如何：用 DataGrid 控件实现验证

项目
05/04/2023

借助 DataGrid 控件，可以在单元格级别和行级别执行验证。通过单元格级别验证，可以在用户更新值时验证绑定数据对象的单个属性。通过行级别验证，可以在用户提交对行的更改时验证整个数据对象。还可以提供针对验证错误的自定义可视化反馈，或使用 DataGrid 控件提供的默认可视化反馈。

以下过程介绍如何将验证规则应用于 DataGrid 绑定并自定义可视化反馈。

验证各单元格值

针对与列一起使用的绑定指定一个或多个验证规则。这类似于在简单控件中验证数据，如数据绑定概述中所述。

以下示例显示了一个 DataGrid 控件，其中四列绑定到业务对象的不同属性。其中三列通过将 ValidatesOnExceptions 属性设置为 true 来指定 ExceptionValidationRule。

<Grid>

  <Grid.Resources>
    <local:Courses x:Key="courses"/>
  </Grid.Resources>

  <DataGrid Name="dataGrid1" FontSize="20"
    ItemsSource="{StaticResource courses}" 
    AutoGenerateColumns="False">
    <DataGrid.Columns>
      <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course Name" 
        Binding="{Binding Name, TargetNullValue=(enter a course name)}"/>
      <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course ID"
        Binding="{Binding Id, ValidatesOnExceptions=True}"/>
      <DataGridTextColumn Header="Start Date"
        Binding="{Binding StartDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True, 
          StringFormat=d}"/>
      <DataGridTextColumn Header="End Date"
        Binding="{Binding EndDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True,
          StringFormat=d}"/>
    </DataGrid.Columns>
  </DataGrid>
  
</Grid>

当用户输入无效值（例如在课程 ID 列中输入非整数）时，单元格周围边框会显示为红色。可以更改此默认验证反馈，如以下过程中所述。

自定义单元格验证反馈

将列的 EditingElementStyle 属性设置为适合列的编辑控件的样式。由于编辑控件在运行时创建，因此不能像对简单控件一样使用 Validation.ErrorTemplate 附加属性。

以下示例添加了使用验证规则的三列共享的错误样式，从而更新了上一个示例。当用户输入无效值时，样式将更改单元格背景色并添加工具提示。请注意，使用触发器来确定是否存在验证错误。此步骤是必需的，因为当前没有针对单元格的专用错误模板。

<DataGrid.Resources>
  <Style x:Key="errorStyle" TargetType="{x:Type TextBox}">
    <Setter Property="Padding" Value="-2"/>
    <Style.Triggers>
      <Trigger Property="Validation.HasError" Value="True">
        <Setter Property="Background" Value="Red"/>
        <Setter Property="ToolTip" 
          Value="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource Self},
            Path=(Validation.Errors)[0].ErrorContent}"/>
      </Trigger>
    </Style.Triggers>
  </Style>
</DataGrid.Resources>

<DataGrid.Columns>
  <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course Name" 
    Binding="{Binding Name, TargetNullValue=(enter a course name)}"/>
  <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course ID"
    EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
    Binding="{Binding Id, ValidatesOnExceptions=True}"/>
  <DataGridTextColumn Header="Start Date"
    EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
    Binding="{Binding StartDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True, 
      StringFormat=d}"/>
  <DataGridTextColumn Header="End Date"
    EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
    Binding="{Binding EndDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True,
      StringFormat=d}"/>
</DataGrid.Columns>

可以通过替换列使用的 CellStyle 来实现更广泛的自定义。

验证单个行中的多个值

实现一个检查绑定数据对象的多个属性的 ValidationRule 子类。在 Validate 方法实现中，将 value 参数值强制转换为 BindingGroup 实例。然后，可以通过 Items 属性访问数据对象。

以下示例演示了验证 Course 对象的 StartDate 属性值是否早于其 EndDate 属性值的过程。

public class CourseValidationRule : ValidationRule
{
    public override ValidationResult Validate(object value,
        System.Globalization.CultureInfo cultureInfo)
    {
        Course course = (value as BindingGroup).Items[0] as Course;
        if (course.StartDate > course.EndDate)
        {
            return new ValidationResult(false,
                "Start Date must be earlier than End Date.");
        }
        else
        {
            return ValidationResult.ValidResult;
        }
    }
}

Public Class CourseValidationRule
    Inherits ValidationRule

    Public Overrides Function Validate(ByVal value As Object, _
        ByVal cultureInfo As System.Globalization.CultureInfo) _
        As ValidationResult

        Dim course As Course = _
            CType(CType(value, BindingGroup).Items(0), Course)

        If course.StartDate > course.EndDate Then
            Return New ValidationResult(False, _
                "Start Date must be earlier than End Date.")
        Else
            Return ValidationResult.ValidResult
        End If

    End Function

End Class

将验证规则添加到 DataGrid.RowValidationRules 集合。可以通过 RowValidationRules 属性直接访问 BindingGroup 实例的 ValidationRules 属性，该实例对控件使用的所有绑定进行分组。

以下示例在 XAML 中设置 RowValidationRules 属性。 ValidationStep 属性设置为 UpdatedValue，以便仅在更新绑定数据对象后进行验证。
```
<DataGrid.RowValidationRules>
  <local:CourseValidationRule ValidationStep="UpdatedValue"/>
</DataGrid.RowValidationRules>
```
若用户指定的结束日期早于开始日期，行标题中将显示一个红色感叹号 (!)。可以更改此默认验证反馈，如以下过程中所述。

自定义行验证反馈

设置 DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate 属性。使用此属性可以自定义各个 DataGrid 控件的行验证反馈。还可以使用隐式行样式设置 DataGridRow.ValidationErrorTemplate 属性来影响多个控件。

以下示例将默认行验证反馈替换为更明显的标记。若用户输入无效值，行标题中将显示带有白色感叹号的红色圆圈。行和单元格验证错误时都将发生这种情况。关联的错误消息将显示在工具提示中。

<DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate>
  <ControlTemplate>
    <Grid Margin="0,-2,0,-2"
      ToolTip="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource
      FindAncestor, AncestorType={x:Type DataGridRow}},
      Path=(Validation.Errors)[0].ErrorContent}">
      <Ellipse StrokeThickness="0" Fill="Red" 
        Width="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" 
        Height="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" />
      <TextBlock Text="!" FontSize="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" 
        FontWeight="Bold" Foreground="White" 
        HorizontalAlignment="Center"  />
    </Grid>
  </ControlTemplate>
</DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate>

示例

以下示例完整演示了单元格验证和行验证。 Course 类提供了示例数据对象，以实现 IEditableObject 来支持事务。 DataGrid 控件可与 IEditableObject 交互，使用户可以通过按 ESC 来还原更改。

注意

如果使用的是 Visual Basic，则在 MainWindow.xaml 的第一行中，将 x:Class="DataGridValidation.MainWindow" 替换为 x:Class="MainWindow"。

若要测试验证，请尝试以下操作：

在“课程 ID”列中输入一个非整数值。
在“结束日期”列中输入一个早于开始日期的日期。
删除“课程 ID”、“开始日期”或“结束日期”中的值。
若要撤消无效的单元格值，请将光标放回到单元格中，然后按 ESC 键。
若要在当前单元格处于编辑模式时撤消整个行的更改，请按 ESC 键两次。
发生验证错误时，将鼠标指针移到行标题中的标记上，以查看关联的错误消息。

using System;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Data;

namespace DataGridValidation
{
    public partial class MainWindow : Window
    {
        public MainWindow()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
            dataGrid1.InitializingNewItem += (sender, e) =>
            {
                Course newCourse = e.NewItem as Course;
                newCourse.StartDate = newCourse.EndDate = DateTime.Today;
            };
        }
    }

    public class Courses : ObservableCollection<Course>
    {
        public Courses()
        {
            this.Add(new Course
            {
                Name = "Learning WPF",
                Id = 1001,
                StartDate = new DateTime(2010, 1, 11),
                EndDate = new DateTime(2010, 1, 22)
            });
            this.Add(new Course
            {
                Name = "Learning Silverlight",
                Id = 1002,
                StartDate = new DateTime(2010, 1, 25),
                EndDate = new DateTime(2010, 2, 5)
            });
            this.Add(new Course
            {
                Name = "Learning Expression Blend",
                Id = 1003,
                StartDate = new DateTime(2010, 2, 8),
                EndDate = new DateTime(2010, 2, 19)
            });
            this.Add(new Course
            {
                Name = "Learning LINQ",
                Id = 1004,
                StartDate = new DateTime(2010, 2, 22),
                EndDate = new DateTime(2010, 3, 5)
            });
        }
    }

    public class Course : IEditableObject, INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        private string _name;
        public string Name
        {
            get
            {
                return _name;
            }
            set
            {
                if (_name == value) return;
                _name = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("Name");
            }
        }

        private int _number;
        public int Id
        {
            get
            {
                return _number;
            }
            set
            {
                if (_number == value) return;
                _number = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("Id");
            }
        }

        private DateTime _startDate;
        public DateTime StartDate
        {
            get
            {
                return _startDate;
            }
            set
            {
                if (_startDate == value) return;
                _startDate = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("StartDate");
            }
        }

        private DateTime _endDate;
        public DateTime EndDate
        {
            get
            {
                return _endDate;
            }
            set
            {
                if (_endDate == value) return;
                _endDate = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("EndDate");
            }
        }

        #region IEditableObject

        private Course backupCopy;
        private bool inEdit;

        public void BeginEdit()
        {
            if (inEdit) return;
            inEdit = true;
            backupCopy = this.MemberwiseClone() as Course;
        }

        public void CancelEdit()
        {
            if (!inEdit) return;
            inEdit = false;
            this.Name = backupCopy.Name;
            this.Id = backupCopy.Id;
            this.StartDate = backupCopy.StartDate;
            this.EndDate = backupCopy.EndDate;
        }

        public void EndEdit()
        {
            if (!inEdit) return;
            inEdit = false;
            backupCopy = null;
        }

        #endregion

        #region INotifyPropertyChanged

        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

        private void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName)
        {
            if (PropertyChanged != null)
            {
                PropertyChanged(this,
                    new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
            }
        }

        #endregion

    }

    public class CourseValidationRule : ValidationRule
    {
        public override ValidationResult Validate(object value,
            System.Globalization.CultureInfo cultureInfo)
        {
            Course course = (value as BindingGroup).Items[0] as Course;
            if (course.StartDate > course.EndDate)
            {
                return new ValidationResult(false,
                    "Start Date must be earlier than End Date.");
            }
            else
            {
                return ValidationResult.ValidResult;
            }
        }
    }
}

Imports System.Collections.ObjectModel
Imports System.ComponentModel

Public Class MainWindow

    Private Sub dataGrid1_InitializingNewItem(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
        ByVal e As System.Windows.Controls.InitializingNewItemEventArgs) _
        Handles dataGrid1.InitializingNewItem

        Dim newCourse As Course = CType(e.NewItem, Course)
        newCourse.StartDate = DateTime.Today
        newCourse.EndDate = DateTime.Today

    End Sub

End Class

Public Class Courses
    Inherits ObservableCollection(Of Course)

    Sub New()
        Me.Add(New Course With { _
            .Name = "Learning WPF", _
            .Id = 1001, _
            .StartDate = New DateTime(2010, 1, 11), _
            .EndDate = New DateTime(2010, 1, 22) _
        })
        Me.Add(New Course With { _
            .Name = "Learning Silverlight", _
            .Id = 1002, _
            .StartDate = New DateTime(2010, 1, 25), _
            .EndDate = New DateTime(2010, 2, 5) _
        })
        Me.Add(New Course With { _
            .Name = "Learning Expression Blend", _
            .Id = 1003, _
            .StartDate = New DateTime(2010, 2, 8), _
            .EndDate = New DateTime(2010, 2, 19) _
        })
        Me.Add(New Course With { _
            .Name = "Learning LINQ", _
            .Id = 1004, _
            .StartDate = New DateTime(2010, 2, 22), _
            .EndDate = New DateTime(2010, 3, 5) _
        })
    End Sub

End Class

Public Class Course
    Implements IEditableObject, INotifyPropertyChanged

    Private _name As String
    Public Property Name As String
        Get
            Return _name
        End Get
        Set(ByVal value As String)
            If _name = value Then Return
            _name = value
            OnPropertyChanged("Name")
        End Set
    End Property

    Private _number As Integer
    Public Property Id As Integer
        Get
            Return _number
        End Get
        Set(ByVal value As Integer)
            If _number = value Then Return
            _number = value
            OnPropertyChanged("Id")
        End Set
    End Property

    Private _startDate As DateTime
    Public Property StartDate As DateTime
        Get
            Return _startDate
        End Get
        Set(ByVal value As DateTime)
            If _startDate = value Then Return
            _startDate = value
            OnPropertyChanged("StartDate")
        End Set
    End Property

    Private _endDate As DateTime
    Public Property EndDate As DateTime
        Get
            Return _endDate
        End Get
        Set(ByVal value As DateTime)
            If _endDate = value Then Return
            _endDate = value
            OnPropertyChanged("EndDate")
        End Set
    End Property

#Region "IEditableObject"

    Private backupCopy As Course
    Private inEdit As Boolean

    Public Sub BeginEdit() Implements IEditableObject.BeginEdit
        If inEdit Then Return
        inEdit = True
        backupCopy = CType(Me.MemberwiseClone(), Course)
    End Sub

    Public Sub CancelEdit() Implements IEditableObject.CancelEdit
        If Not inEdit Then Return
        inEdit = False
        Me.Name = backupCopy.Name
        Me.Id = backupCopy.Id
        Me.StartDate = backupCopy.StartDate
        Me.EndDate = backupCopy.EndDate
    End Sub

    Public Sub EndEdit() Implements IEditableObject.EndEdit
        If Not inEdit Then Return
        inEdit = False
        backupCopy = Nothing
    End Sub

#End Region

#Region "INotifyPropertyChanged"

    Public Event PropertyChanged As PropertyChangedEventHandler _
        Implements INotifyPropertyChanged.PropertyChanged

    Private Sub OnPropertyChanged(ByVal propertyName As String)
        RaiseEvent PropertyChanged(Me, _
           New PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName))
    End Sub

#End Region

End Class

Public Class CourseValidationRule
    Inherits ValidationRule

    Public Overrides Function Validate(ByVal value As Object, _
        ByVal cultureInfo As System.Globalization.CultureInfo) _
        As ValidationResult

        Dim course As Course = _
            CType(CType(value, BindingGroup).Items(0), Course)

        If course.StartDate > course.EndDate Then
            Return New ValidationResult(False, _
                "Start Date must be earlier than End Date.")
        Else
            Return ValidationResult.ValidResult
        End If

    End Function

End Class

<Window x:Class="DataGridValidation.MainWindow"
  xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
  xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
  xmlns:local="clr-namespace:DataGridValidation"
  Title="DataGrid Validation Example" Height="240" Width="600">

  <Grid>

    <Grid.Resources>
      <local:Courses x:Key="courses"/>
    </Grid.Resources>

    <DataGrid Name="dataGrid1" FontSize="20" RowHeaderWidth="27"
      ItemsSource="{StaticResource courses}" 
      AutoGenerateColumns="False">

      <DataGrid.Resources>
        <Style x:Key="errorStyle" TargetType="{x:Type TextBox}">
          <Setter Property="Padding" Value="-2"/>
          <Style.Triggers>
            <Trigger Property="Validation.HasError" Value="True">
              <Setter Property="Background" Value="Red"/>
              <Setter Property="ToolTip" 
                Value="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource Self},
                  Path=(Validation.Errors)[0].ErrorContent}"/>
            </Trigger>
          </Style.Triggers>
        </Style>
      </DataGrid.Resources>

      <DataGrid.Columns>
        <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course Name" 
          Binding="{Binding Name, TargetNullValue=(enter a course name)}"/>
        <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course ID"
          EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
          Binding="{Binding Id, ValidatesOnExceptions=True}"/>
        <DataGridTextColumn Header="Start Date"
          EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
          Binding="{Binding StartDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True, 
            StringFormat=d}"/>
        <DataGridTextColumn Header="End Date"
          EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
          Binding="{Binding EndDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True,
            StringFormat=d}"/>
      </DataGrid.Columns>

      <DataGrid.RowValidationRules>
        <local:CourseValidationRule ValidationStep="UpdatedValue"/>
      </DataGrid.RowValidationRules>

      <DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate>
        <ControlTemplate>
          <Grid Margin="0,-2,0,-2"
            ToolTip="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource
            FindAncestor, AncestorType={x:Type DataGridRow}},
            Path=(Validation.Errors)[0].ErrorContent}">
            <Ellipse StrokeThickness="0" Fill="Red" 
              Width="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" 
              Height="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" />
            <TextBlock Text="!" FontSize="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" 
              FontWeight="Bold" Foreground="White" 
              HorizontalAlignment="Center"  />
          </Grid>
        </ControlTemplate>
      </DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate>

    </DataGrid>

  </Grid>
</Window>

如何：用 DataGrid 控件实现验证

验证各单元格值

自定义单元格验证反馈

验证单个行中的多个值

自定义行验证反馈

示例

另请参阅

反馈

其他资源