调用 Web API 的桌面应用：使用集成窗口身份验证获取令牌

项目
02/01/2024

若要在域中或加入 Microsoft Entra 的计算机上登录域用户，请使用集成 Windows 身份验证 (IWA)。

约束

集成 Windows 身份验证仅可用于“联合 +”用户，即在 Active Directory 中创建并受 Microsoft Entra ID 支持的用户。直接在 Microsoft Entra ID 中创建但不受 Active Directory 支持的用户（称为“托管”用户）不能使用此身份验证流。此项限制不影响用户名和密码流。
IWA 不会绕过多重身份验证 (MFA)。如果已配置 MFA，则在需要 MFA 质询的情况下，IWA 可能失败，因为 MFA 需要用户交互。

IWA 是非交互式的，但 MFA 需要用户交互。标识提供者何时请求执行 MFA 并不由你控制，而是由租户管理员控制。根据观察，在以下情况下需要 MFA：当你从不同国家/地区登录时；未通过 VPN 连接到公司网络时；有时甚至通过 VPN 连接也需要 MFA。规则并不确定。 Microsoft Entra ID 使用 AI 以持续了解是否需要 MFA。如果 IWA 失败，则回退到用户提示，例如交互式身份验证或设备代码流。
在 PublicClientApplicationBuilder 中传入的颁发机构需要：
- 租户化（采用 https://login.microsoftonline.com/{tenant}/ 格式，其中，tenant 是表示租户 ID 或者与该租户关联的域的 GUID）。
- 对于任何工作和学校帐户：https://login.microsoftonline.com/organizations/。
- 不支持 Microsoft 个人帐户。不能使用 /common 或 /consumers 租户。
因为集成 Windows 身份验证是一个无提示流：
- 应用程序的用户必须已事先许可使用该应用程序。
- 或者，租户管理员必须已事先许可租户中的所有用户使用该应用程序。
- 换言之：
  - 开发人员已在 Azure 门户中自行选择“授予”按钮。
  - 或者，租户管理员已在应用程序注册的“API 权限”选项卡中选择“授予/撤销 {租户域} 的管理员许可”按钮。有关详细信息，请参阅添加访问 Web API 的权限。
  - 或者，你已提供某种方式让用户许可应用程序。有关详细信息，请参阅请求单个用户的许可。
  - 或者，你已提供某种方式让租户管理员许可应用程序。有关详细信息，请参阅管理员许可。
将面向 .NET 桌面、.NET 和 UWP 应用启用此流。

了解其用法

在 MSAL.NET 中，请使用：

AcquireTokenByIntegratedWindowsAuth(IEnumerable<string> scopes)

通常只需要一个参数 (scopes)。根据 Windows 管理员设置策略的方式，有可能不允许 Windows 计算机上的应用程序查找已登录的用户。在这种情况下，请使用另一个方法 .WithUsername()，并以 UPN 格式（例如 joe@contoso.com）传入已登录用户的用户名。

下面的示例展示了最新的情况，并说明了可获取的异常类型以及缓解措施。

static async Task GetATokenForGraph()
{
 string authority = "https://login.microsoftonline.com/contoso.com";
 string[] scopes = new string[] { "user.read" };
 IPublicClientApplication app = PublicClientApplicationBuilder
      .Create(clientId)
      .WithAuthority(authority)
      .Build();

 var accounts = await app.GetAccountsAsync();

 AuthenticationResult result = null;
 if (accounts.Any())
 {
  result = await app.AcquireTokenSilent(scopes, accounts.FirstOrDefault())
      .ExecuteAsync();
 }
 else
 {
  try
  {
   result = await app.AcquireTokenByIntegratedWindowsAuth(scopes)
      .ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken.None);
  }
  catch (MsalUiRequiredException ex)
  {
   // MsalUiRequiredException: AADSTS65001: The user or administrator has not consented to use the application
   // with ID '{appId}' named '{appName}'.Send an interactive authorization request for this user and resource.

   // you need to get user consent first. This can be done, if you are not using .NET (which does not have any Web UI)
   // by doing (once only) an AcquireToken interactive.

   // If you are using .NET or don't want to do an AcquireTokenInteractive, you might want to suggest the user to navigate
   // to a URL to consent: https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/v2.0/authorize?client_id={clientId}&response_type=code&scope=user.read

   // AADSTS50079: The user is required to use multi-factor authentication.
   // There is no mitigation - if MFA is configured for your tenant and AAD decides to enforce it,
   // you need to fallback to an interactive flows such as AcquireTokenInteractive or AcquireTokenByDeviceCode
   }
   catch (MsalServiceException ex)
   {
    // Kind of errors you could have (in ex.Message)

    // MsalServiceException: AADSTS90010: The grant type is not supported over the /common or /consumers endpoints. Please use the /organizations or tenant-specific endpoint.
    // you used common.
    // Mitigation: as explained in the message from Azure AD, the authority needs to be tenanted or otherwise organizations

    // MsalServiceException: AADSTS70002: The request body must contain the following parameter: 'client_secret or client_assertion'.
    // Explanation: this can happen if your application was not registered as a public client application in Azure AD
    // Mitigation: in the Azure portal, edit the manifest for your application and set the `allowPublicClient` to `true`
   }
   catch (MsalClientException ex)
   {
      // Error Code: unknown_user Message: Could not identify logged in user
      // Explanation: the library was unable to query the current Windows logged-in user or this user is not AD or AAD
      // joined (work-place joined users are not supported).

      // Mitigation 1: on UWP, check that the application has the following capabilities: Enterprise Authentication,
      // Private Networks (Client and Server), User Account Information

      // Mitigation 2: Implement your own logic to fetch the username (e.g. john@contoso.com) and use the
      // AcquireTokenByIntegratedWindowsAuth form that takes in the username

      // Error Code: integrated_windows_auth_not_supported_managed_user
      // Explanation: This method relies on a protocol exposed by Active Directory (AD). If a user was created in Azure
      // Active Directory without AD backing ("managed" user), this method will fail. Users created in AD and backed by
      // AAD ("federated" users) can benefit from this non-interactive method of authentication.
      // Mitigation: Use interactive authentication
   }
 }

 Console.WriteLine(result.Account.Username);
}

有关 AcquireTokenByIntegratedWindowsAuthentication 上可能的修饰符列表，请参阅 AcquireTokenByIntegratedWindowsAuthParameterBuilder。

此代码摘录自 MSAL Java 代码示例。

   PublicClientApplication pca = PublicClientApplication.builder(clientId)
                .authority(authority)
                .build();

        Set<IAccount> accountsInCache = pca.getAccounts().join();
        IAccount account = getAccountByUsername(accountsInCache, username);

        //Attempt to acquire token when user's account is not in the application's token cache
        IAuthenticationResult result = acquireTokenIntegratedWindowsAuth(pca, scope, account, username);
        System.out.println("Account username: " + result.account().username());
        System.out.println("Access token:     " + result.accessToken());
        System.out.println("Id token:         " + result.idToken());
        System.out.println();

        //Get list of accounts from the application's token cache, and search them for the configured username
        //getAccounts() will be empty on this first call, as accounts are added to the cache when acquiring a token
        accountsInCache = pca.getAccounts().join();
        account = getAccountByUsername(accountsInCache, username);

        //Attempt to acquire token again, now that the user's account and a token are in the application's token cache
        result = acquireTokenIntegratedWindowsAuth(pca, scope, account, username);
        System.out.println("Account username: " + result.account().username());
        System.out.println("Access token:     " + result.accessToken());
        System.out.println("Id token:         " + result.idToken());
    }

    private static IAuthenticationResult acquireTokenIntegratedWindowsAuth( PublicClientApplication pca,
                                                                            Set<String> scope,
                                                                            IAccount account,
                                                                            String username) throws Exception {

        IAuthenticationResult result;
        try {
            SilentParameters silentParameters =
                    SilentParameters
                            .builder(scope)
                            .account(account)
                            .build();
            // Try to acquire token silently. This will fail on the first acquireTokenIntegratedWindowsAuth() call
            // because the token cache does not have any data for the user you are trying to acquire a token for
            result = pca.acquireTokenSilently(silentParameters).join();
            System.out.println("==acquireTokenSilently call succeeded");
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            if (ex.getCause() instanceof MsalException) {
                System.out.println("==acquireTokenSilently call failed: " + ex.getCause());
                IntegratedWindowsAuthenticationParameters parameters =
                        IntegratedWindowsAuthenticationParameters
                                .builder(scope, username)
                                .build();

                // Try to acquire a token using Integrated Windows Authentication (IWA). You will need to generate a Kerberos ticket.
                // If successful, you should see the token and account information printed out to console
                result = pca.acquireToken(parameters).join();
                System.out.println("==Integrated Windows Authentication flow succeeded");
            } else {
                // Handle other exceptions accordingly
                throw ex;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

后续步骤

转到此方案中的下一篇文章：从桌面应用调用 Web API。

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调用 Web API 的桌面应用：使用集成窗口身份验证获取令牌

约束

了解其用法

后续步骤

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