call:")
        Console.WriteLine("first = {0}, last = {1}, age = {2}",
            personName.first, personName.last, personAll.age)

        Dim res As Integer = NativeMethods.TestStructInStruct(personAll)

        Dim personRes As MyPerson =
            CType(Marshal.PtrToStructure(personAll.person,
            GetType(MyPerson)), MyPerson)

        Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem(buffer)

        Console.WriteLine("Person after call:")
        Console.WriteLine("first = {0}, last = {1}, age = {2}",
        personRes.first,
            personRes.last, personAll.age)

        ' Structure with an embedded structure.
        Dim person3 As New MyPerson3()
        person3.person.first = "John"
        person3.person.last = "Evans"
        person3.age = 27
        NativeMethods.TestStructInStruct3(person3)

        ' Structure with an embedded array.
        Dim myStruct As New MyArrayStruct()

        myStruct.flag = False
        Dim array(2) As Integer
        myStruct.vals = array
        myStruct.vals(0) = 1
        myStruct.vals(1) = 4
        myStruct.vals(2) = 9

        Console.WriteLine(vbNewLine + "Structure with array before call:")
        Console.WriteLine(myStruct.flag)
        Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", myStruct.vals(0),
            myStruct.vals(1), myStruct.vals(2))

        NativeMethods.TestArrayInStruct(myStruct)
        Console.WriteLine(vbNewLine + "Structure with array after call:")
        Console.WriteLine(myStruct.flag)
        Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", myStruct.vals(0),
            myStruct.vals(1), myStruct.vals(2))
    End Sub
End Class

FindFile 示例

此示例演示了如何将包含第二、嵌入结构的结构传递到非托管函数。它还演示了如何使用 MarshalAsAttribute 属性在结构中声明固定长度的数组。在此示例中，嵌入的结构元素将添加到父结构。有关未平展的嵌入结构的示例，请参阅结构示例。

FindFile 示例使用以下的非托管函数（与其原始函数声明一同显示）：

从 Kernel32.dll 导出的 FindFirstFile。

HANDLE FindFirstFile(LPCTSTR lpFileName, LPWIN32_FIND_DATA lpFindFileData);

传递至函数的原始结构包含以下元素：

typedef struct _WIN32_FIND_DATA
{
  DWORD    dwFileAttributes;
  FILETIME ftCreationTime;
  FILETIME ftLastAccessTime;
  FILETIME ftLastWriteTime;
  DWORD    nFileSizeHigh;
  DWORD    nFileSizeLow;
  DWORD    dwReserved0;
  DWORD    dwReserved1;
  TCHAR    cFileName[ MAX_PATH ];
  TCHAR    cAlternateFileName[ 14 ];
} WIN32_FIND_DATA, *PWIN32_FIND_DATA;

在此示例中，FindData 类包含原始结构和嵌入结构中每个元素的对应数据成员。如果存在 2 个原始字符缓冲区，类将替换字符串。 MarshalAsAttribute 将枚举设置为 ByValTStr，它用于标识非托管结构中出现的定长内联字符数组。

NativeMethods 类包含 FindFirstFile 方法的托管原型，此方法将 FindData 类作为参数传递。此参数必须使用 InAttribute 和 OutAttribute 属性进行声明，因为作为引用类型的类默认传递为 In 参数。

声明原型

// Declares a class member for each structure element.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential, CharSet = CharSet::Auto)]
public ref class FindData
{
public:
    int  fileAttributes;
    // creationTime was an embedded FILETIME structure.
    int  creationTime_lowDateTime;
    int  creationTime_highDateTime;
    // lastAccessTime was an embedded FILETIME structure.
    int  lastAccessTime_lowDateTime;
    int  lastAccessTime_highDateTime;
    // lastWriteTime was an embedded FILETIME structure.
    int  lastWriteTime_lowDateTime;
    int  lastWriteTime_highDateTime;
    int  nFileSizeHigh;
    int  nFileSizeLow;
    int  dwReserved0;
    int  dwReserved1;
    [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType::ByValTStr, SizeConst = 260)]
    String^  fileName;
    [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType::ByValTStr, SizeConst = 14)]
    String^  alternateFileName;
};

private ref class NativeMethods
{
public:
    // Declares a managed prototype for the unmanaged function.
    [DllImport("Kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet::Auto)]
    static IntPtr FindFirstFile(String^ fileName, [In, Out]
        FindData^ findFileData);
};

// Declares a class member for each structure element.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
public class FindData
{
    public int fileAttributes = 0;
    // creationTime was an embedded FILETIME structure.
    public int creationTime_lowDateTime = 0;
    public int creationTime_highDateTime = 0;
    // lastAccessTime was an embedded FILETIME structure.
    public int lastAccessTime_lowDateTime = 0;
    public int lastAccessTime_highDateTime = 0;
    // lastWriteTime was an embedded FILETIME structure.
    public int lastWriteTime_lowDateTime = 0;
    public int lastWriteTime_highDateTime = 0;
    public int nFileSizeHigh = 0;
    public int nFileSizeLow = 0;
    public int dwReserved0 = 0;
    public int dwReserved1 = 0;
    [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 260)]
    public string fileName = null;
    [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 14)]
    public string alternateFileName = null;
}

internal static class NativeMethods
{
    // Declares a managed prototype for the unmanaged function.
    [DllImport("Kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
    internal static extern IntPtr FindFirstFile(
        string fileName, [In, Out] FindData findFileData);
}

' Declares a class member for each structure element.
<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet:=CharSet.Auto)>
Public Class FindData
    Public fileAttributes As Integer = 0
    ' creationTime was a by-value FILETIME structure.
    Public creationTime_lowDateTime As Integer = 0
    Public creationTime_highDateTime As Integer = 0
    ' lastAccessTime was a by-value FILETIME structure.
    Public lastAccessTime_lowDateTime As Integer = 0
    Public lastAccessTime_highDateTime As Integer = 0
    ' lastWriteTime was a by-value FILETIME structure.
    Public lastWriteTime_lowDateTime As Integer = 0
    Public lastWriteTime_highDateTime As Integer = 0
    Public nFileSizeHigh As Integer = 0
    Public nFileSizeLow As Integer = 0
    Public dwReserved0 As Integer = 0
    Public dwReserved1 As Integer = 0
    <MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst:=260)>
    Public fileName As String = Nothing
    <MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst:=14)>
    Public alternateFileName As String = Nothing
End Class

Friend Class NativeMethods
    ' Declares a managed prototype for the unmanaged function.
    Friend Declare Auto Function FindFirstFile Lib "Kernel32.dll" (
        ByVal fileName As String, <[In], Out> ByVal findFileData As _
        FindData) As IntPtr
End Class

调用函数

public ref class App
{
public:
    static void Main()
    {
        FindData^ fd = gcnew FindData();
        IntPtr handle = NativeMethods::FindFirstFile("C:\\*.*", fd);
        Console::WriteLine("The first file: {0}", fd->fileName);
    }
};

public class App
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        FindData fd = new FindData();
        IntPtr handle = NativeMethods.FindFirstFile("C:\\*.*", fd);
        Console.WriteLine($"The first file: {fd.fileName}");
    }
}

Public Class App
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        Dim fd As New FindData()
        Dim handle As IntPtr = NativeMethods.FindFirstFile("C:\*.*", fd)
        Console.WriteLine($"The first file: {fd.fileName}")
    End Sub
End Class

“联合”示例

此示例演示了如何将仅包含值类型的结构以及包含值类型和字符串的结构作为参数传递至需要联合的非托管函数。联合是指可由两个或多个变量共享的内存位置。

“联合”示例使用以下非托管函数（与其原始函数声明一同显示）：

从 PinvokeLib.dll 导出的 TestUnion。
```
void TestUnion(MYUNION u, int type);
```

PinvokeLib.dll 是一种自定义的非托管库，包含上述函数和两个联合（MYUNION 和 MYUNION2）的实现。联合包含以下元素：

union MYUNION
{
    int number;
    double d;
}

union MYUNION2
{
    int i;
    char str[128];
};

在托管代码中，将联合定义为结构。 MyUnion 结构包含两个值类型（整数和双精度值），将其作为成员。 StructLayoutAttribute 属性设置为控制每个数据成员的精确位置。 FieldOffsetAttribute 属性提供联合的非托管表示形式中字段的物理位置。请注意，这两个成员具有相同的偏移值，因此成员可以定义相同的内存块数。

MyUnion2_1 和 MyUnion2_2 分别包含值类型（整数）和字符串。在托管代码中，值类型和引用类型不允许重叠。此示例使用方法重载以使调用方在调用同一个非托管函数时能够使用这两种类型。 MyUnion2_1 的布局是显式的且具有准确的偏移值。与此相反，MyUnion2_2 的布局是按顺序的，因为不允许引用类型使用显式布局。 MarshalAsAttribute 属性将 UnmanagedType 枚举设置为 ByValTStr，它用于标识在联合的非托管表示形式中出现的定长内联字符数组。

NativeMethods 类包含 TestUnion 和 TestUnion2 方法的原型。已重载 TestUnion2 以将 MyUnion2_1 或 MyUnion2_2 声明为参数。

声明原型

// Declares managed structures instead of unions.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Explicit)]
public value struct MyUnion
{
public:
    [FieldOffset(0)]
    int i;
    [FieldOffset(0)]
    double d;
};

[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Explicit, Size = 128)]
public value struct MyUnion2_1
{
public:
    [FieldOffset(0)]
    int i;
};

[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential)]
public value struct MyUnion2_2
{
public:
    [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType::ByValTStr, SizeConst = 128)]
    String^ str;
};

private ref class NativeMethods
{
public:
    // Declares managed prototypes for unmanaged function.
    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    static void TestUnion(MyUnion u, int type);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    static void TestUnion2(MyUnion2_1 u, int type);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    static void TestUnion2(MyUnion2_2 u, int type);
};

// Declares managed structures instead of unions.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
public struct MyUnion
{
    [FieldOffset(0)]
    public int i;
    [FieldOffset(0)]
    public double d;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Size = 128)]
public struct MyUnion2_1
{
    [FieldOffset(0)]
    public int i;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct MyUnion2_2
{
    [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 128)]
    public string str;
}

internal static class NativeMethods
{
    // Declares managed prototypes for unmanaged function.
    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    internal static extern void TestUnion(MyUnion u, int type);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    internal static extern void TestUnion2(MyUnion2_1 u, int type);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    internal static extern void TestUnion2(MyUnion2_2 u, int type);
}

' Declares managed structures instead of unions.
<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)>
Public Structure MyUnion
    <FieldOffset(0)> Public i As Integer
    <FieldOffset(0)> Public d As Double
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Size:=128)>
Public Structure MyUnion2_1
    <FieldOffset(0)> Public i As Integer
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)>
Public Structure MyUnion2_2
    <MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst:=128)>
    Public str As String
End Structure

Friend Class NativeMethods
    ' Declares managed prototypes for unmanaged function.
    <DllImport("..\LIB\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Sub TestUnion(
        ByVal u As MyUnion, ByVal type As Integer)
    End Sub

    <DllImport("..\LIB\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Overloads Shared Sub TestUnion2(
        ByVal u As MyUnion2_1, ByVal type As Integer)
    End Sub

    <DllImport("..\LIB\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Overloads Shared Sub TestUnion2(
        ByVal u As MyUnion2_2, ByVal type As Integer)
    End Sub
End Class

调用函数

public ref class App
{
public:
    static void Main()
    {
        MyUnion mu;// = new MyUnion();
        mu.i = 99;
        NativeMethods::TestUnion(mu, 1);

        mu.d = 99.99;
        NativeMethods::TestUnion(mu, 2);

        MyUnion2_1 mu2_1;// = new MyUnion2_1();
        mu2_1.i = 99;
        NativeMethods::TestUnion2(mu2_1, 1);

        MyUnion2_2 mu2_2;// = new MyUnion2_2();
        mu2_2.str = "*** string ***";
        NativeMethods::TestUnion2(mu2_2, 2);
    }
};

public class App
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        MyUnion mu = new MyUnion();
        mu.i = 99;
        NativeMethods.TestUnion(mu, 1);

        mu.d = 99.99;
        NativeMethods.TestUnion(mu, 2);

        MyUnion2_1 mu2_1 = new MyUnion2_1();
        mu2_1.i = 99;
        NativeMethods.TestUnion2(mu2_1, 1);

        MyUnion2_2 mu2_2 = new MyUnion2_2();
        mu2_2.str = "*** string ***";
        NativeMethods.TestUnion2(mu2_2, 2);
    }
}

Public Class App
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        Dim mu As New MyUnion()
        mu.i = 99
        NativeMethods.TestUnion(mu, 1)

        mu.d = 99.99
        NativeMethods.TestUnion(mu, 2)

        Dim mu2_1 As New MyUnion2_1()
        mu2_1.i = 99
        NativeMethods.TestUnion2(mu2_1, 1)

        Dim mu2_2 As New MyUnion2_2()
        mu2_2.str = "*** string ***"
        NativeMethods.TestUnion2(mu2_2, 2)
    End Sub
End Class

平台示例

在某些情况下，struct 和 union 布局会因目标平台而异。例如，在 COM 场景中定义时，请考虑 STRRET 类型：

#include <pshpack8.h> /* Defines the packing of the struct */
typedef struct _STRRET
    {
    UINT uType;
    /* [switch_is][switch_type] */ union
        {
        /* [case()][string] */ LPWSTR pOleStr;
        /* [case()] */ UINT uOffset;
        /* [case()] */ char cStr[ 260 ];
        }  DUMMYUNIONNAME;
    }  STRRET;
#include <poppack.h>

上述 struct 是通过影响类型的内存布局的 Windows 标头声明的。在托管环境中定义时，需要使用这些布局详细信息来正确地与本机代码互操作。

在 32 位进程中，此类型的正确托管定义为：

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Size = 264)]
public struct STRRET_32
{
    [FieldOffset(0)]
    public uint uType;

    [FieldOffset(4)]
    public IntPtr pOleStr;

    [FieldOffset(4)]
    public uint uOffset;

    [FieldOffset(4)]
    public IntPtr cStr;
}

在 64 位进程中，大小和字段偏移量不同。正确布局是：

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Size = 272)]
public struct STRRET_64
{
    [FieldOffset(0)]
    public uint uType;

    [FieldOffset(8)]
    public IntPtr pOleStr;

    [FieldOffset(8)]
    public uint uOffset;

    [FieldOffset(8)]
    public IntPtr cStr;
}

如果未能在互操作场景中正确考虑本机布局，会导致随机故障或更糟糕的情况 - 计算不正确。

默认情况下，.NET 程序集可以在 32 位和 64 位版本的 .NET 运行时中运行。应用必须等待运行时，以确定要使用的前几个定义。

下面的代码片段演示了如何在运行时，在 32 位和 64 位定义之间进行选择的示例。

if (IntPtr.Size == 8)
{
    // Use the STRRET_64 definition
}
else
{
    Debug.Assert(IntPtr.Size == 4);
    // Use the STRRET_32 definition
}

SysTime 示例

此示例演示了如何将指向类的指针传递到需要指向结构的指针的非托管函数。

SysTime 示例使用以下非托管函数（与其其原始函数声明一同显示）：

从 Kernel32.dll 导出的 GetSystemTime。

VOID GetSystemTime(LPSYSTEMTIME lpSystemTime);

传递至函数的原始结构包含以下元素：

typedef struct _SYSTEMTIME {
    WORD wYear;
    WORD wMonth;
    WORD wDayOfWeek;
    WORD wDay;
    WORD wHour;
    WORD wMinute;
    WORD wSecond;
    WORD wMilliseconds;
} SYSTEMTIME, *PSYSTEMTIME;

在此示例中，SystemTime 类包含原始结构中表示为类成员的元素。设置 StructLayoutAttribute 特性，以确保成员在内存中按照它们出现的顺序进行排列。

NativeMethods 类包含 GetSystemTime 方法的托管原型，此方法在默认情况下将 SystemTime 类作为 In/Out 参数传递。此参数必须使用 InAttribute 和 OutAttribute 属性进行声明，因为作为引用类型的类默认传递为 In 参数。为使调用方接收结果，这些方向特性必须显式应用。 App 类创建 SystemTime 类的新实例，并访问它的数据字段。

代码示例

using namespace System;
using namespace System::Runtime::InteropServices;     // For StructLayout, DllImport

[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential)]
public ref class SystemTime
{
public:
    unsigned short year;
    unsigned short month;
    unsigned short weekday;
    unsigned short day;
    unsigned short hour;
    unsigned short minute;
    unsigned short second;
    unsigned short millisecond;
};

public class NativeMethods
{
public:
    // Declares a managed prototype for the unmanaged function using Platform Invoke.
    [DllImport("Kernel32.dll")]
    static void GetSystemTime([In, Out] SystemTime^ st);
};

public class App
{
public:
    static void Main()
    {
        Console::WriteLine("C++/CLI SysTime Sample using Platform Invoke");
        SystemTime^ st = gcnew SystemTime();
        NativeMethods::GetSystemTime(st);
        Console::Write("The Date is: ");
        Console::Write("{0} {1} {2}", st->month, st->day, st->year);
    }
};

int main()
{
    App::Main();
}
// The program produces output similar to the following:
//
// C++/CLI SysTime Sample using Platform Invoke
// The Date is: 3 21 2010

using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public class SystemTime
{
    public ushort year;
    public ushort month;
    public ushort weekday;
    public ushort day;
    public ushort hour;
    public ushort minute;
    public ushort second;
    public ushort millisecond;
}

internal static class NativeMethods
{
    // Declares a managed prototype for the unmanaged function using Platform Invoke.
    [DllImport("Kernel32.dll")]
    internal static extern void GetSystemTime([In, Out] SystemTime st);
}

public class App
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("C# SysTime Sample using Platform Invoke");
        SystemTime st = new SystemTime();
        NativeMethods.GetSystemTime(st);
        Console.Write("The Date is: ");
        Console.Write($"{st.month} {st.day} {st.year}");
    }
}

// The program produces output similar to the following:
//
// C# SysTime Sample using Platform Invoke
// The Date is: 3 21 2010

Imports System.Runtime.InteropServices

' Declares a class member for each structure element.
<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)>
Public Class SystemTime
    Public year As Short
    Public month As Short
    Public weekday As Short
    Public day As Short
    Public hour As Short
    Public minute As Short
    Public second As Short
    Public millisecond As Short
End Class

Friend Class NativeMethods
    ' Declares a managed prototype for the unmanaged function.
    Friend Declare Sub GetSystemTime Lib "Kernel32.dll" (
        <[In](), Out()> ByVal st As SystemTime)
End Class

Public Class App
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        Console.WriteLine("VB .NET SysTime Sample using Platform Invoke")
        Dim st As New SystemTime()
        NativeMethods.GetSystemTime(st)
        Console.Write($"The Date is: {st.month} {st.day} {st.year}")
    End Sub
End Class
' The program produces output similar to the following:
'
' VB .NET SysTime Sample using Platform Invoke
' The Date is: 3 21 2010

OutArrayOfStructs 示例

此示例显示如何将包含整数和字符串的结构数组作为 Out 参数传递到非托管函数。

此示例演示如何通过使用 Marshal 类和使用不安全代码调用本机函数。

此示例使用 PinvokeLib.dll 中定义（且位于源文件）的包装器函数和平台调用。它使用 TestOutArrayOfStructs 函数和 MYSTRSTRUCT2 结构。结构包含以下元素：

typedef struct _MYSTRSTRUCT2
{
   char* buffer;
   UINT size;
} MYSTRSTRUCT2;

MyStruct 类包含 ANSI 字符的字符串对象。 CharSet 字段指定 ANSI 格式。 MyUnsafeStruct 是一种包含 IntPtr 类型（而非字符串）的结构。

NativeMethods 类包含已重载 TestOutArrayOfStructs 原型方法。如果方法将指针声明为参数，则应使用 unsafe 关键字标记类。因为 Visual Basic 无法使用不安全的代码，所以重载的方法、不安全的修饰符和 MyUnsafeStruct 结构不是必需的。

App 类实现 UsingMarshaling 方法，此方法执行传递数组所需的全部任务。使用 out（Visual Basic 中的 ByRef）关键字标记数组，以指示数据从被调用方传递至调用方。实现使用以下 Marshal 类方法：

PtrToStructure，用于将数据从非托管缓冲区封送到托管对象。
DestroyStructure用于释放为结构中的字符串保留的内存。
FreeCoTaskMem用于释放为数组保留的内存。

正如上文所述，C# 允许使用不安全的代码，而 Visual Basic 不允许。在 C# 示例中，UsingUnsafePointer 是一种替代性方法实现，使用指针（而非 Marshal 类）传递会包含 MyUnsafeStruct 结构的数组。

声明原型

// Declares a class member for each structure element.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential, CharSet = CharSet::Ansi)]
public ref class MyStruct
{
public:
    String^ buffer;
    int size;
};

// Declares a structure with a pointer.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential)]
public value struct MyUnsafeStruct
{
public:
    IntPtr buffer;
    int size;
};

private ref class NativeMethods
{
public:
    // Declares managed prototypes for the unmanaged function.
    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    static void TestOutArrayOfStructs(int% size, IntPtr% outArray);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    static void TestOutArrayOfStructs(int% size, MyUnsafeStruct** outArray);
};

// Declares a class member for each structure element.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Ansi)]
public class MyStruct
{
    public string buffer;
    public int size;
}

// Declares a structure with a pointer.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct MyUnsafeStruct
{
    public IntPtr buffer;
    public int size;
}

internal static unsafe class NativeMethods
{
    // Declares managed prototypes for the unmanaged function.
    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    internal static extern void TestOutArrayOfStructs(
        out int size, out IntPtr outArray);

    [DllImport("..\\LIB\\PInvokeLib.dll")]
    internal static extern void TestOutArrayOfStructs(
        out int size, MyUnsafeStruct** outArray);
}

' Declares a class member for each structure element.
<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet:=CharSet.Ansi)>
Public Class MyStruct
    Public buffer As String
    Public someSize As Integer
End Class

Friend Class NativeMethods
    ' Declares a managed prototype for the unmanaged function.
    <DllImport("..\LIB\PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Sub TestOutArrayOfStructs(
        ByRef arrSize As Integer, ByRef outArray As IntPtr)
    End Sub
End Class

调用函数

public ref class App
{
public:
    static void Main()
    {
        Console::WriteLine("\nUsing marshal class\n");
        UsingMarshaling();
        Console::WriteLine("\nUsing unsafe code\n");
        UsingUnsafePointer();
    }

    static void UsingMarshaling()
    {
        int size;
        IntPtr outArray;

        NativeMethods::TestOutArrayOfStructs(size, outArray);
        array<MyStruct^>^ manArray = gcnew array<MyStruct^>(size);
        IntPtr current = outArray;
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        {
            manArray[i] = gcnew MyStruct();
            Marshal::PtrToStructure(current, manArray[i]);

            Marshal::DestroyStructure(current, MyStruct::typeid);
            //current = (IntPtr)((long)current + Marshal::SizeOf(manArray[i]));
            current = current + Marshal::SizeOf(manArray[i]);

            Console::WriteLine("Element {0}: {1} {2}", i, manArray[i]->buffer,
                manArray[i]->size);
        }
        Marshal::FreeCoTaskMem(outArray);
    }

    static void UsingUnsafePointer()
    {
        int size;
        MyUnsafeStruct* pResult;

        NativeMethods::TestOutArrayOfStructs(size, &pResult);
        MyUnsafeStruct* pCurrent = pResult;
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++, pCurrent++)
        {
            Console::WriteLine("Element {0}: {1} {2}", i,
                Marshal::PtrToStringAnsi(pCurrent->buffer), pCurrent->size);
            Marshal::FreeCoTaskMem(pCurrent->buffer);
        }
        Marshal::FreeCoTaskMem((IntPtr)pResult);
    }
};

public class App
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("\nUsing marshal class\n");
        UsingMarshaling();
        Console.WriteLine("\nUsing unsafe code\n");
        UsingUnsafePointer();
    }

    public static void UsingMarshaling()
    {
        int size;
        IntPtr outArray;

        NativeMethods.TestOutArrayOfStructs(out size, out outArray);
        MyStruct[] manArray = new MyStruct[size];
        IntPtr current = outArray;
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        {
            manArray[i] = new MyStruct();
            Marshal.PtrToStructure(current, manArray[i]);

            //Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem((IntPtr)Marshal.ReadInt32(current));
            Marshal.DestroyStructure(current, typeof(MyStruct));
            current = (IntPtr)((long)current + Marshal.SizeOf(manArray[i]));

            Console.WriteLine("Element {0}: {1} {2}", i, manArray[i].buffer,
                manArray[i].size);
        }

        Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem(outArray);
    }

    public static unsafe void UsingUnsafePointer()
    {
        int size;
        MyUnsafeStruct* pResult;

        NativeMethods.TestOutArrayOfStructs(out size, &pResult);
        MyUnsafeStruct* pCurrent = pResult;
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++, pCurrent++)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Element {0}: {1} {2}", i,
                Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(pCurrent->buffer), pCurrent->size);
            Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem(pCurrent->buffer);
        }

        Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem((IntPtr)pResult);
    }
}

Public Class App
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        Console.WriteLine(vbNewLine + "Using marshal class" + vbNewLine)
        UsingMarshaling()
        'Visual Basic 2005 cannot use unsafe code.
    End Sub

    Public Shared Sub UsingMarshaling()
        Dim arrSize As Integer
        Dim outArray As IntPtr

        NativeMethods.TestOutArrayOfStructs(arrSize, outArray)
        Dim manArray(arrSize - 1) As MyStruct
        Dim current As IntPtr = outArray
        Dim i As Integer

        For i = 0 To arrSize - 1
            manArray(i) = New MyStruct()
            Marshal.PtrToStructure(current, manArray(i))

            Marshal.DestroyStructure(current, GetType(MyStruct))
            current = IntPtr.op_Explicit(current.ToInt64() _
                + Marshal.SizeOf(manArray(i)))

            Console.WriteLine("Element {0}: {1} {2}", i, manArray(i).
                buffer, manArray(i).someSize)
        Next i
        Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem(outArray)
    End Sub
End Class

封送类、结构和联合

结构示例

声明原型

调用函数

FindFile 示例

声明原型

调用函数

“联合”示例

声明原型

调用函数

平台示例

SysTime 示例

代码示例

OutArrayOfStructs 示例

声明原型

调用函数

请参阅

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