快速入门：使用 Microsoft OLE DB 驱动程序进行连接和查询

在这个快速入门中，你需要用Visual Studio 2022及更高版本构建一个Windows C++控制台应用程序。该应用程序使用 Microsoft OLE DB Driver 19 for SQL Server 连接到 Azure SQL 数据库、Microsoft Fabric 中的 SQL 数据库或 SQL Server。它对样本数据执行参数化查询 AdventureWorksLT 并验证结果。

Prerequisites

Visual Studio 2022及以后版本，支持C++桌面开发工作负载。该工作负载安装了本次快速入门中使用的x64原生工具命令提示符。关于打开它的说明，请参见使用64位托管开发者命令提示符快捷方式。
Microsoft OLE DB Driver 19 for SQL Server. 安装 x64 驱动，同时选择客户端组件和软件开发套件（SDK）。

创建 SQL 数据库

在以下平台之一创建或连接SQL数据库：

使用 Azure 门户在几分钟内创建 SQL 数据库

在本次快速启动中，选择或加载 AdventureWorksLT 样本数据。

对于 SQL Server 容器，创建一个容器并用一个命令加载示例数据：

sqlcmd create mssql --accept-eula --using https://aka.ms/AdventureWorksLT.bak

对于已有的 SQL Server 实例，可以从 AdventureWorks 示例数据库中恢复AdventureWorksLT备份。

本快速入门中的 OLE DB 客户端应用程序运行于 Windows 上。 SQL Server 容器可以在其他支持的主机上运行。

核实司机

为你的 Visual Studio 版本打开一个 x64 原生工具命令提示符，然后执行以下命令：

Important

该快速启动中的命令使用命令提示符语法。在x64 Native Tools命令提示符中运行，提示符以 >. 结尾。不要在 PowerShell 中运行它们，因为那里的提示符以 PS 开头。

reg query HKCR\MSOLEDBSQL19

该命令显示注册 MSOLEDBSQL19 的提供者。

配置连接

在x64 Native Tools命令提示符中设置 OLEDB_CONNECTION_STRING 。应用程序从环境中读取连接字符串，但不会显示它。

对于Azure SQL 数据库或Fabric中的SQL数据库，可以使用Microsoft Entra交互式认证。用你的 SQL 资源中的服务器、数据库和 Microsoft Entra 用户 ID 替换占位符：

set "OLEDB_CONNECTION_STRING=Provider=MSOLEDBSQL19;Data Source=tcp:<server>,1433;Initial Catalog=<database>;Authentication=ActiveDirectoryInteractive;User ID=<user_id>;Use Encryption for Data=Mandatory;Trust Server Certificate=false;"

对于 Fabric 中的 SQL 数据库，你的身份需要对该数据库项具有读取权限。不支持SQL认证。有关详细信息，请参阅 Microsoft Fabric SQL 数据库中的身份验证。

对于接受Windows认证的现有SQL Server实例，请使用Integrated Security=SSPI：

set "OLEDB_CONNECTION_STRING=Provider=MSOLEDBSQL19;Data Source=tcp:<server>,1433;Initial Catalog=<database>;Integrated Security=SSPI;Use Encryption for Data=Mandatory;Trust Server Certificate=false;"

对于接受SQL认证的SQL Server实例或容器，请使用Authentication=SqlPassword：

set "OLEDB_USER_ID=<user_id>"
set "OLEDB_PASSWORD=<password>"
set "OLEDB_CONNECTION_STRING=Provider=MSOLEDBSQL19;Data Source=tcp:<server>,1433;Initial Catalog=<database>;Authentication=SqlPassword;User ID=%OLEDB_USER_ID%;Password=%OLEDB_PASSWORD%;Use Encryption for Data=Mandatory;Trust Server Certificate=false;"

SQL Server 证书必须与服务器名称匹配，并且其证书链必须链接到 Windows 客户端信任的证书颁发机构（CA）。对于 SQL Server 容器，在容器中配置传输层安全（TLS），并在运行应用前在 Windows 客户端注册发布的 CA。欲了解更多信息，请参见“加密Linux上的Linux 上的 SQL Server连接”和“配置SQL Server 数据库引擎以加密连接”。

创建应用程序

创建一个项目目录：

mkdir oledb-quickstart
cd oledb-quickstart

使用以下代码创建名为 oledb-quickstart.cpp 的文件：

#include <windows.h>
#include <oledb.h>
#include <msdasc.h>
#include <msoledbsql.h>

#include <cstddef>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

template <typename T>
void Release(T*& pointer)
{
    if (pointer != nullptr)
    {
        pointer->Release();
        pointer = nullptr;
    }
}

struct ParameterData
{
    DBSTATUS status;
    DBLENGTH length;
    LONG value;
};

constexpr std::size_t productNameCharacters = 51;

struct RowData
{
    DBSTATUS productIdStatus;
    DBLENGTH productIdLength;
    LONG productId;
    DBSTATUS nameStatus;
    DBLENGTH nameLength;
    wchar_t name[productNameCharacters];
};

std::wstring ReadEnvironmentVariable(const wchar_t* name)
{
    const DWORD length = GetEnvironmentVariableW(name, nullptr, 0);
    if (length == 0)
        return {};

    std::wstring value(length, L'\0');
    const DWORD copied = GetEnvironmentVariableW(
        name,
        value.data(),
        length);
    if (copied == 0 || copied >= length)
        return {};

    value.resize(copied);
    return value;
}

int wmain()
{
    const std::wstring connectionString =
        ReadEnvironmentVariable(L"OLEDB_CONNECTION_STRING");
    if (connectionString.empty())
    {
        std::wcerr << L"Set OLEDB_CONNECTION_STRING before running.\n";
        return 1;
    }

    HRESULT result = CoInitializeEx(nullptr, COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
    if (FAILED(result))
    {
        std::wcerr << L"COM initialization failed: 0x"
                   << std::hex << result << L'\n';
        return 1;
    }

    IDataInitialize* dataInitialize = nullptr;
    IDBInitialize* dbInitialize = nullptr;
    IDBCreateSession* createSession = nullptr;
    IDBCreateCommand* createCommand = nullptr;
    ICommandText* commandText = nullptr;
    ICommandWithParameters* commandParameters = nullptr;
    IAccessor* parameterAccessor = nullptr;
    IRowset* rowset = nullptr;
    IAccessor* rowAccessor = nullptr;
    HACCESSOR parameterHandle = DB_NULL_HACCESSOR;
    HACCESSOR rowHandle = DB_NULL_HACCESSOR;
    HROW* rows = nullptr;
    DBCOUNTITEM rowCount = 0;
    bool initialized = false;

    do
    {
        result = CoCreateInstance(
            CLSID_MSDAINITIALIZE,
            nullptr,
            CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
            IID_IDataInitialize,
            reinterpret_cast<void**>(&dataInitialize));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        result = dataInitialize->GetDataSource(
            nullptr,
            CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
            connectionString.c_str(),
            IID_IDBInitialize,
            reinterpret_cast<IUnknown**>(&dbInitialize));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        result = dbInitialize->Initialize();
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;
        initialized = true;

        result = dbInitialize->QueryInterface(
            IID_IDBCreateSession,
            reinterpret_cast<void**>(&createSession));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        result = createSession->CreateSession(
            nullptr,
            IID_IDBCreateCommand,
            reinterpret_cast<IUnknown**>(&createCommand));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        result = createCommand->CreateCommand(
            nullptr,
            IID_ICommandText,
            reinterpret_cast<IUnknown**>(&commandText));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        result = commandText->SetCommandText(
            DBGUID_DBSQL,
            const_cast<wchar_t*>(
                L"SELECT TOP (5) ProductID, Name "
                L"FROM SalesLT.Product "
                L"WHERE ProductID > ? "
                L"ORDER BY ProductID;"));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        result = commandText->QueryInterface(
            IID_ICommandWithParameters,
            reinterpret_cast<void**>(&commandParameters));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        DB_UPARAMS parameterOrdinal = 1;
        wchar_t parameterType[] = L"int";
        DBPARAMBINDINFO parameterInfo = {};
        parameterInfo.pwszDataSourceType = parameterType;
        parameterInfo.ulParamSize = sizeof(LONG);
        parameterInfo.dwFlags = DBPARAMFLAGS_ISINPUT;
        parameterInfo.bPrecision = 10;

        result = commandParameters->SetParameterInfo(
            1,
            &parameterOrdinal,
            &parameterInfo);
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        result = commandText->QueryInterface(
            IID_IAccessor,
            reinterpret_cast<void**>(&parameterAccessor));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        DBBINDING parameterBinding = {};
        parameterBinding.iOrdinal = 1;
        parameterBinding.obStatus = offsetof(ParameterData, status);
        parameterBinding.obLength = offsetof(ParameterData, length);
        parameterBinding.obValue = offsetof(ParameterData, value);
        parameterBinding.dwPart = DBPART_STATUS | DBPART_LENGTH | DBPART_VALUE;
        parameterBinding.dwMemOwner = DBMEMOWNER_CLIENTOWNED;
        parameterBinding.eParamIO = DBPARAMIO_INPUT;
        parameterBinding.cbMaxLen = sizeof(LONG);
        parameterBinding.wType = DBTYPE_I4;
        parameterBinding.bPrecision = 10;

        DBBINDSTATUS parameterBindStatus = DBBINDSTATUS_OK;
        result = parameterAccessor->CreateAccessor(
            DBACCESSOR_PARAMETERDATA,
            1,
            &parameterBinding,
            sizeof(ParameterData),
            &parameterHandle,
            &parameterBindStatus);
        if (FAILED(result) || parameterBindStatus != DBBINDSTATUS_OK)
        {
            if (SUCCEEDED(result))
                result = E_FAIL;
            break;
        }

        ParameterData parameter = {
            DBSTATUS_S_OK,
            sizeof(LONG),
            0
        };
        DBPARAMS parameters = {
            &parameter,
            1,
            parameterHandle
        };

        result = commandText->Execute(
            nullptr,
            IID_IRowset,
            &parameters,
            nullptr,
            reinterpret_cast<IUnknown**>(&rowset));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        result = rowset->QueryInterface(
            IID_IAccessor,
            reinterpret_cast<void**>(&rowAccessor));
        if (FAILED(result))
            break;

        DBBINDING rowBindings[2] = {};
        rowBindings[0].iOrdinal = 1;
        rowBindings[0].obStatus = offsetof(RowData, productIdStatus);
        rowBindings[0].obLength = offsetof(RowData, productIdLength);
        rowBindings[0].obValue = offsetof(RowData, productId);
        rowBindings[0].dwPart =
            DBPART_STATUS | DBPART_LENGTH | DBPART_VALUE;
        rowBindings[0].dwMemOwner = DBMEMOWNER_CLIENTOWNED;
        rowBindings[0].eParamIO = DBPARAMIO_NOTPARAM;
        rowBindings[0].cbMaxLen = sizeof(LONG);
        rowBindings[0].wType = DBTYPE_I4;
        rowBindings[0].bPrecision = 10;

        rowBindings[1].iOrdinal = 2;
        rowBindings[1].obStatus = offsetof(RowData, nameStatus);
        rowBindings[1].obLength = offsetof(RowData, nameLength);
        rowBindings[1].obValue = offsetof(RowData, name);
        rowBindings[1].dwPart =
            DBPART_STATUS | DBPART_LENGTH | DBPART_VALUE;
        rowBindings[1].dwMemOwner = DBMEMOWNER_CLIENTOWNED;
        rowBindings[1].eParamIO = DBPARAMIO_NOTPARAM;
        rowBindings[1].cbMaxLen =
            productNameCharacters * sizeof(wchar_t);
        rowBindings[1].wType = DBTYPE_WSTR;

        DBBINDSTATUS rowBindStatus[2] = {
            DBBINDSTATUS_OK,
            DBBINDSTATUS_OK
        };
        result = rowAccessor->CreateAccessor(
            DBACCESSOR_ROWDATA,
            2,
            rowBindings,
            sizeof(RowData),
            &rowHandle,
            rowBindStatus);
        if (FAILED(result) ||
            rowBindStatus[0] != DBBINDSTATUS_OK ||
            rowBindStatus[1] != DBBINDSTATUS_OK)
        {
            if (SUCCEEDED(result))
                result = E_FAIL;
            break;
        }

        DBCOUNTITEM productsPrinted = 0;
        while (true)
        {
            result = rowset->GetNextRows(
                DB_NULL_HCHAPTER,
                0,
                1,
                &rowCount,
                &rows);
            if (FAILED(result) || rowCount == 0)
                break;

            RowData row = {};
            result = rowset->GetData(rows[0], rowHandle, &row);
            if (FAILED(result) ||
                row.productIdStatus != DBSTATUS_S_OK ||
                row.productIdLength != sizeof(LONG) ||
                row.nameStatus != DBSTATUS_S_OK ||
                row.nameLength == 0 ||
                row.nameLength % sizeof(wchar_t) != 0 ||
                row.nameLength >= sizeof(row.name))
            {
                result = E_FAIL;
                break;
            }
            row.name[row.nameLength / sizeof(wchar_t)] = L'\0';

            if (productsPrinted == 0)
            {
                std::wcout << L"Connected with MSOLEDBSQL19.\n\n";
                std::wcout << std::left
                           << std::setw(12) << L"Product ID"
                           << L"Name\n";
                std::wcout << std::setw(12) << L"----------"
                           << L"----\n";
            }

            std::wcout << std::left
                       << std::setw(12) << row.productId
                       << row.name << L'\n';
            ++productsPrinted;

            result = rowset->ReleaseRows(
                rowCount,
                rows,
                nullptr,
                nullptr,
                nullptr);
            CoTaskMemFree(rows);
            rows = nullptr;
            rowCount = 0;
            if (FAILED(result))
                break;
        }

        if (FAILED(result))
            break;
        if (productsPrinted == 0)
        {
            result = E_FAIL;
            break;
        }
    }
    while (false);

    if (rows != nullptr)
    {
        if (rowset != nullptr && rowCount != 0)
            rowset->ReleaseRows(rowCount, rows, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
        CoTaskMemFree(rows);
    }
    if (rowHandle != DB_NULL_HACCESSOR && rowAccessor != nullptr)
        rowAccessor->ReleaseAccessor(rowHandle, nullptr);
    if (parameterHandle != DB_NULL_HACCESSOR && parameterAccessor != nullptr)
        parameterAccessor->ReleaseAccessor(parameterHandle, nullptr);

    Release(rowAccessor);
    Release(rowset);
    Release(parameterAccessor);
    Release(commandParameters);
    Release(commandText);
    Release(createCommand);
    Release(createSession);
    if (initialized)
        dbInitialize->Uninitialize();
    Release(dbInitialize);
    Release(dataInitialize);
    CoUninitialize();

    if (FAILED(result))
    {
        std::wcerr << L"OLE DB operation failed: 0x"
                   << std::hex << result << L'\n';
        return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

连接字符串被传递给 IDataInitialize::GetDataSource。该 API 使用空格关键字名称 Use Encryption for Data 和 Trust Server Certificate。连接字符串请求加密并要求证书验证。

查询使用问号作为参数标记。应用程序将最小产品 ID 0 绑定为 SQL Server int 类型，从 SalesLT.Product 中最多读取五行，并打印产品 ID 和名称。

生成并运行应用程序

在同一个x64原生工具命令提示符中，找到已安装的OLE DB SDK头，并将其目录存储在 OLEDB_INCLUDE：

for /f "delims=" %i in ('where /r "%ProgramFiles%\Microsoft SQL Server\Client SDK\OLEDB" msoledbsql.h') do for %j in ("%~dpi.") do set "OLEDB_INCLUDE=%~fj"

显示所选目录，并确认其中包含以下标头：

echo %OLEDB_INCLUDE%
dir "%OLEDB_INCLUDE%\msoledbsql.h"

编译应用程序：

cl /std:c++17 /EHsc /W4 /I"%OLEDB_INCLUDE%" oledb-quickstart.cpp /link ole32.lib oleaut32.lib

运行应用程序：
```
oledb-quickstart.exe
```

从当前命令提示符中清除连接字符串：

set OLEDB_CONNECTION_STRING=
set OLEDB_USER_ID=
set OLEDB_PASSWORD=

产品记录会因 AdventureWorksLT 的版本不同而有所变化。输出如以下示例所示：

Connected with MSOLEDBSQL19.

Product ID  Name
----------  ----
680         HL Road Frame - Black, 58
706         HL Road Frame - Red, 58
707         Sport-100 Helmet, Red
708         Sport-100 Helmet, Black
709         Mountain Bike Socks, M

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Last updated on 2026-09-18