This is affecting me as well at the moment and has been for a few weeks: iPhone 13 mini, iOS 15.6.1, Teams 4.15.1. Other users in my tenant with different iPhone models are not affected.
Update: By the way, the issue might not be limited to markdown text. We send plain text and it is not showing up on my iPhone. We do use OpenUri actions, however.
Update 2: I opened a support case with Microsoft in Germany. Feedback is that it is a confirmed global issue that is being worked on by engineers with no additional information at this point. The support agent specifically referred me back here to this post for updates.