I have been troubleshooting this issue on a friend's PC just this past weekend, documents on OneDrive (Word, Excel) which you open in the program were lacking the file name in the program header (and location), and if you used the "Save as" button the file name was overwritten by "d.docs.live.net" by default.
The SOLUTION to the program was the FOLDER structure on OneDrive. My friend had the usual root folders like Desktop, Photos, Documents, Music etc. and then in the Documents folder there was *ANOTHER* Documents folder which appeared to also be somehow a system folder (the icon color was different). Only when dealing with files that send subfolder "Documents" the issue occured. The solution was to move all of the content up one level, into the original Documents folder.
After 3 visits and hours researching this issue, THIS is what resolved the problem we were running into. My customer had a folder called Documents under the OneDrive Documents folder and it somehow made everything BIG MAD.
I made a copy of all of the data locally, completely erased the cloud-based data set and moved all of the data from the Documents\Documents folder into the main Documents folder and let it sync. It took awhile, but everything started working again!
Thanks DirkWe!