Configure SSL connectivity in your application to securely connect to Azure Database for MySQL

Članak
06/20/2022

APPLIES TO: Azure Database for MySQL - Single Server

Important

Azure Database for MySQL single server is on the retirement path. We strongly recommend that you upgrade to Azure Database for MySQL flexible server. For more information about migrating to Azure Database for MySQL flexible server, see What's happening to Azure Database for MySQL Single Server?

Azure Database for MySQL supports connecting your Azure Database for MySQL server to client applications using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). Enforcing SSL connections between your database server and your client applications helps protect against "man in the middle" attacks by encrypting the data stream between the server and your application.

Step 1: Obtain SSL certificate

Download the certificate needed to communicate over SSL with your Azure Database for MySQL server from https://cacerts.digicert.com/DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem and save the certificate file to your local drive (this tutorial uses c:\ssl for example). For Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge: After the download has completed, rename the certificate to BaltimoreCyberTrustRoot.crt.pem.

See the following links for certificates for servers in sovereign clouds: Azure Government, Microsoft Azure operated by 21Vianet, and Azure Germany.

Step 2: Bind SSL

For specific programming language connection strings, please refer to the sample code below.

Connecting to server using MySQL Workbench over SSL

Configure MySQL Workbench to connect securely over SSL.

From the Setup New Connection dialogue, navigate to the SSL tab.
Update the Use SSL field to "Require".
In the SSL CA File: field, enter the file location of the DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem.

For existing connections, you can bind SSL by right-clicking on the connection icon and choose edit. Then navigate to the SSL tab and bind the cert file.

Connecting to server using the MySQL CLI over SSL

Another way to bind the SSL certificate is to use the MySQL command-line interface by executing the following commands.

mysql.exe -h mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com -u Username@mydemoserver -p --ssl-mode=REQUIRED --ssl-ca=c:\ssl\DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem

Note

When using the MySQL command-line interface on Windows, you may receive an error SSL connection error: Certificate signature check failed. If this occurs, replace the --ssl-mode=REQUIRED --ssl-ca={filepath} parameters with --ssl.

Step 3: Enforcing SSL connections in Azure

Using the Azure portal

Using the Azure portal, visit your Azure Database for MySQL server, and then click Connection security. Use the toggle button to enable or disable the Enforce SSL connection setting, and then click Save. Microsoft recommends to always enable the Enforce SSL connection setting for enhanced security.

Using Azure CLI

You can enable or disable the ssl-enforcement parameter by using Enabled or Disabled values respectively in Azure CLI.

az mysql server update --resource-group myresource --name mydemoserver --ssl-enforcement Enabled

Step 4: Verify the SSL connection

Execute the mysql status command to verify that you have connected to your MySQL server using SSL:

mysql> status

Confirm the connection is encrypted by reviewing the output, which should show: SSL: Cipher in use is AES256-SHA

Sample code

To establish a secure connection to Azure Database for MySQL over SSL from your application, refer to the following code samples:

Refer to the list of compatible drivers supported by the Azure Database for MySQL service.

PHP

$conn = mysqli_init();
mysqli_ssl_set($conn,NULL,NULL, "/var/www/html/DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem", NULL, NULL);
mysqli_real_connect($conn, 'mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com', 'myadmin@mydemoserver', 'yourpassword', 'quickstartdb', 3306, MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL);
if (mysqli_connect_errno()) {
die('Failed to connect to MySQL: '.mysqli_connect_error());
}

PHP (Using PDO)

$options = array(
    PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CA => '/var/www/html/DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem'
);
$db = new PDO('mysql:host=mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com;port=3306;dbname=databasename', 'username@mydemoserver', 'yourpassword', $options);

Python (MySQLConnector Python)

try:
    conn = mysql.connector.connect(user='myadmin@mydemoserver',
                                   password='yourpassword',
                                   database='quickstartdb',
                                   host='mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com',
                                   ssl_ca='/var/www/html/DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem')
except mysql.connector.Error as err:
    print(err)

Python (PyMySQL)

conn = pymysql.connect(user='myadmin@mydemoserver',
                       password='yourpassword',
                       database='quickstartdb',
                       host='mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com',
                       ssl={'ca': '/var/www/html/DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem'})

Django (PyMySQL)

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': 'quickstartdb',
        'USER': 'myadmin@mydemoserver',
        'PASSWORD': 'yourpassword',
        'HOST': 'mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com',
        'PORT': '3306',
        'OPTIONS': {
            'ssl': {'ca': '/var/www/html/DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem'}
        }
    }
}

Ruby

client = Mysql2::Client.new(
        :host     => 'mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com',
        :username => 'myadmin@mydemoserver',
        :password => 'yourpassword',
        :database => 'quickstartdb',
        :sslca => '/var/www/html/DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem'
    )

Golang

rootCertPool := x509.NewCertPool()
pem, _ := ioutil.ReadFile("/var/www/html/DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem")
if ok := rootCertPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(pem); !ok {
    log.Fatal("Failed to append PEM.")
}
mysql.RegisterTLSConfig("custom", &tls.Config{RootCAs: rootCertPool})
var connectionString string
connectionString = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s@tcp(%s:3306)/%s?allowNativePasswords=true&tls=custom","myadmin@mydemoserver" , "yourpassword", "mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com", 'quickstartdb')
db, _ := sql.Open("mysql", connectionString)

Java (MySQL Connector for Java)

# generate truststore and keystore in code

String importCert = " -import "+
    " -alias mysqlServerCACert "+
    " -file " + ssl_ca +
    " -keystore truststore "+
    " -trustcacerts " +
    " -storepass password -noprompt ";
String genKey = " -genkey -keyalg rsa " +
    " -alias mysqlClientCertificate -keystore keystore " +
    " -storepass password123 -keypass password " +
    " -dname CN=MS ";
sun.security.tools.keytool.Main.main(importCert.trim().split("\\s+"));
sun.security.tools.keytool.Main.main(genKey.trim().split("\\s+"));

# use the generated keystore and truststore

System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStore","path_to_keystore_file");
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword","password");
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStore","path_to_truststore_file");
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword","password");

url = String.format("jdbc:mysql://%s/%s?serverTimezone=UTC&useSSL=true", 'mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com', 'quickstartdb');
properties.setProperty("user", 'myadmin@mydemoserver');
properties.setProperty("password", 'yourpassword');
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, properties);

Java (MariaDB Connector for Java)

# generate truststore and keystore in code

String importCert = " -import "+
    " -alias mysqlServerCACert "+
    " -file " + ssl_ca +
    " -keystore truststore "+
    " -trustcacerts " +
    " -storepass password -noprompt ";
String genKey = " -genkey -keyalg rsa " +
    " -alias mysqlClientCertificate -keystore keystore " +
    " -storepass password123 -keypass password " +
    " -dname CN=MS ";
sun.security.tools.keytool.Main.main(importCert.trim().split("\\s+"));
sun.security.tools.keytool.Main.main(genKey.trim().split("\\s+"));

# use the generated keystore and truststore


System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStore","path_to_keystore_file");
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword","password");
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStore","path_to_truststore_file");
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword","password");

url = String.format("jdbc:mariadb://%s/%s?useSSL=true&trustServerCertificate=true", 'mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com', 'quickstartdb');
properties.setProperty("user", 'myadmin@mydemoserver');
properties.setProperty("password", 'yourpassword');
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, properties);

.NET (MySqlConnector)

var builder = new MySqlConnectionStringBuilder
{
    Server = "mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com",
    UserID = "myadmin@mydemoserver",
    Password = "yourpassword",
    Database = "quickstartdb",
    SslMode = MySqlSslMode.VerifyCA,
    SslCa = "DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem",
};
using (var connection = new MySqlConnection(builder.ConnectionString))
{
    connection.Open();
}

Node.js

var fs = require('fs');
var mysql = require('mysql');
const serverCa = [fs.readFileSync("/var/www/html/DigiCertGlobalRootG2.crt.pem", "utf8")];
var conn=mysql.createConnection({
    host:"mydemoserver.mysql.database.azure.com",
    user:"myadmin@mydemoserver",
    password:"yourpassword",
    database:"quickstartdb",
    port:3306,
    ssl: {
        rejectUnauthorized: true,
        ca: serverCa
    }
});
conn.connect(function(err) {
  if (err) throw err;
});

Next steps

To learn about certificate expiry and rotation, refer certificate rotation documentation
Review various application connectivity options following Connection libraries for Azure Database for MySQL

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