NullReferenceException 類別

定義

命名空間:: System

組件:: mscorlib.dll, System.Runtime.dll

組件:: netstandard.dll, System.Runtime.dll

組件:: System.Runtime.dll

組件:: mscorlib.dll

組件:: netstandard.dll

來源:: NullReferenceException.cs

來源:: NullReferenceException.cs

來源:: NullReferenceException.cs

來源:: NullReferenceException.cs

來源:: NullReferenceException.cs

重要

部分資訊涉及發行前產品，在發行之前可能會有大幅修改。 Microsoft 對此處提供的資訊，不做任何明確或隱含的瑕疵擔保。

當嘗試解參照空物件參照時拋出的例外。

public ref class NullReferenceException : Exception

public ref class NullReferenceException : SystemException

public class NullReferenceException : Exception

public class NullReferenceException : SystemException

[System.Serializable]
public class NullReferenceException : SystemException

[System.Serializable]
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)]
public class NullReferenceException : SystemException

type NullReferenceException = class
    inherit Exception

type NullReferenceException = class
    inherit SystemException

[<System.Serializable>]
type NullReferenceException = class
    inherit SystemException

[<System.Serializable>]
[<System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)>]
type NullReferenceException = class
    inherit SystemException

Public Class NullReferenceException
Inherits Exception

Public Class NullReferenceException
Inherits SystemException

繼承: Object

Exception
NullReferenceException

繼承: Object

Exception

SystemException
NullReferenceException

屬性: SerializableAttribute ComVisibleAttribute

備註

NullReferenceException當你嘗試存取值為 null的型別成員時，會拋出例外。 NullReferenceException例外通常反映開發者錯誤，並會在以下情境中拋出：

備註

你可以透過使用空條件運算子（?.）或空合併運算子（??）來避免大多數 NullReferenceException C# 例外。如需詳細資訊，請參閱可空的參考型別。以下 C# 範例假設可空上下文被禁用（不建議）。

你忘了實例化一個參考型別。以下範例中， names 是宣告但從未實例化（受影響的行在 C# 範例中註解，因為它不會編譯）：

using System.Collections.Generic;

public class UseBeforeAssignExample
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        int value = int.Parse(args[0]);
        List<string> names;
        if (value > 0)
            names = [];

        //names.Add("Major Major Major");
    }
}

// Compilation displays a warning like the following:
//    warning BC42104: Variable //names// is used before it
//    has been assigned a value. A null reference exception could result
//    at runtime.
//
//          names.Add("Major Major Major")
//          ~~~~~
// The example displays output like the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference
//    not set to an instance of an object.
//       at UseBeforeAssignExample.Main()

open System

[<EntryPoint>]
let main args =
    let value = Int32.Parse args[0]
    // Set names to null, don't initialize it. 
    let mutable names = Unchecked.defaultof<ResizeArray<string>>
    if value > 0 then
        names <- ResizeArray()
    names.Add "Major Major Major"
    0
// Compilation does not display a warning as this is an extremely rare occurance in F#.
// Creating a value without initalizing either requires using 'null' (not possible
// on types defined in F# without [<AllowNullLiteral>]) or Unchecked.defaultof.
//
// The example displays output like the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference
//    not set to an instance of an object.
//       at Example.main()

Imports System.Collections.Generic

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim names As List(Of String)
      names.Add("Major Major Major")       
   End Sub
End Module
' Compilation displays a warning like the following:
'    Example1.vb(10) : warning BC42104: Variable 'names' is used before it 
'    has been assigned a value. A null reference exception could result 
'    at runtime.
'    
'          names.Add("Major Major Major")
'          ~~~~~
' The example displays output like the following output:
'    Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference 
'    not set to an instance of an object.
'       at Example.Main()

有些編譯器在編譯這些程式碼時會發出警告。其他系統會發出錯誤，編譯失敗。為了解決這個問題，將物件實例化為其值不再 null是。以下範例透過呼叫型別的類別建構子來實現此目標。

using System.Collections.Generic;

public class AnotherExample
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        List<string> names = ["Major Major Major"];
    }
}

let names = ResizeArray()
names.Add "Major Major Major"

Imports System.Collections.Generic

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim names As New List(Of String)()
      names.Add("Major Major Major")       
   End Sub
End Module

你忘了在初始化陣列前給它尺寸。以下範例中， values 宣告為整數陣列，但未指定其元素數量。因此，嘗試初始化其值時會拋 NullReferenceException 出例外。

int[] values = null;
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 9; ctr++)
    values[ctr] = ctr * 2;

foreach (int value in values)
    Console.WriteLine(value);

// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception:
//       System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
//       at Array3Example.Main()

let values: int[] = null
for i = 0 to 9 do
    values[i] <- i * 2

for value in values do
    printfn $"{value}"
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception:
//       System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
       Dim values() As Integer
       For ctr As Integer = 0 To 9
          values(ctr) = ctr * 2
       Next
          
       For Each value In values
          Console.WriteLine(value)
       Next      
   End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    Unhandled Exception: 
'       System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
'       at Example.Main()

你可以在初始化陣列前先宣告陣列中的元素數量來消除例外，如下範例所示。

int[] values = new int[10];
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 9; ctr++)
    values[ctr] = ctr * 2;

foreach (int value in values)
    Console.WriteLine(value);

// The example displays the following output:
//    0
//    2
//    4
//    6
//    8
//    10
//    12
//    14
//    16
//    18

let values = Array.zeroCreate<int> 10
for i = 0 to 9 do
    values[i] <- i * 2

for value in values do
    printfn $"{value}"
// The example displays the following output:
//    0
//    2
//    4
//    6
//    8
//    10
//    12
//    14
//    16
//    18

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
       Dim values(9) As Integer
       For ctr As Integer = 0 To 9
          values(ctr) = ctr * 2
       Next
          
       For Each value In values
          Console.WriteLine(value)
       Next      
   End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    0
'    2
'    4
'    6
'    8
'    10
'    12
'    14
'    16
'    18

欲了解更多關於宣告與初始化陣列的資訊，請參見陣列與陣列。

你從一個方法取得 一個空 回傳值，然後在回傳型別上呼叫一個方法。這有時是文件錯誤的結果;文件未說明方法呼叫可以回傳 null。在其他情況下，你的程式碼錯誤地假設方法總是回傳非空值。

以下範例中的程式碼假設該 Array.Find 方法總是回傳 Person 欄位與 FirstName 搜尋字串相符的物件。因為沒有匹配，執行時會拋 NullReferenceException 出例外。

public static void NoCheckExample()
{
    Person[] persons = Person.AddRange([ "Abigail", "Abra",
                                      "Abraham", "Adrian", "Ariella",
                                      "Arnold", "Aston", "Astor" ]);
    string nameToFind = "Robert";
    Person found = Array.Find(persons, p => p.FirstName == nameToFind);
    Console.WriteLine(found.FirstName);
}

// The example displays the following output:
//       Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException:
//       Object reference not set to an instance of an object.

open System

type Person(firstName) =
    member _.FirstName = firstName

    static member AddRange(firstNames) =
        Array.map Person firstNames

let persons = 
    [| "Abigail"; "Abra"; "Abraham"; "Adrian"
       "Ariella"; "Arnold"; "Aston"; "Astor" |]
    |> Person.AddRange

let nameToFind = "Robert"
let found = Array.Find(persons, fun p -> p.FirstName = nameToFind)

printfn $"{found.FirstName}"

// The example displays the following output:
//       Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException:
//       Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
//          at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim persons() As Person = Person.AddRange( { "Abigail", "Abra",
                                                   "Abraham", "Adrian",
                                                   "Ariella", "Arnold", 
                                                   "Aston", "Astor" } )    
      Dim nameToFind As String = "Robert"
      Dim found As Person = Array.Find(persons, Function(p) p.FirstName = nameToFind)
      Console.WriteLine(found.FirstName)
   End Sub
End Module

Public Class Person
   Public Shared Function AddRange(firstNames() As String) As Person()
      Dim p(firstNames.Length - 1) As Person
      For ctr As Integer = 0 To firstNames.Length - 1
         p(ctr) = New Person(firstNames(ctr))
      Next   
      Return p
   End Function
   
   Public Sub New(firstName As String)
      Me.FirstName = firstName
   End Sub 
   
   Public FirstName As String
End Class
' The example displays the following output:
'       Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: 
'       Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
'          at Example.Main()

為了解決這個問題，請先測試方法的回傳值，確保它沒有 null 在呼叫其任何成員之前，就像以下範例所做的那樣。

public static void ExampleWithNullCheck()
{
    Person[] persons = Person.AddRange([ "Abigail", "Abra",
                                      "Abraham", "Adrian", "Ariella",
                                      "Arnold", "Aston", "Astor" ]);
    string nameToFind = "Robert";
    Person found = Array.Find(persons, p => p.FirstName == nameToFind);
    if (found != null)
        Console.WriteLine(found.FirstName);
    else
        Console.WriteLine($"'{nameToFind}' not found.");
}

// The example displays the following output:
//        'Robert' not found

open System

[<AllowNullLiteral>]
type Person(firstName) =
    member _.FirstName = firstName

    static member AddRange(firstNames) =
        Array.map Person firstNames

let persons = 
    [| "Abigail"; "Abra"; "Abraham"; "Adrian"
       "Ariella"; "Arnold"; "Aston"; "Astor" |]
    |> Person.AddRange

let nameToFind = "Robert"
let found = Array.Find(persons, fun p -> p.FirstName = nameToFind)

if found <> null then
    printfn $"{found.FirstName}"
else 
    printfn $"{nameToFind} not found."

// Using F#'s Array.tryFind function
// This does not require a null check or [<AllowNullLiteral>]
let found2 = 
    persons |> Array.tryFind (fun p -> p.FirstName = nameToFind)

match found2 with
| Some firstName ->
    printfn $"{firstName}"
| None ->
    printfn $"{nameToFind} not found."

// The example displays the following output:
//        Robert not found.
//        Robert not found.

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim persons() As Person = Person.AddRange( { "Abigail", "Abra",
                                                   "Abraham", "Adrian",
                                                   "Ariella", "Arnold", 
                                                   "Aston", "Astor" } )    
      Dim nameToFind As String = "Robert"
      Dim found As Person = Array.Find(persons, Function(p) p.FirstName = nameToFind)
      If found IsNot Nothing Then
         Console.WriteLine(found.FirstName)
      Else
         Console.WriteLine("{0} not found.", nameToFind)
      End If   
   End Sub
End Module

Public Class Person
   Public Shared Function AddRange(firstNames() As String) As Person()
      Dim p(firstNames.Length - 1) As Person
      For ctr As Integer = 0 To firstNames.Length - 1
         p(ctr) = New Person(firstNames(ctr))
      Next   
      Return p
   End Function
   
   Public Sub New(firstName As String)
      Me.FirstName = firstName
   End Sub 
   
   Public FirstName As String
End Class
' The example displays the following output:
'       Robert not found

你用一個表達式（例如，你把一串方法或屬性串連起來）來取得一個值，雖然你在檢查值是否是 null，執行時還是會 NullReferenceException 拋出例外。這是因為表達式中的中間值之一回傳 null。因此，你的測試 null 從未被評估過。

以下範例定義了一個 Pages 物件，用來快取由物件呈現 Page 的網頁資訊。此 Example.Main 方法會檢查目前網頁是否有非空標題，若有則顯示標題。儘管有此檢查，該方法仍拋 NullReferenceException 出例外。

public class Chain1Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var pages = new Pages();
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(pages.CurrentPage.Title))
        {
            string title = pages.CurrentPage.Title;
            Console.WriteLine($"Current title: '{title}'");
        }
    }
}

public class Pages
{
    readonly Page[] _page = new Page[10];
    int _ctr = 0;

    public Page CurrentPage
    {
        get { return _page[_ctr]; }
        set
        {
            // Move all the page objects down to accommodate the new one.
            if (_ctr > _page.GetUpperBound(0))
            {
                for (int ndx = 1; ndx <= _page.GetUpperBound(0); ndx++)
                    _page[ndx - 1] = _page[ndx];
            }
            _page[_ctr] = value;
            if (_ctr < _page.GetUpperBound(0))
                _ctr++;
        }
    }

    public Page PreviousPage
    {
        get
        {
            if (_ctr == 0)
            {
                if (_page[0] is null)
                    return null;
                else
                    return _page[0];
            }
            else
            {
                _ctr--;
                return _page[_ctr + 1];
            }
        }
    }
}

public class Page
{
    public Uri URL;
    public string Title;
}

// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception:
//       System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
//       at Chain1Example.Main()

open System

type Page() =
    [<DefaultValue>]
    val mutable public URL: Uri
    [<DefaultValue>]
    val mutable public Title: string

type Pages() =
    let pages = Array.zeroCreate<Page> 10
    let mutable i = 0

    member _.CurrentPage
        with get () = pages[i]
        and set (value) =
            // Move all the page objects down to accommodate the new one.
            if i > pages.GetUpperBound 0 then
                for ndx = 1 to pages.GetUpperBound 0 do
                    pages[ndx - 1] <- pages[ndx]

            pages[i] <- value
            if i < pages.GetUpperBound 0 then
                i <- i + 1

    member _.PreviousPage =
        if i = 0 then
            if box pages[0] = null then
                Unchecked.defaultof<Page>
            else
                pages[0]
        else
            i <- i - 1
            pages[i + 1]

let pages = Pages()
if String.IsNullOrEmpty pages.CurrentPage.Title |> not then
    let title = pages.CurrentPage.Title
    printfn $"Current title: '{title}'"


// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception:
//       System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim pages As New Pages()
      Dim title As String = pages.CurrentPage.Title
   End Sub
End Module

Public Class Pages 
   Dim page(9) As Page
   Dim ctr As Integer = 0
   
   Public Property CurrentPage As Page
      Get
         Return page(ctr)
      End Get
      Set
         ' Move all the page objects down to accommodate the new one.
         If ctr > page.GetUpperBound(0) Then
            For ndx As Integer = 1 To page.GetUpperBound(0)
               page(ndx - 1) = page(ndx)
            Next
         End If    
         page(ctr) = value
         If ctr < page.GetUpperBound(0) Then ctr += 1 
      End Set
   End Property
   
   Public ReadOnly Property PreviousPage As Page
      Get
         If ctr = 0 Then 
            If page(0) Is Nothing Then
               Return Nothing
            Else
               Return page(0)
            End If   
         Else
            ctr -= 1
            Return page(ctr + 1)
         End If
      End Get
   End Property         
End Class

Public Class Page
   Public URL As Uri
   Public Title As String
End Class
' The example displays the following output:
'    Unhandled Exception: 
'       System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
'       at Example.Main()

如果快取中沒有儲存頁面資訊，例外會被拋出pages.CurrentPagenull。此例外可透過在取得當前Page物件Title屬性前測試屬性的CurrentPage值來修正，如下範例所示：

var pages = new Pages();
Page current = pages.CurrentPage;
if (current != null)
{
    string title = current.Title;
    Console.WriteLine($"Current title: '{title}'");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine("There is no page information in the cache.");
}

// The example displays the following output:
//       There is no page information in the cache.

let pages = Pages()
let current = pages.CurrentPage
if box current <> null then
    let title = current.Title
    printfn $"Current title: '{title}'"
else
    printfn "There is no page information in the cache."
// The example displays the following output:
//       There is no page information in the cache.

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim pages As New Pages()
      Dim current As Page = pages.CurrentPage
      If current IsNot Nothing Then 
         Dim title As String = current.Title
         Console.WriteLine("Current title: '{0}'", title)
      Else
         Console.WriteLine("There is no page information in the cache.")
      End If   
   End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       There is no page information in the cache.

你是在枚舉包含參考型別的陣列元素，嘗試處理其中一個元素時拋 NullReferenceException 出例外。

以下範例定義了一個字串陣列。一個 for 陳述式會枚舉陣列中的元素，並在顯示字串前呼叫每個字串的方法 Trim 。

string[] values = [ "one", null, "two" ];
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= values.GetUpperBound(0); ctr++)
    Console.Write("{0}{1}", values[ctr].Trim(),
                  ctr == values.GetUpperBound(0) ? "" : ", ");
Console.WriteLine();

// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception:
//       System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.

open System

let values = [| "one"; null; "two" |]
for i = 0 to values.GetUpperBound 0 do
    printfn $"""{values[i].Trim()}{if i = values.GetUpperBound 0 then "" else ", "}"""
printfn ""
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception:
//       System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim values() As String = { "one", Nothing, "two" }
      For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.GetUpperBound(0)
         Console.Write("{0}{1}", values(ctr).Trim(), 
                       If(ctr = values.GetUpperBound(0), "", ", ")) 
      Next
      Console.WriteLine()
   End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: 
'       Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
'       at Example.Main()

若假設陣列中的每個元素必須包含非空值，且陣列元素的值實際上 null為，則會發生此例外。如以下範例所示，可透過在執行任何操作前先測試該元素是否為該元素來 null 消除例外。

string[] values = [ "one", null, "two" ];
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= values.GetUpperBound(0); ctr++)
    Console.Write("{0}{1}",
                  values[ctr] != null ? values[ctr].Trim() : "",
                  ctr == values.GetUpperBound(0) ? "" : ", ");
Console.WriteLine();

// The example displays the following output:
//       one, , two

open System

let values = [| "one"; null; "two" |]
for i = 0 to values.GetUpperBound 0 do
    printf $"""{if values[i] <> null then values[i].Trim() else ""}{if i = values.GetUpperBound 0 then "" else ", "}"""
Console.WriteLine()
// The example displays the following output:
//       one, , two

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim values() As String = { "one", Nothing, "two" }
      For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.GetUpperBound(0)
         Console.Write("{0}{1}", 
                       If(values(ctr) IsNot Nothing, values(ctr).Trim(), ""), 
                       If(ctr = values.GetUpperBound(0), "", ", ")) 
      Next
      Console.WriteLine()
   End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       one, , two

當方法存取其參數中的成員，但該參數為 null。以下範例中的方法 PopulateNames 將例外拋出於行 names.Add(arrName);。

using System.Collections.Generic;

public class NRE2Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        List<string> names = GetData();
        PopulateNames(names);
    }

    private static void PopulateNames(List<string> names)
    {
        string[] arrNames = [ "Dakota", "Samuel", "Nikita",
                            "Koani", "Saya", "Yiska", "Yumaevsky" ];
        foreach (string arrName in arrNames)
            names.Add(arrName);
    }

    private static List<string> GetData()
    {
        return null;
    }
}

// The example displays output like the following:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference
//    not set to an instance of an object.
//       at NRE2Example.PopulateNames(List`1 names)
//       at NRE2Example.Main()

let populateNames (names: ResizeArray<string>) =
    let arrNames =
        [ "Dakota"; "Samuel"; "Nikita"
          "Koani"; "Saya"; "Yiska"; "Yumaevsky" ]
    for arrName in arrNames do
        names.Add arrName

let getData () : ResizeArray<string> =
    null

let names = getData ()
populateNames names

// The example displays output like the following:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference
//    not set to an instance of an object.
//       at Example.PopulateNames(List`1 names)
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Imports System.Collections.Generic

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim names As List(Of String) = GetData()
      PopulateNames(names)
   End Sub
   
   Private Sub PopulateNames(names As List(Of String))
      Dim arrNames() As String = { "Dakota", "Samuel", "Nikita",
                                   "Koani", "Saya", "Yiska", "Yumaevsky" }
      For Each arrName In arrNames
         names.Add(arrName)
      Next
   End Sub
   
   Private Function GetData() As List(Of String)
      Return Nothing   
   End Function
End Module
' The example displays output like the following:
'    Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference 
'    not set to an instance of an object.
'       at Example.PopulateNames(List`1 names)
'       at Example.Main()

為了解決這個問題，請確保傳給方法的參數不是 null，或是在區 try…catch…finally 塊中處理拋出的例外。欲了解更多資訊，請參閱例外。

在不知道類型的情況下建立清單，且列表未被初始化。以下範例中的方法 GetList 將例外拋出於行 emptyList.Add(value)。

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;

public class NullReferenceExample
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var listType = GetListType();
        _ = GetList(listType);
    }

    private static Type GetListType()
    {
        return typeof(List<int>);
    }

    private static IList GetList(Type type)
    {
        var emptyList = (IList)FormatterServices.GetUninitializedObject(type); // Does not call list constructor
        var value = 1;
        emptyList.Add(value);
        return emptyList;
    }
}
// The example displays output like the following:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: 'Object reference
//    not set to an instance of an object.'
//    at System.Collections.Generic.List`1.System.Collections.IList.Add(Object item)
//    at NullReferenceExample.GetList(Type type): line 24

為了解決這個問題，請確保清單已被初始化（一種方法是呼叫 Activator.CreateInstance 而非 FormatterServices.GetUninitializedObject初始化），或在區 try…catch…finally 塊中處理拋出的例外。欲了解更多資訊，請參閱例外。

以下Microsoft中級語言（MSIL）指令會拋出 NullReferenceException：callvirt、cpblk、cpobj、initblk、ldelem.<type>、ldelema、ldfld、ldflda、ldind.<type>、ldlen、stelem.<type>、stfld、stind.<type>、throw，以及 unbox。

NullReferenceException 使用 HRESULT COR_E_NULLREFERENCE，其值為 0x80004003。

如需查看 NullReferenceException 實例的初始屬性值列表，請參閱 NullReferenceException 的建構子。

何時處理 NullReferenceException 例外

通常避免 NullReferenceException 比事後處理要好。處理例外會讓你的程式碼更難維護和理解，有時還會引入其他錯誤。 NullReferenceException 通常是無法復原的錯誤。在這種情況下，讓例外停止應用程式可能是最佳選擇。

然而，處理錯誤的情況有許多是有用的：

你的應用程式可以忽略空的物件。舉例來說，如果你的應用程式在資料庫中擷取並處理紀錄，你可能能夠忽略一些導致空物件的錯誤紀錄。把壞資料記錄在日誌檔或應用程式介面裡，可能就夠了。
你可以從例外中恢復。例如，呼叫一個回傳參考型別的網路服務，若連線中斷或連線逾時，可能會回傳 null。你可以嘗試重新建立連線並嘗試呼叫。
你可以把應用程式的狀態還原到有效狀態。舉例來說，你可能正在執行一個多步驟任務，需要先將資訊儲存到資料庫，然後才呼叫一個會拋出 NullReferenceException 的方法。如果未初始化的物件會破壞資料記錄，你可以在關閉應用程式前移除之前的資料。
你想回報這個例外。例如，如果錯誤是由應用程式使用者的錯誤所造成，你可以產生訊息協助他們提供正確資訊。你也可以記錄錯誤資訊，幫助你修正問題。有些框架，如 ASP.NET，有高階例外處理程序，能捕捉所有錯誤，確保應用程式不會當機;在這種情況下，記錄異常可能是你唯一能知道它是否發生的方法。

建構函式

名稱	Description
NullReferenceException()	初始化該類別的新實例 NullReferenceException ，並將新實例的屬性設定 Message 為系統提供的訊息，描述錯誤，例如「在需要物件實例的地方找到了『null』值。」此訊息考量了當前系統文化。
NullReferenceException(SerializationInfo, StreamingContext)	已淘汰. 使用串行化數據，初始化 NullReferenceException 類別的新實例。
NullReferenceException(String, Exception)	初始化類別的新實例 NullReferenceException ，並附上指定的錯誤訊息及導致該異常的內部例外的參考。
NullReferenceException(String)	使用指定的錯誤訊息，初始化 NullReferenceException 類別的新實例。

屬性

名稱	Description
Data	取得索引鍵/值組的集合，提供例外狀況的其他使用者定義資訊。 (繼承來源 Exception)
HelpLink	取得或設定與這個例外狀況相關聯的說明檔連結。 (繼承來源 Exception)
HResult	取得或設定 HRESULT，這是指派給特定例外狀況的編碼數值。 (繼承來源 Exception)
InnerException	會取得 Exception 造成目前例外的實例。 (繼承來源 Exception)
Message	取得描述目前例外狀況的訊息。 (繼承來源 Exception)
Source	取得或設定造成錯誤之應用程式或物件的名稱。 (繼承來源 Exception)
StackTrace	取得呼叫堆疊上即時框架的字串表示。 (繼承來源 Exception)
TargetSite	取得擲回目前例外狀況的方法。 (繼承來源 Exception)

方法

名稱	Description
Equals(Object)	判斷指定的物件是否等於目前的物件。 (繼承來源 Object)
GetBaseException()	當在派生類別中被覆寫時，回傳 Exception 是一個或多個後續例外的根因。 (繼承來源 Exception)
GetHashCode()	做為預設哈希函式。 (繼承來源 Object)
GetObjectData(SerializationInfo, StreamingContext)	已淘汰. 在衍生類別中覆寫時，使用例外狀況的相關信息來設定 SerializationInfo。 (繼承來源 Exception)
GetType()	取得目前實例的運行時間類型。 (繼承來源 Exception)
MemberwiseClone()	建立目前 Object的淺層複本。 (繼承來源 Object)
ToString()	建立並傳回目前例外狀況的字串表示。 (繼承來源 Exception)

事件

名稱	Description
SerializeObjectState	已淘汰. 發生於例外狀況串行化以建立例外狀況狀態物件，其中包含例外狀況的串行化數據。 (繼承來源 Exception)

適用於

另請參閱

意見反應

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