这些 System.Collections 类在管理集合所涉及的几乎所有过程中执行比较，无论是搜索要删除的元素还是返回键值对的值。
集合通常使用相等比较器和/或排序比较器。 两个构造用于比较。
检查是否相等
方法（例如 Contains、IndexOf、LastIndexOf 和 Remove）使用相等比较器来处理集合元素。 如果集合是泛型的，则根据以下准则比较项是否相等：
如果类型 T 实现 IEquatable<T> 泛型接口，则相等比较器是 Equals 该接口的方法。
如果类型 T 未实现 IEquatable<T>，则使用 Object.Equals。
此外，字典集合的某些构造函数重载接受 IEqualityComparer<T> 实现，用于比较键是否相等。 有关示例，请参阅 Dictionary<TKey,TValue> 构造函数。
确定排序顺序
BinarySearch和Sort等方法使用用于集合元素的排序比较器。 比较可以是集合的元素之间，也可以是元素与指定值之间的比较。 为了比较对象，有一个 default comparer 和一个 explicit comparer概念。
默认比较器依赖于至少一个要比较的对象来实现 IComparable 接口。 最好在所有类上实现 IComparable ，这些类用作列表集合中的值或字典集合中的键。 对于泛型集合，根据以下内容确定等同性比较：
如果类型 T 实现 System.IComparable<T> 泛型接口，则默认比较器是 IComparable<T>.CompareTo(T) 该接口的方法
如果类型 T 实现非泛型 System.IComparable 接口，则默认比较器是 IComparable.CompareTo(Object) 该接口的方法。
如果类型 T 不实现任一接口，则没有默认比较器，必须明确提供比较器或比较委托。
为了提供显式比较，某些方法接受 IComparer 实现作为参数。 例如，该方法 List<T>.Sort 接受 System.Collections.Generic.IComparer<T> 实现。
系统的当前文化设置可能会对集合中的比较和排序产生影响。 默认情况下，Collections 类中的比较和排序是文化敏感的。 若要忽略区域性设置并因此获得一致的比较和排序结果，请使用具有接受 InvariantCulture 的成员重载的 CultureInfo。 有关详细信息，请参阅 在集合中执行不区分区域性的字符串作 ，并在 数组中执行不区分区域性的字符串作。
等同性和排序示例
以下代码演示了简单业务对象中 IEquatable<T> 和 IComparable<T> 的实现。 此外，当对象存储在列表中并进行排序时，你会发现调用Sort()方法会导致使用Part类型的默认比较器，而Sort(Comparison<T>)方法是通过匿名方法实现的。
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
// Simple business object. A PartId is used to identify the
// type of part but the part name can change.
public class Part : IEquatable<Part>, IComparable<Part>
{
public string PartName { get; set; }
public int PartId { get; set; }
public override string ToString() =>
$"ID: {PartId} Name: {PartName}";
public override bool Equals(object obj) =>
(obj is Part part)
? Equals(part)
: false;
public int SortByNameAscending(string name1, string name2) =>
name1?.CompareTo(name2) ?? 1;
// Default comparer for Part type.
// A null value means that this object is greater.
public int CompareTo(Part comparePart) =>
comparePart == null ? 1 : PartId.CompareTo(comparePart.PartId);
public override int GetHashCode() => PartId;
public bool Equals(Part other) =>
other is null ? false : PartId.Equals(other.PartId);
// Should also override == and != operators.
}
public class Example
{
public static void Main()
{
// Create a list of parts.
var parts = new List<Part>
{
// Add parts to the list.
new Part { PartName = "regular seat", PartId = 1434 },
new Part { PartName = "crank arm", PartId = 1234 },
new Part { PartName = "shift lever", PartId = 1634 },
// Name intentionally left null.
new Part { PartId = 1334 },
new Part { PartName = "banana seat", PartId = 1444 },
new Part { PartName = "cassette", PartId = 1534 }
};
// Write out the parts in the list. This will call the overridden
// ToString method in the Part class.
Console.WriteLine("\nBefore sort:");
parts.ForEach(Console.WriteLine);
// Call Sort on the list. This will use the
// default comparer, which is the Compare method
// implemented on Part.
parts.Sort();
Console.WriteLine("\nAfter sort by part number:");
parts.ForEach(Console.WriteLine);
// This shows calling the Sort(Comparison<T> comparison) overload using
// a lambda expression as the Comparison<T> delegate.
// This method treats null as the lesser of two values.
parts.Sort((Part x, Part y) =>
x.PartName == null && y.PartName == null
? 0
: x.PartName == null
? -1
: y.PartName == null
? 1
: x.PartName.CompareTo(y.PartName));
Console.WriteLine("\nAfter sort by name:");
parts.ForEach(Console.WriteLine);
/*
Before sort:
ID: 1434 Name: regular seat
ID: 1234 Name: crank arm
ID: 1634 Name: shift lever
ID: 1334 Name:
ID: 1444 Name: banana seat
ID: 1534 Name: cassette
After sort by part number:
ID: 1234 Name: crank arm
ID: 1334 Name:
ID: 1434 Name: regular seat
ID: 1444 Name: banana seat
ID: 1534 Name: cassette
ID: 1634 Name: shift lever
After sort by name:
ID: 1334 Name:
ID: 1444 Name: banana seat
ID: 1534 Name: cassette
ID: 1234 Name: crank arm
ID: 1434 Name: regular seat
ID: 1634 Name: shift lever
*/
}
}
Imports System.Collections.Generic
' Simple business object. A PartId is used to identify the type of part
' but the part name can change.
Public Class Part
Implements IEquatable(Of Part)
Implements IComparable(Of Part)
Public Property PartName() As String
Get
Return m_PartName
End Get
Set(value As String)
m_PartName = Value
End Set
End Property
Private m_PartName As String
Public Property PartId() As Integer
Get
Return m_PartId
End Get
Set(value As Integer)
m_PartId = Value
End Set
End Property
Private m_PartId As Integer
Public Overrides Function ToString() As String
Return "ID: " & PartId & " Name: " & PartName
End Function
Public Overrides Function Equals(obj As Object) As Boolean
If obj Is Nothing Then
Return False
End If
Dim objAsPart As Part = TryCast(obj, Part)
If objAsPart Is Nothing Then
Return False
Else
Return Equals(objAsPart)
End If
End Function
Public Function SortByNameAscending(name1 As String, name2 As String) As Integer
Return name1.CompareTo(name2)
End Function
' Default comparer for Part.
Public Function CompareTo(comparePart As Part) As Integer _
Implements IComparable(Of ListSortVB.Part).CompareTo
' A null value means that this object is greater.
If comparePart Is Nothing Then
Return 1
Else
Return Me.PartId.CompareTo(comparePart.PartId)
End If
End Function
Public Overrides Function GetHashCode() As Integer
Return PartId
End Function
Public Overloads Function Equals(other As Part) As Boolean Implements IEquatable(Of ListSortVB.Part).Equals
If other Is Nothing Then
Return False
End If
Return (Me.PartId.Equals(other.PartId))
End Function
' Should also override == and != operators.
End Class
Public Class Example
Public Shared Sub Main()
' Create a list of parts.
Dim parts As New List(Of Part)()
' Add parts to the list.
parts.Add(New Part() With { _
.PartName = "regular seat", _
.PartId = 1434 _
})
parts.Add(New Part() With { _
.PartName = "crank arm", _
.PartId = 1234 _
})
parts.Add(New Part() With { _
.PartName = "shift lever", _
.PartId = 1634 _
})
' Name intentionally left null.
parts.Add(New Part() With { _
.PartId = 1334 _
})
parts.Add(New Part() With { _
.PartName = "banana seat", _
.PartId = 1444 _
})
parts.Add(New Part() With { _
.PartName = "cassette", _
.PartId = 1534 _
})
' Write out the parts in the list. This will call the overridden
' ToString method in the Part class.
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "Before sort:")
For Each aPart As Part In parts
Console.WriteLine(aPart)
Next
' Call Sort on the list. This will use the
' default comparer, which is the Compare method
' implemented on Part.
parts.Sort()
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "After sort by part number:")
For Each aPart As Part In parts
Console.WriteLine(aPart)
Next
' This shows calling the Sort(Comparison(T) overload using
' an anonymous delegate method.
' This method treats null as the lesser of two values.
parts.Sort(Function(x As Part, y As Part)
If x.PartName Is Nothing AndAlso y.PartName Is Nothing Then
Return 0
ElseIf x.PartName Is Nothing Then
Return -1
ElseIf y.PartName Is Nothing Then
Return 1
Else
Return x.PartName.CompareTo(y.PartName)
End If
End Function)
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "After sort by name:")
For Each aPart As Part In parts
Console.WriteLine(aPart)
Next
'
'
' Before sort:
' ID: 1434 Name: regular seat
' ID: 1234 Name: crank arm
' ID: 1634 Name: shift lever
' ID: 1334 Name:
' ID: 1444 Name: banana seat
' ID: 1534 Name: cassette
'
' After sort by part number:
' ID: 1234 Name: crank arm
' ID: 1334 Name:
' ID: 1434 Name: regular seat
' ID: 1444 Name: banana seat
' ID: 1534 Name: cassette
' ID: 1634 Name: shift lever
'
' After sort by name:
' ID: 1334 Name:
' ID: 1444 Name: banana seat
' ID: 1534 Name: cassette
' ID: 1234 Name: crank arm
' ID: 1434 Name: regular seat
' ID: 1634 Name: shift lever
End Sub
End Class
