Hello Artur
I am V. Arya, Independent Advisor, to work with you on this issue. As a workaround, select a range not complete columns and see the number of columns selected in Name box. Then later on in your formulas, you can convert those to full column references.
Now coming back to you issue - There is a possibility that an Add-in is creating problems. To test this hypothesis, start Excel in safe mode (How to - https://support.office.com/en-us/article/open-o... )
If you don't face the issue, then one of the add-ins will be the culprit. Now you can start application normally and you can disable all of them (File -- Options -- Add-ins) and enable them one by one and check to catch the culprit add-in.
If above doesn't solve your issue, let me know your Excel version and build (File - Account - Next to About Excel, this information is there)