ASP.NET Core Razor components

Article
03/08/2023
177 minutes to read

This article explains how to create and use Razor components in Blazor apps, including guidance on Razor syntax, component naming, namespaces, and component parameters.

Blazor apps are built using Razor components, informally known as Blazor components. A component is a self-contained portion of user interface (UI) with processing logic to enable dynamic behavior. Components can be nested, reused, shared among projects, and used in MVC and Razor Pages apps.

Component classes

Components are implemented using a combination of C# and HTML markup in Razor component files with the .razor file extension.

By default, ComponentBase is the base class for components described by Razor component files. ComponentBase implements the lowest abstraction of components, the IComponent interface. ComponentBase defines component properties and methods for basic functionality, for example, to process a set of built-in component lifecycle events.

ComponentBase in dotnet/aspnetcore reference source: The reference source contains additional remarks on the built-in lifecycle events. However, keep in mind that the internal implementations of component features are subject to change at any time without notice.

Note

Documentation links to .NET reference source usually load the repository's default branch, which represents the current development for the next release of .NET. To select a tag for a specific release, use the Switch branches or tags dropdown list. For more information, see How to select a version tag of ASP.NET Core source code (dotnet/AspNetCore.Docs #26205).

Developers typically create Razor components from Razor component files (.razor) or base their components on ComponentBase, but components can also be built by implementing IComponent. Developer-built components that implement IComponent can take low-level control over rendering at the cost of having to manually trigger rendering with events and lifecycle methods that the developer must create and maintain.

Razor syntax

Components use Razor syntax. Two Razor features are extensively used by components, directives and directive attributes. These are reserved keywords prefixed with @ that appear in Razor markup:

Directives: Change the way component markup is parsed or functions. For example, the @page directive specifies a routable component with a route template and can be reached directly by a user's request in the browser at a specific URL.
Directive attributes: Change the way a component element is parsed or functions. For example, the @bind directive attribute for an <input> element binds data to the element's value.

Directives and directive attributes used in components are explained further in this article and other articles of the Blazor documentation set. For general information on Razor syntax, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core.

Names

A component's name must start with an uppercase character:

ProductDetail.razor is valid.
productDetail.razor is invalid.

Common Blazor naming conventions used throughout the Blazor documentation include:

Component file paths use Pascal case† and appear before showing component code examples. Paths indicate typical folder locations. For example, Pages/ProductDetail.razor indicates that the ProductDetail component has a file name of ProductDetail.razor and resides in the Pages folder of the app.
Component file paths for routable components match their URLs with hyphens appearing for spaces between words in a component's route template. For example, a ProductDetail component with a route template of /product-detail (@page "/product-detail") is requested in a browser at the relative URL /product-detail.

†Pascal case (upper camel case) is a naming convention without spaces and punctuation and with the first letter of each word capitalized, including the first word.

Routing

Routing in Blazor is achieved by providing a route template to each accessible component in the app with an @page directive. When a Razor file with an @page directive is compiled, the generated class is given a RouteAttribute specifying the route template. At runtime, the router searches for component classes with a RouteAttribute and renders whichever component has a route template that matches the requested URL.

The following HelloWorld component uses a route template of /hello-world, and the rendered webpage for the component is reached at the relative URL /hello-world. Components that produce webpages usually reside in the Pages folder, but you can use any folder to hold components, including within nested folders.

Pages/HelloWorld.razor:

@page "/hello-world"

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

The preceding component loads in the browser at /hello-world regardless of whether or not you add the component to the app's UI navigation. Optionally, components can be added to the NavMenu component so that a link to the component appears in the app's UI-based navigation.

For the preceding HelloWorld component, you can add a NavLink component to the NavMenu component in the Shared folder. For more information, including descriptions of the NavLink and NavMenu components, see ASP.NET Core Blazor routing and navigation.

Markup

A component's UI is defined using Razor syntax, which consists of Razor markup, C#, and HTML. When an app is compiled, the HTML markup and C# rendering logic are converted into a component class. The name of the generated class matches the name of the file.

Members of the component class are defined in one or more @code blocks. In @code blocks, component state is specified and processed with C#:

Property and field initializers.
Parameter values from arguments passed by parent components and route parameters.
Methods for user event handling, lifecycle events, and custom component logic.

Component members are used in rendering logic using C# expressions that start with the @ symbol. For example, a C# field is rendered by prefixing @ to the field name. The following Markup component evaluates and renders:

headingFontStyle for the CSS property value font-style of the heading element.
headingText for the content of the heading element.

Pages/Markup.razor:

@page "/markup"

<h1 style="font-style:@headingFontStyle">@headingText</h1>

@code {
    private string headingFontStyle = "italic";
    private string headingText = "Put on your new Blazor!";
}

Note

Examples throughout the Blazor documentation specify the private access modifier for private members. Private members are scoped to a component's class. However, C# assumes the private access modifier when no access modifier is present, so explicitly marking members "private" in your own code is optional. For more information on access modifiers, see Access Modifiers (C# Programming Guide).

The Blazor framework processes a component internally as a render tree, which is the combination of a component's Document Object Model (DOM) and Cascading Style Sheet Object Model (CSSOM). After the component is initially rendered, the component's render tree is regenerated in response to events. Blazor compares the new render tree against the previous render tree and applies any modifications to the browser's DOM for display. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.

Razor syntax for C# control structures, directives, and directive attributes are lowercase (examples: @if, @code, @bind). Property names are uppercase (example: @Body for LayoutComponentBase.Body).

Asynchronous methods (`async`) don't support returning `void`

The Blazor framework doesn't track void-returning asynchronous methods (async). As a result, exceptions aren't caught if void is returned. Always return a Task from asynchronous methods.

Nested components

Components can include other components by declaring them using HTML syntax. The markup for using a component looks like an HTML tag where the name of the tag is the component type.

Consider the following Heading component, which can be used by other components to display a heading.

Shared/Heading.razor:

<h1 style="font-style:@headingFontStyle">Heading Example</h1>

@code {
    private string headingFontStyle = "italic";
}

The following markup in the HeadingExample component renders the preceding Heading component at the location where the <Heading /> tag appears.

Pages/HeadingExample.razor:

@page "/heading-example"

<Heading />

If a component contains an HTML element with an uppercase first letter that doesn't match a component name within the same namespace, a warning is emitted indicating that the element has an unexpected name. Adding an @using directive for the component's namespace makes the component available, which resolves the warning. For more information, see the Class name and namespace section.

The Heading component example shown in this section doesn't have an @page directive, so the Heading component isn't directly accessible to a user via a direct request in the browser. However, any component with an @page directive can be nested in another component. If the Heading component was directly accessible by including @page "/heading" at the top of its Razor file, then the component would be rendered for browser requests at both /heading and /heading-example.

Class name and namespace

Components are ordinary C# classes and can be placed anywhere within a project. Components that produce webpages usually reside in the Pages folder. Non-page components are frequently placed in the Shared folder or a custom folder added to the project.

Typically, a component's namespace is derived from the app's root namespace and the component's location (folder) within the app. If the app's root namespace is BlazorSample and the Counter component resides in the Pages folder:

The Counter component's namespace is BlazorSample.Pages.
The fully qualified type name of the component is BlazorSample.Pages.Counter.

For custom folders that hold components, add an @using directive to the parent component or to the app's _Imports.razor file. The following example makes components in the Components folder available:

@using BlazorSample.Components

Note

@using directives in the _Imports.razor file are only applied to Razor files (.razor), not C# files (.cs).

Components can also be referenced using their fully qualified names, which doesn't require an @using directive. The following example directly references the ProductDetail component in the Components folder of the app:

<BlazorSample.Components.ProductDetail />

The namespace of a component authored with Razor is based on the following (in priority order):

The @namespace directive in the Razor file's markup (for example, @namespace BlazorSample.CustomNamespace).
The project's RootNamespace in the project file (for example, <RootNamespace>BlazorSample</RootNamespace>).
The project name, taken from the project file's file name (.csproj), and the path from the project root to the component. For example, the framework resolves {PROJECT ROOT}/Pages/Index.razor with a project namespace of BlazorSample (BlazorSample.csproj) to the namespace BlazorSample.Pages for the Index component. {PROJECT ROOT} is the project root path. Components follow C# name binding rules. For the Index component in this example, the components in scope are all of the components:
- In the same folder, Pages.
- The components in the project's root that don't explicitly specify a different namespace.

The following are not supported:

The global:: qualification.
Importing components with aliased using statements. For example, @using Foo = Bar isn't supported.
Partially-qualified names. For example, you can't add @using BlazorSample to a component and then reference the NavMenu component in the app's Shared folder (Shared/NavMenu.razor) with <Shared.NavMenu></Shared.NavMenu>.

Partial class support

Components are generated as C# partial classes and are authored using either of the following approaches:

A single file contains C# code defined in one or more @code blocks, HTML markup, and Razor markup. Blazor project templates define their components using this single-file approach.
HTML and Razor markup are placed in a Razor file (.razor). C# code is placed in a code-behind file defined as a partial class (.cs).

Note

A component stylesheet that defines component-specific styles is a separate file (.css). Blazor CSS isolation is described later in ASP.NET Core Blazor CSS isolation.

The following example shows the default Counter component with an @code block in an app generated from a Blazor project template. Markup and C# code are in the same file. This is the most common approach taken in component authoring.

Pages/Counter.razor:

@page "/counter"

<PageTitle>Counter</PageTitle>

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p role="status">Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

@code {
    private int currentCount = 0;

    private void IncrementCount()
    {
        currentCount++;
    }
}

The following Counter component splits HTML and Razor markup from C# code using a code-behind file with a partial class:

Pages/CounterPartialClass.razor:

@page "/counter-partial-class"

<PageTitle>Counter</PageTitle>

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p role="status">Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

Pages/CounterPartialClass.razor.cs:

namespace BlazorSample.Pages;

public partial class CounterPartialClass
{
    private int currentCount = 0;

    private void IncrementCount()
    {
        currentCount++;
    }
}

@using directives in the _Imports.razor file are only applied to Razor files (.razor), not C# files (.cs). Add namespaces to a partial class file as needed.

Typical namespaces used by components:

using System.Net.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Forms;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Routing;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Web;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Web.Virtualization;
using Microsoft.JSInterop;

Typical namespaces also include the namespace of the app and the namespace corresponding to the app's Shared folder:

using BlazorSample;
using BlazorSample.Shared;

Specify a base class

The @inherits directive is used to specify a base class for a component. The following example shows how a component can inherit a base class to provide the component's properties and methods. The BlazorRocksBase base class derives from ComponentBase.

Pages/BlazorRocks.razor:

@page "/blazor-rocks"
@inherits BlazorRocksBase

<h1>@BlazorRocksText</h1>

BlazorRocksBase.cs:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components;

namespace BlazorSample;

public class BlazorRocksBase : ComponentBase
{
    public string BlazorRocksText { get; set; } =
        "Blazor rocks the browser!";
}

Component parameters

Component parameters pass data to components and are defined using public C# properties on the component class with the [Parameter] attribute. In the following example, a built-in reference type (System.String) and a user-defined reference type (PanelBody) are passed as component parameters.

PanelBody.cs:

public class PanelBody
{
    public string? Text { get; set; }
    public string? Style { get; set; }
}

Shared/ParameterChild.razor:

<div class="card w-25" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold">@Title</div>
    <div class="card-body" style="font-style:@Body.Style">
        @Body.Text
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string Title { get; set; } = "Set By Child";

    [Parameter]
    public PanelBody Body { get; set; } =
        new()
        {
            Text = "Set by child.",
            Style = "normal"
        };
}

Warning

Providing initial values for component parameters is supported, but don't create a component that writes to its own parameters after the component is rendered for the first time. For more information, see the Overwritten parameters section of this article.

The Title and Body component parameters of the ParameterChild component are set by arguments in the HTML tag that renders the instance of the component. The following ParameterParent component renders two ParameterChild components:

The first ParameterChild component is rendered without supplying parameter arguments.
The second ParameterChild component receives values for Title and Body from the ParameterParent component, which uses an explicit C# expression to set the values of the PanelBody's properties.

Pages/ParameterParent.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent"

<h1>Child component (without attribute values)</h1>

<ParameterChild />

<h1>Child component (with attribute values)</h1>

<ParameterChild Title="Set by Parent"
                Body="@(new PanelBody() { Text = "Set by parent.", Style = "italic" })" />

The following rendered HTML markup from the ParameterParent component shows ParameterChild component default values when the ParameterParent component doesn't supply component parameter values. When the ParameterParent component provides component parameter values, they replace the ParameterChild component's default values.

Note

For clarity, rendered CSS style classes aren't shown in the following rendered HTML markup.

<h1>Child component (without attribute values)</h1>

<div>
    <div>Set By Child</div>
    <div>Set by child.</div>
</div>

<h1>Child component (with attribute values)</h1>

<div>
    <div>Set by Parent</div>
    <div>Set by parent.</div>
</div>

Assign a C# field, property, or result of a method to a component parameter as an HTML attribute value. The value of the attribute can typically be any C# expression that matches the type of the parameter. The value of the attribute can optionally lead with a Razor reserved @ symbol, but it isn't required.

If the component parameter is of type string, then the attribute value is instead treated as a C# string literal by default. If you want to specify a C# expression instead, then use the @ prefix.

The following ParameterParent2 component displays four instances of the preceding ParameterChild component and sets their Title parameter values to:

The value of the title field.
The result of the GetTitle C# method.
The current local date in long format with ToLongDateString, which uses an implicit C# expression.
The panelData object's Title property.

We don't recommend the use of the @ prefix for literals (for example, boolean values), keywords (for example, this), or null, but you can choose to use them if you wish. For example, IsFixed="@true" is uncommon but supported.

Quotes around parameter attribute values are optional in most cases per the HTML5 specification. For example, Value=this is supported, instead of Value="this". However, we recommend using quotes because it's easier to remember and widely adopted across web-based technologies.

Throughout the documentation, code examples:

Always use quotes. Example: Value="this".
Use the @ prefix with nonliterals, even when it's optional. Example: Count="@ct", where ct is a number-typed variable. Count="ct" is a valid stylistic approach, but the documentation and examples don't adopt the convention.
Always avoid @ for literals, outside of Razor expressions. Example: IsFixed="true".

Pages/ParameterParent2.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent-2"

<ParameterChild Title="@title" />

<ParameterChild Title="@GetTitle()" />

<ParameterChild Title="@DateTime.Now.ToLongDateString()" />

<ParameterChild Title="@panelData.Title" />

@code {
    private string title = "From Parent field";
    private PanelData panelData = new();

    private string GetTitle()
    {
        return "From Parent method";
    }

    private class PanelData
    {
        public string Title { get; set; } = "From Parent object";
    }
}

Note

When assigning a C# member to a component parameter, don't prefix the parameter's HTML attribute with @.

Correct (Title is a string parameter, Count is a number-typed parameter):

<ParameterChild Title="@title" Count="@ct" />

<ParameterChild Title="@title" Count="ct" />

Incorrect:

<ParameterChild @Title="@title" @Count="@ct" />

<ParameterChild @Title="@title" @Count="ct" />

Unlike in Razor pages (.cshtml), Blazor can't perform asynchronous work in a Razor expression while rendering a component. This is because Blazor is designed for rendering interactive UIs. In an interactive UI, the screen must always display something, so it doesn't make sense to block the rendering flow. Instead, asynchronous work is performed during one of the asynchronous lifecycle events. After each asynchronous lifecycle event, the component may render again. The following Razor syntax is not supported:

<ParameterChild Title="@await ..." />

The code in the preceding example generates a compiler error when the app is built:

The 'await' operator can only be used within an async method. Consider marking this method with the 'async' modifier and changing its return type to 'Task'.

To obtain a value for the Title parameter in the preceding example asynchronously, the component can use the OnInitializedAsync lifecycle event, as the following example demonstrates:

<ParameterChild Title="@title" />

@code {
    private string? title;

    protected override async Task OnInitializedAsync()
    {
        title = await ...;
    }
}

For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.

Use of an explicit Razor expression to concatenate text with an expression result for assignment to a parameter is not supported. The following example seeks to concatenate the text "Set by " with an object's property value. Although this syntax is supported in a Razor page (.cshtml), it isn't valid for assignment to the child's Title parameter in a component. The following Razor syntax is not supported:

<ParameterChild Title="Set by @(panelData.Title)" />

The code in the preceding example generates a compiler error when the app is built:

Component attributes do not support complex content (mixed C# and markup).

To support the assignment of a composed value, use a method, field, or property. The following example performs the concatenation of "Set by " and an object's property value in the C# method GetTitle:

Pages/ParameterParent3.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent-3"

<ParameterChild Title="@GetTitle()" />

@code {
    private PanelData panelData = new();

    private string GetTitle() => $"Set by {panelData.Title}";

    private class PanelData
    {
        public string Title { get; set; } = "Parent";
    }
}

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core.

Warning

Component parameters should be declared as auto-properties, meaning that they shouldn't contain custom logic in their get or set accessors. For example, the following StartData property is an auto-property:

[Parameter]
public DateTime StartData { get; set; }

Don't place custom logic in the get or set accessor because component parameters are purely intended for use as a channel for a parent component to flow information to a child component. If a set accessor of a child component property contains logic that causes rerendering of the parent component, an infinite rendering loop results.

To transform a received parameter value:

Leave the parameter property as an auto-property to represent the supplied raw data.
Create a different property or method to supply the transformed data based on the parameter property.

Override OnParametersSetAsync to transform a received parameter each time new data is received.

Writing an initial value to a component parameter is supported because initial value assignments don't interfere with the Blazor's automatic component rendering. The following assignment of the current local DateTime with DateTime.Now to StartData is valid syntax in a component:

[Parameter]
public DateTime StartData { get; set; } = DateTime.Now;

After the initial assignment of DateTime.Now, do not assign a value to StartData in developer code. For more information, see the Overwritten parameters section of this article.

Apply the [EditorRequired] attribute to specify a required component parameter. If a parameter value isn't provided, editors or build tools may display warnings to the user. This attribute is only valid on properties also marked with the [Parameter] attribute. The EditorRequiredAttribute is enforced at design-time and when the app is built. The attribute isn't enforced at runtime, and it doesn't guarantee a non-null parameter value.

[Parameter]
[EditorRequired]
public string? Title { get; set; }

Single-line attribute lists are also supported:

[Parameter, EditorRequired]
public string? Title { get; set; }

Tuples (API documentation) are supported for component parameters and RenderFragment types. The following component parameter example passes three values in a Tuple:

Shared/RenderTupleChild.razor:

<div class="card w-50" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold"><code>Tuple</code> Card</div>
    <div class="card-body">
        <ul>
            <li>Integer: @Data?.Item1</li>
            <li>String: @Data?.Item2</li>
            <li>Boolean: @Data?.Item3</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public Tuple<int, string, bool>? Data { get; set; }
}

Pages/RenderTupleParent.razor:

@page "/render-tuple-parent"

<h1>Render <code>Tuple</code> Parent</h1>

<RenderTupleChild Data="@data" />

@code {
    private Tuple<int, string, bool> data = new(999, "I aim to misbehave.", true);
}

Only unnamed tuples are supported for C# 7.0 or later in Razor components. Named tuples support in Razor components is planned for a future ASP.NET Core release. For more information, see Blazor Transpiler issue with named Tuples (dotnet/aspnetcore #28982).

Route parameters

Components can specify route parameters in the route template of the @page directive. The Blazor router uses route parameters to populate corresponding component parameters.

Optional route parameters are supported. In the following example, the text optional parameter assigns the value of the route segment to the component's Text property. If the segment isn't present, the value of Text is set to "fantastic" in the OnInitialized lifecycle method.

Pages/RouteParameter.razor:

@page "/route-parameter/{text?}"

<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string? Text { get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        Text = Text ?? "fantastic";
    }
}

For information on catch-all route parameters ({*pageRoute}), which capture paths across multiple folder boundaries, see ASP.NET Core Blazor routing and navigation.

Child content render fragments

Components can set the content of another component. The assigning component provides the content between the child component's opening and closing tags.

In the following example, the RenderFragmentChild component has a ChildContent component parameter that represents a segment of the UI to render as a RenderFragment. The position of ChildContent in the component's Razor markup is where the content is rendered in the final HTML output.

Shared/RenderFragmentChild.razor:

<div class="card w-25" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold">Child content</div>
    <div class="card-body">@ChildContent</div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }
}

Important

The property receiving the RenderFragment content must be named ChildContent by convention.

Event callbacks aren't supported for RenderFragment.

The following RenderFragmentParent component provides content for rendering the RenderFragmentChild by placing the content inside the child component's opening and closing tags.

Pages/RenderFragmentParent.razor:

@page "/render-fragment-parent"

<h1>Render child content</h1>

<RenderFragmentChild>
    Content of the child component is supplied
    by the parent component.
</RenderFragmentChild>

Due to the way that Blazor renders child content, rendering components inside a for loop requires a local index variable if the incrementing loop variable is used in the RenderFragmentChild component's content. The following example can be added to the preceding RenderFragmentParent component:

<h1>Three children with an index variable</h1>

@for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
{
    var current = c;

    <RenderFragmentChild>
        Count: @current
    </RenderFragmentChild>
}

Alternatively, use a foreach loop with Enumerable.Range instead of a for loop. The following example can be added to the preceding RenderFragmentParent component:

<h1>Second example of three children with an index variable</h1>

@foreach (var c in Enumerable.Range(0,3))
{
    <RenderFragmentChild>
        Count: @c
    </RenderFragmentChild>
}

Render fragments are used to render child content throughout Blazor apps and are described with examples in the following articles and article sections:

Note

Blazor framework's built-in Razor components use the same ChildContent component parameter convention to set their content. You can see the components that set child content by searching for the component parameter property name ChildContent in the API documentation (filters API with the search term "ChildContent").

Render fragments for reusable rendering logic

You can factor out child components purely as a way of reusing rendering logic. In any component's @code block, define a RenderFragment and render the fragment from any location as many times as needed:

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

@RenderWelcomeInfo

<p>Render the welcome info a second time:</p>

@RenderWelcomeInfo

@code {
    private RenderFragment RenderWelcomeInfo = __builder =>
    {
        <p>Welcome to your new app!</p>
    };
}

For more information, see Reuse rendering logic.

Overwritten parameters

The Blazor framework generally imposes safe parent-to-child parameter assignment:

Parameters aren't overwritten unexpectedly.
Side effects are minimized. For example, additional renders are avoided because they may create infinite rendering loops.

A child component receives new parameter values that possibly overwrite existing values when the parent component rerenders. Accidentally overwriting parameter values in a child component often occurs when developing the component with one or more data-bound parameters and the developer writes directly to a parameter in the child:

The child component is rendered with one or more parameter values from the parent component.
The child writes directly to the value of a parameter.
The parent component rerenders and overwrites the value of the child's parameter.

The potential for overwriting parameter values extends into the child component's property set accessors, too.

Important

Our general guidance is not to create components that directly write to their own parameters after the component is rendered for the first time.

Consider the following Expander component that:

Renders child content.
Toggles showing child content with a component parameter (Expanded).

After the following Expander component demonstrates an overwritten parameter, a modified Expander component is shown to demonstrate the correct approach for this scenario. The following examples can be placed in a local sample app to experience the behaviors described.

Shared/Expander.razor:

<div @onclick="Toggle" class="card bg-light mb-3" style="width:30rem">
    <div class="card-body">
        <h2 class="card-title">Toggle (<code>Expanded</code> = @Expanded)</h2>

        @if (Expanded)
        {
            <p class="card-text">@ChildContent</p>
        }
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public bool Expanded { get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }

    private void Toggle()
    {
        Expanded = !Expanded;
    }
}

The Expander component is added to the following ExpanderExample parent component that may call StateHasChanged:

Calling StateHasChanged in developer code notifies a component that its state has changed and typically triggers component rerendering to update the UI. StateHasChanged is covered in more detail later in ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle and ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.
The button's @onclick directive attribute attaches an event handler to the button's onclick event. Event handling is covered in more detail later in ASP.NET Core Blazor event handling.

Pages/ExpanderExample.razor:

@page "/expander-example"

<Expander Expanded="true">
    Expander 1 content
</Expander>

<Expander Expanded="true" />

<button @onclick="StateHasChanged">
    Call StateHasChanged
</button>

Initially, the Expander components behave independently when their Expanded properties are toggled. The child components maintain their states as expected.

If StateHasChanged is called in a parent component, the Blazor framework rerenders child components if their parameters might have changed:

For a group of parameter types that Blazor explicitly checks, Blazor rerenders a child component if it detects that any of the parameters have changed.
For unchecked parameter types, Blazor rerenders the child component regardless of whether or not the parameters have changed. Child content falls into this category of parameter types because child content is of type RenderFragment, which is a delegate that refers to other mutable objects.

For the ExpanderExample component:

The first Expander component sets child content in a potentially mutable RenderFragment, so a call to StateHasChanged in the parent component automatically rerenders the component and potentially overwrites the value of Expanded to its initial value of true.
The second Expander component doesn't set child content. Therefore, a potentially mutable RenderFragment doesn't exist. A call to StateHasChanged in the parent component doesn't automatically rerender the child component, so the component's Expanded value isn't overwritten.

To maintain state in the preceding scenario, use a private field in the Expander component to maintain its toggled state.

The following revised Expander component:

Accepts the Expanded component parameter value from the parent.
Assigns the component parameter value to a private field (expanded) in the OnInitialized event.
Uses the private field to maintain its internal toggle state, which demonstrates how to avoid writing directly to a parameter.

Note

The advice in this section extends to similar logic in component parameter set accessors, which can result in similar undesirable side effects.

Shared/Expander.razor:

<div @onclick="Toggle" class="card bg-light mb-3" style="width:30rem">
    <div class="card-body">
        <h2 class="card-title">Toggle (<code>expanded</code> = @expanded)</h2>

        @if (expanded)
        {
            <p class="card-text">@ChildContent</p>
        }
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    private bool expanded;

    [Parameter]
    public bool Expanded { get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        expanded = Expanded;
    }

    private void Toggle()
    {
        expanded = !expanded;
    }
}

For two-way parent-child binding examples, see ASP.NET Core Blazor data binding. For additional information, see Blazor Two Way Binding Error (dotnet/aspnetcore #24599).

For more information on change detection, including information on the exact types that Blazor checks, see ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.

Attribute splatting and arbitrary parameters

Components can capture and render additional attributes in addition to the component's declared parameters. Additional attributes can be captured in a dictionary and then splatted onto an element when the component is rendered using the @attributes Razor directive attribute. This scenario is useful for defining a component that produces a markup element that supports a variety of customizations. For example, it can be tedious to define attributes separately for an <input> that supports many parameters.

In the following Splat component:

The first <input> element (id="useIndividualParams") uses individual component parameters.
The second <input> element (id="useAttributesDict") uses attribute splatting.

Pages/Splat.razor:

@page "/splat"

<input id="useIndividualParams"
       maxlength="@maxlength"
       placeholder="@placeholder"
       required="@required"
       size="@size" />

<input id="useAttributesDict"
       @attributes="InputAttributes" />

@code {
    private string maxlength = "10";
    private string placeholder = "Input placeholder text";
    private string required = "required";
    private string size = "50";

    private Dictionary<string, object> InputAttributes { get; set; } =
        new()
        {
            { "maxlength", "10" },
            { "placeholder", "Input placeholder text" },
            { "required", "required" },
            { "size", "50" }
        };
}

The rendered <input> elements in the webpage are identical:

<input id="useIndividualParams"
       maxlength="10"
       placeholder="Input placeholder text"
       required="required"
       size="50">

<input id="useAttributesDict"
       maxlength="10"
       placeholder="Input placeholder text"
       required="required"
       size="50">

To accept arbitrary attributes, define a component parameter with the CaptureUnmatchedValues property set to true:

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public Dictionary<string, object>? InputAttributes { get; set; }
}

The CaptureUnmatchedValues property on [Parameter] allows the parameter to match all attributes that don't match any other parameter. A component can only define a single parameter with CaptureUnmatchedValues. The property type used with CaptureUnmatchedValues must be assignable from Dictionary<string, object> with string keys. Use of IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<string, object>> or IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object> are also options in this scenario.

The position of @attributes relative to the position of element attributes is important. When @attributes are splatted on the element, the attributes are processed from right to left (last to first). Consider the following example of a parent component that consumes a child component:

Shared/AttributeOrderChild1.razor:

<div @attributes="AdditionalAttributes" extra="5" />

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public IDictionary<string, object>? AdditionalAttributes { get; set; }
}

Pages/AttributeOrderParent1.razor:

@page "/attribute-order-parent-1"

<AttributeOrderChild1 extra="10" />

The AttributeOrderChild1 component's extra attribute is set to the right of @attributes. The AttributeOrderParent1 component's rendered <div> contains extra="5" when passed through the additional attribute because the attributes are processed right to left (last to first):

<div extra="5" />

In the following example, the order of extra and @attributes is reversed in the child component's <div>:

Shared/AttributeOrderChild2.razor:

<div extra="5" @attributes="AdditionalAttributes" />

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public IDictionary<string, object>? AdditionalAttributes { get; set; }
}

Pages/AttributeOrderParent2.razor:

@page "/attribute-order-parent-2"

<AttributeOrderChild2 extra="10" />

The <div> in the parent component's rendered webpage contains extra="10" when passed through the additional attribute:

<div extra="10" />

Capture references to components

Component references provide a way to reference a component instance for issuing commands. To capture a component reference:

Add an @ref attribute to the child component.
Define a field with the same type as the child component.

When the component is rendered, the field is populated with the component instance. You can then invoke .NET methods on the instance.

Consider the following ReferenceChild component that logs a message when its ChildMethod is called.

Shared/ReferenceChild.razor:

@using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
@inject ILogger<ReferenceChild> logger

@code {
    public void ChildMethod(int value)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("Received {Value} in ChildMethod", value);
    }
}

A component reference is only populated after the component is rendered and its output includes ReferenceChild's element. Until the component is rendered, there's nothing to reference.

To manipulate component references after the component has finished rendering, use the OnAfterRender or OnAfterRenderAsync methods.

To use a reference variable with an event handler, use a lambda expression or assign the event handler delegate in the OnAfterRender or OnAfterRenderAsync methods. This ensures that the reference variable is assigned before the event handler is assigned.

The following lambda approach uses the preceding ReferenceChild component.

Pages/ReferenceParent1.razor:

@page "/reference-parent-1"

<button @onclick="@(() => childComponent?.ChildMethod(5))">
    Call <code>ReferenceChild.ChildMethod</code> with an argument of 5
</button>

<ReferenceChild @ref="childComponent" />

@code {
    private ReferenceChild? childComponent;
}

The following delegate approach uses the preceding ReferenceChild component.

Pages/ReferenceParent2.razor:

@page "/reference-parent-2"

<button @onclick="@(() => callChildMethod?.Invoke())">
    Call <code>ReferenceChild.ChildMethod</code> with an argument of 5
</button>

<ReferenceChild @ref="childComponent" />

@code {
    private ReferenceChild? childComponent;
    private Action? callChildMethod;

    protected override void OnAfterRender(bool firstRender)
    {
        if (firstRender)
        {
            callChildMethod = CallChildMethod;
        }
    }

    private void CallChildMethod()
    {
        childComponent?.ChildMethod(5);
    }
}

While capturing component references use a similar syntax to capturing element references, capturing component references isn't a JavaScript interop feature. Component references aren't passed to JavaScript code. Component references are only used in .NET code.

Important

Do not use component references to mutate the state of child components. Instead, use normal declarative component parameters to pass data to child components. Use of component parameters result in child components that rerender at the correct times automatically. For more information, see the component parameters section and the ASP.NET Core Blazor data binding article.

Synchronization context

Blazor uses a synchronization context (SynchronizationContext) to enforce a single logical thread of execution. A component's lifecycle methods and event callbacks raised by Blazor are executed on the synchronization context.

Blazor Server's synchronization context attempts to emulate a single-threaded environment so that it closely matches the WebAssembly model in the browser, which is single threaded. At any given point in time, work is performed on exactly one thread, which yields the impression of a single logical thread. No two operations execute concurrently.

Avoid thread-blocking calls

Generally, don't call the following methods in components. The following methods block the execution thread and thus block the app from resuming work until the underlying Task is complete:

Note

Blazor documentation examples that use the thread-blocking methods mentioned in this section are only using the methods for demonstration purposes, not as recommended coding guidance. For example, a few component code demonstrations simulate a long-running process by calling Thread.Sleep.

Invoke component methods externally to update state

In the event a component must be updated based on an external event, such as a timer or other notification, use the InvokeAsync method, which dispatches code execution to Blazor's synchronization context. For example, consider the following notifier service that can notify any listening component about updated state. The Update method can be called from anywhere in the app.

TimerService.cs:

public class TimerService : IDisposable
{
    private int elapsedCount;
    private readonly static TimeSpan heartbeatTickRate = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5);
    private readonly ILogger<TimerService> logger;
    private readonly NotifierService notifier;
    private PeriodicTimer? timer;

    public TimerService(NotifierService notifier,
        ILogger<TimerService> logger)
    {
        this.notifier = notifier;
        this.logger = logger;
    }

    public async Task Start()
    {
        if (timer is null)
        {
            timer = new(heartbeatTickRate);
            logger.LogInformation("Started");

            using (timer)
            {
                while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync())
                {
                    elapsedCount += 1;
                    await notifier.Update("elapsedCount", elapsedCount);
                    logger.LogInformation($"elapsedCount: {elapsedCount}");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        timer?.Dispose();
    }
}

NotifierService.cs:

public class NotifierService
{
    public async Task Update(string key, int value)
    {
        if (Notify != null)
        {
            await Notify.Invoke(key, value);
        }
    }

    public event Func<string, int, Task>? Notify;
}

In a Blazor WebAssembly app, register the services as singletons in Program.cs:

builder.Services.AddSingleton<NotifierService>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<TimerService>();

In a Blazor Server app, register the services as scoped in Program.cs:

builder.Services.AddScoped<NotifierService>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<TimerService>();

Use the NotifierService to update a component.

Pages/ReceiveNotifications.razor:

@page "/receive-notifications"
@implements IDisposable
@inject NotifierService Notifier
@inject TimerService Timer

<h1>Receive Notifications</h1>

<h2>Timer Service</h2>

<button @onclick="StartTimer">Start Timer</button>

<h2>Notifications</h2>

<p>
    Status:
    @if (lastNotification.key is not null)
    {
        <span>@lastNotification.key = @lastNotification.value</span>
    }
    else
    {
        <span>Awaiting first notification</span>
    }
</p>

@code {
    private (string key, int value) lastNotification;

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        Notifier.Notify += OnNotify;
    }

    public async Task OnNotify(string key, int value)
    {
        await InvokeAsync(() =>
        {
            lastNotification = (key, value);
            StateHasChanged();
        });
    }

    private async Task StartTimer()
    {
        await Timer.Start();
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        Notifier.Notify -= OnNotify;
    }
}

In the preceding example:

NotifierService invokes the component's OnNotify method outside of Blazor's synchronization context. InvokeAsync is used to switch to the correct context and queue a render. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.
The component implements IDisposable. The OnNotify delegate is unsubscribed in the Dispose method, which is called by the framework when the component is disposed. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.

Important

If a Razor component defines an event that's triggered from a background thread, the component might be required to capture and restore the execution context (ExecutionContext) at the time the handler is registered. For more information, see Calling InvokeAsync(StateHasChanged) causes page to fallback to default culture (dotnet/aspnetcore #28521).

Use `@key` to control the preservation of elements and components

When rendering a list of elements or components and the elements or components subsequently change, Blazor must decide which of the previous elements or components are retained and how model objects should map to them. Normally, this process is automatic and sufficient for general rendering, but there are often cases where controlling the process using the @key directive attribute is required.

Consider the following example that demonstrates a collection mapping problem that's solved by using @key.

For the following Details and PeopleExample components:

The Details component receives data (Data) from the parent PeopleExample component, which is displayed in an <input> element. Any given displayed <input> element can receive the focus of the page from the user when they select one of the <input> elements.
The PeopleExample component creates a list of person objects for display using the Details component. Every three seconds, a new person is added to the collection.

This demonstration allows you to:

Select an <input> from among several rendered Details components.
Study the behavior of the page's focus as the people collection automatically grows.

Shared/Details.razor:

<input value="@Data" />

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string? Data { get; set; }
}

In the following PeopleExample component, each iteration of adding a person in OnTimerCallback results in Blazor rebuilding the entire collection. The page's focus remains on the same index position of <input> elements, so the focus shifts each time a person is added. Shifting the focus away from what the user selected isn't desirable behavior. After demonstrating the poor behavior with the following component, the @key directive attribute is used to improve the user's experience.

Pages/PeopleExample.razor:

@page "/people-example"
@using System.Timers
@implements IDisposable

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <Details Data="@person.Data" />
}

@code {
    private Timer timer = new Timer(3000);

    public List<Person> people =
        new()
        {
            { new Person { Data = "Person 1" } },
            { new Person { Data = "Person 2" } },
            { new Person { Data = "Person 3" } }
        };

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        timer.Elapsed += (sender, eventArgs) => OnTimerCallback();
        timer.Start();
    }

    private void OnTimerCallback()
    {
        _ = InvokeAsync(() =>
        {
            people.Insert(0,
                new Person
                {
                    Data = $"INSERTED {DateTime.Now.ToString("hh:mm:ss tt")}"
                });
            StateHasChanged();
        });
    }

    public void Dispose() => timer.Dispose();

    public class Person
    {
        public string? Data { get; set; }
    }
}

The contents of the people collection changes with inserted, deleted, or re-ordered entries. Rerendering can lead to visible behavior differences. For example, each time a person is inserted into the people collection, the user's focus is lost.

The mapping process of elements or components to a collection can be controlled with the @key directive attribute. Use of @key guarantees the preservation of elements or components based on the key's value. If the Details component in the preceding example is keyed on the person item, Blazor ignores rerendering Details components that haven't changed.

To modify the PeopleExample component to use the @key directive attribute with the people collection, update the <Details> element to the following:

<Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />

When the people collection changes, the association between Details instances and person instances is retained. When a Person is inserted at the beginning of the collection, one new Details instance is inserted at that corresponding position. Other instances are left unchanged. Therefore, the user's focus isn't lost as people are added to the collection.

Other collection updates exhibit the same behavior when the @key directive attribute is used:

If an instance is deleted from the collection, only the corresponding component instance is removed from the UI. Other instances are left unchanged.
If collection entries are re-ordered, the corresponding component instances are preserved and re-ordered in the UI.

Important

Keys are local to each container element or component. Keys aren't compared globally across the document.

When to use `@key`

Typically, it makes sense to use @key whenever a list is rendered (for example, in a foreach block) and a suitable value exists to define the @key.

You can also use @key to preserve an element or component subtree when an object doesn't change, as the following examples show.

Example 1:

<li @key="person">
    <input value="@person.Data" />
</li>

Example 2:

<div @key="person">
    @* other HTML elements *@
</div>

If an person instance changes, the @key attribute directive forces Blazor to:

Discard the entire <li> or <div> and their descendants.
Rebuild the subtree within the UI with new elements and components.

This is useful to guarantee that no UI state is preserved when the collection changes within a subtree.

Scope of `@key`

The @key attribute directive is scoped to its own siblings within its parent.

Consider the following example. The first and second keys are compared against each other within the same scope of the outer <div> element:

<div>
    <div @key="first">...</div>
    <div @key="second">...</div>
</div>

The following example demonstrates first and second keys in their own scopes, unrelated to each other and without influence on each other. Each @key scope only applies to its parent <div> element, not across the parent <div> elements:

<div>
    <div @key="first">...</div>
</div>
<div>
    <div @key="second">...</div>
</div>

For the Details component shown earlier, the following examples render person data within the same @key scope and demonstrate typical use cases for @key:

<div>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
    }
</div>

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <div @key="person">
        <Details Data="@person.Data" />
    </div>
}

<ol>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <li @key="person">
            <Details Data="@person.Data" />
        </li>
    }
</ol>

The following examples only scope @key to the <div> or <li> element that surrounds each Details component instance. Therefore, person data for each member of the people collection is not keyed on each person instance across the rendered Details components. Avoid the following patterns when using @key:

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <div>
        <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
    </div>
}

<ol>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <li>
            <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
        </li>
    }
</ol>

When not to use `@key`

There's a performance cost when rendering with @key. The performance cost isn't large, but only specify @key if preserving the element or component benefits the app.

Even if @key isn't used, Blazor preserves child element and component instances as much as possible. The only advantage to using @key is control over how model instances are mapped to the preserved component instances, instead of Blazor selecting the mapping.

Values to use for `@key`

Generally, it makes sense to supply one of the following values for @key:

Model object instances. For example, the Person instance (person) was used in the earlier example. This ensures preservation based on object reference equality.
Unique identifiers. For example, unique identifiers can be based on primary key values of type int, string, or Guid.

Ensure that values used for @key don't clash. If clashing values are detected within the same parent element, Blazor throws an exception because it can't deterministically map old elements or components to new elements or components. Only use distinct values, such as object instances or primary key values.

Apply an attribute

Attributes can be applied to components with the @attribute directive. The following example applies the [Authorize] attribute to the component's class:

@page "/"
@attribute [Authorize]

Conditional HTML element attributes

HTML element attribute properties are conditionally set based on the .NET value. If the value is false or null, the property isn't set. If the value is true, the property is set.

In the following example, IsCompleted determines if the <input> element's checked property is set.

Pages/ConditionalAttribute.razor:

@page "/conditional-attribute"

<label>
    <input type="checkbox" checked="@IsCompleted" />
    Is Completed?
</label>

<button @onclick="@(() => IsCompleted = !IsCompleted)">
    Change IsCompleted
</button>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public bool IsCompleted { get; set; }
}

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core.

Warning

Some HTML attributes, such as aria-pressed, don't function properly when the .NET type is a bool. In those cases, use a string type instead of a bool.

Raw HTML

Strings are normally rendered using DOM text nodes, which means that any markup they may contain is ignored and treated as literal text. To render raw HTML, wrap the HTML content in a MarkupString value. The value is parsed as HTML or SVG and inserted into the DOM.

Warning

Rendering raw HTML constructed from any untrusted source is a security risk and should always be avoided.

The following example shows using the MarkupString type to add a block of static HTML content to the rendered output of a component.

Pages/MarkupStringExample.razor:

@page "/markup-string-example"

@((MarkupString)myMarkup)

@code {
    private string myMarkup =
        "<p class=\"text-danger\">This is a dangerous <em>markup string</em>.</p>";
}

Razor templates

Render fragments can be defined using Razor template syntax to define a UI snippet. Razor templates use the following format:

@<{HTML tag}>...</{HTML tag}>

The following example illustrates how to specify RenderFragment and RenderFragment<TValue> values and render templates directly in a component. Render fragments can also be passed as arguments to templated components.

Pages/RazorTemplate.razor:

@page "/razor-template"

@timeTemplate

@petTemplate(new Pet { Name = "Nutty Rex" })

@code {
    private RenderFragment timeTemplate = @<p>The time is @DateTime.Now.</p>;
    private RenderFragment<Pet> petTemplate = (pet) => @<p>Pet: @pet.Name</p>;

    private class Pet
    {
        public string? Name { get; set; }
    }
}

Rendered output of the preceding code:

<p>The time is 4/19/2021 8:54:46 AM.</p>
<p>Pet: Nutty Rex</p>

Static assets

Blazor follows the convention of ASP.NET Core apps for static assets. Static assets are located in the project's web root (wwwroot) folder or folders under the wwwroot folder.

Use a base-relative path (/) to refer to the web root for a static asset. In the following example, logo.png is physically located in the {PROJECT ROOT}/wwwroot/images folder. {PROJECT ROOT} is the app's project root.

<img alt="Company logo" src="/images/logo.png" />

Components do not support tilde-slash notation (~/).

For information on setting an app's base path, see Host and deploy ASP.NET Core Blazor.

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components. To provide Tag Helper-like functionality in Blazor, create a component with the same functionality as the Tag Helper and use the component instead.

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images

Since Blazor renders HTML, browser-supported images, including Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images (.svg), are supported via the <img> tag:

<img alt="Example image" src="image.svg" />

Similarly, SVG images are supported in the CSS rules of a stylesheet file (.css):

.element-class {
    background-image: url("image.svg");
}

Blazor supports the <foreignObject> element to display arbitrary HTML within an SVG. The markup can represent arbitrary HTML, a RenderFragment, or a Razor component.

The following example demonstrates:

Display of a string (@message).
Two-way binding with an <input> element and a value field.
A Robot component.

<svg width="200" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <rect x="0" y="0" rx="10" ry="10" width="200" height="200" stroke="black" 
        fill="none" />
    <foreignObject x="20" y="20" width="160" height="160">
        <p>@message</p>
    </foreignObject>
</svg>

<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <foreignObject width="200" height="200">
        <label>
            Two-way binding:
            <input @bind="value" @bind:event="oninput" />
        </label>
    </foreignObject>
</svg>

<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <foreignObject>
        <Robot />
    </foreignObject>
</svg>

@code {
    private string message = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing " +
        "elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.";

    private string? value;
}

Whitespace rendering behavior

Unless the @preservewhitespace directive is used with a value of true, extra whitespace is removed by default if:

Leading or trailing within an element.
Leading or trailing within a RenderFragment/RenderFragment<TValue> parameter (for example, child content passed to another component).
It precedes or follows a C# code block, such as @if or @foreach.

Whitespace removal might affect the rendered output when using a CSS rule, such as white-space: pre. To disable this performance optimization and preserve the whitespace, take one of the following actions:

Add the @preservewhitespace true directive at the top of the Razor file (.razor) to apply the preference to a specific component.
Add the @preservewhitespace true directive inside an _Imports.razor file to apply the preference to a subdirectory or to the entire project.

In most cases, no action is required, as apps typically continue to behave normally (but faster). If stripping whitespace causes a rendering problem for a particular component, use @preservewhitespace true in that component to disable this optimization.

Generic type parameter support

The @typeparam directive declares a generic type parameter for the generated component class:

@typeparam TItem

C# syntax with where type constraints is supported:

@typeparam TEntity where TEntity : IEntity

In the following example, the ListGenericTypeItems1 component is generically typed as TExample.

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems1.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul>
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList{ get; set; }
}

The following GenericTypeExample1 component renders two ListGenericTypeItems1 components:

String or integer data is assigned to the ExampleList parameter of each component.
Type string or int that matches the type of the assigned data is set for the type parameter (TExample) of each component.

Pages/GenericTypeExample1.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-1"

<h1>Generic Type Example 1</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems1 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" })" 
                       TExample="string" />

<ListGenericTypeItems1 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 })" 
                       TExample="int" />

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core. For an example of generic typing with templated components, see ASP.NET Core Blazor templated components.

Cascaded generic type support

An ancestor component can cascade a type parameter by name to descendants using the [CascadingTypeParameter] attribute. This attribute allows a generic type inference to use the specified type parameter automatically with descendants that have a type parameter with the same name.

By adding @attribute [CascadingTypeParameter(...)] to a component, the specified generic type argument is automatically used by descendants that:

Are nested as child content for the component in the same .razor document.
Also declare a @typeparam with the exact same name.
Don't have another value explicitly supplied or implicitly inferred for the type parameter. If another value is supplied or inferred, it takes precedence over the cascaded generic type.

When receiving a cascaded type parameter, components obtain the parameter value from the closest ancestor that has a CascadingTypeParameterAttribute with a matching name. Cascaded generic type parameters are overridden within a particular subtree.

Matching is only performed by name. Therefore, we recommend avoiding a cascaded generic type parameter with a generic name, for example T or TItem. If a developer opts into cascading a type parameter, they're implicitly promising that its name is unique enough not to clash with other cascaded type parameters from unrelated components.

Generic types can be cascaded to child components in either of the following approaches with ancestor (parent) components, which are demonstrated in the following two sub-sections:

Explicitly set the cascaded generic type.
Infer the cascaded generic type.

The following subsections provide examples of the preceding approaches using the following two ListDisplay components. The components receive and render list data and are generically typed as TExample. These components are for demonstration purposes and only differ in the color of text that the list is rendered. If you wish to experiment with the components in the following sub-sections in a local test app, add the following two components to the app first.

Shared/ListDisplay1.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:blue">
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }
}

Shared/ListDisplay2.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:red">
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }
}

Explicit generic types based on ancestor components

The demonstration in this section cascades a type explicitly for TExample.

Note

This section uses the two ListDisplay components in the Cascaded generic type support section.

The following ListGenericTypeItems2 component receives data and cascades a generic type parameter named TExample to its descendent components. In the upcoming parent component, the ListGenericTypeItems2 component is used to display list data with the preceding ListDisplay component.

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems2.razor:

@attribute [CascadingTypeParameter(nameof(TExample))]
@typeparam TExample

<h2>List Generic Type Items 2</h2>

@ChildContent

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }
}

The following GenericTypeExample2 parent component sets the child content (RenderFragment) of two ListGenericTypeItems2 components specifying the ListGenericTypeItems2 types (TExample), which are cascaded to child components. ListDisplay components are rendered with the list item data shown in the example. String data is used with the first ListGenericTypeItems2 component, and integer data is used with the second ListGenericTypeItems2 component.

Pages/GenericTypeExample2.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-2"

<h1>Generic Type Example 2</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems2 TExample="string">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" })" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 3", "Item 4" })" />
</ListGenericTypeItems2>

<ListGenericTypeItems2 TExample="int">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 })" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 4, 5, 6 })" />
</ListGenericTypeItems2>

Specifying the type explicitly also allows the use of cascading values and parameters to provide data to child components, as the following demonstration shows.

Shared/ListDisplay3.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:blue">
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [CascadingParameter]
    protected IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }
}

Shared/ListDisplay4.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:red">
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [CascadingParameter]
    protected IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }
}

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems3.razor:

@attribute [CascadingTypeParameter(nameof(TExample))]
@typeparam TExample

<h2>List Generic Type Items 3</h2>

@ChildContent

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:green">
        @foreach(var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>

    <p>
        Type of <code>TExample</code>: @typeof(TExample)
    </p>
}

@code {
    [CascadingParameter]
    protected IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }
}

When cascading the data in the following example, the type must be provided to the ListGenericTypeItems3 component.

Pages/GenericTypeExample3.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-3"

<h1>Generic Type Example 3</h1>

<CascadingValue Value="@stringData">
    <ListGenericTypeItems3 TExample="string">
        <ListDisplay3 />
        <ListDisplay4 />
    </ListGenericTypeItems3>
</CascadingValue>

<CascadingValue Value="@integerData">
    <ListGenericTypeItems3 TExample="int">
        <ListDisplay3 />
        <ListDisplay4 />
    </ListGenericTypeItems3>
</CascadingValue>

@code {
    private List<string> stringData = new() { "Item 1", "Item 2" };
    private List<int> integerData = new() { 1, 2, 3 };
}

When multiple generic types are cascaded, values for all generic types in the set must be passed. In the following example, TItem, TValue, and TEdit are GridColumn generic types, but the parent component that places GridColumn doesn't specify the TItem type:

<GridColumn TValue="string" TEdit="@TextEdit" />

The preceding example generates a compile-time error that the GridColumn component is missing the TItem type parameter. Valid code specifies all of the types:

<GridColumn TValue="string" TEdit="@TextEdit" TItem="@User" />

Infer generic types based on ancestor components

The demonstration in this section cascades a type inferred for TExample.

Note

This section uses the two ListDisplay components in the Cascaded generic type support section.

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems4.razor:

@attribute [CascadingTypeParameter(nameof(TExample))]
@typeparam TExample

<h2>List Generic Type Items 4</h2>

@ChildContent

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:green">
        @foreach(var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>

    <p>
        Type of <code>TExample</code>: @typeof(TExample)
    </p>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }
}

The following GenericTypeExample4 component with inferred cascaded types provides different data for display.

Pages/GenericTypeExample4.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-4"

<h1>Generic Type Example 4</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems4 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 5", "Item 6" })">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" })" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 3", "Item 4" })" />
</ListGenericTypeItems4>

<ListGenericTypeItems4 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 7, 8, 9 })">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 })" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 4, 5, 6 })" />
</ListGenericTypeItems4>

The following GenericTypeExample5 component with inferred cascaded types provides the same data for display. The following example directly assigns the data to the components.

Pages/GenericTypeExample5.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-5"

<h1>Generic Type Example 5</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems4 ExampleList="@stringData">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@stringData" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@stringData" />
</ListGenericTypeItems4>

<ListGenericTypeItems4 ExampleList="@integerData">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@integerData" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@integerData" />
</ListGenericTypeItems4>

@code {
    private List<string> stringData = new() { "Item 1", "Item 2" };
    private List<int> integerData = new() { 1, 2, 3 };
}

Render static root Razor components

A root Razor component is the first component loaded of any component hierarchy created by the app.

In an app created from the Blazor Server project template, the App component (App.razor) is created as the default root component in Pages/_Host.cshtml using the Component Tag Helper:

<component type="typeof(App)" render-mode="ServerPrerendered" />

In an app created from the Blazor WebAssembly project template, the App component (App.razor) is created as the default root component in Program.cs:

builder.RootComponents.Add<App>("#app");

In the preceding code, the CSS selector, #app, indicates that the App component is created for the <div> in wwwroot/index.html with an id of app:

<div id="app">...</app>

MVC and Razor Pages apps can also use the Component Tag Helper to register statically-rendered Blazor WebAssembly root components:

<component type="typeof(App)" render-mode="WebAssemblyPrerendered" />

Statically-rendered components can only be added to the app. They can't be removed or updated afterwards.

For more information, see the following resources:

Component classes

Components are implemented using a combination of C# and HTML markup in Razor component files with the .razor file extension.

Note

Razor syntax

Components use Razor syntax. Two Razor features are extensively used by components, directives and directive attributes. These are reserved keywords prefixed with @ that appear in Razor markup:

Directives: Change the way component markup is parsed or functions. For example, the @page directive specifies a routable component with a route template and can be reached directly by a user's request in the browser at a specific URL.
Directive attributes: Change the way a component element is parsed or functions. For example, the @bind directive attribute for an <input> element binds data to the element's value.

Names

A component's name must start with an uppercase character:

ProductDetail.razor is valid.
productDetail.razor is invalid.

Common Blazor naming conventions used throughout the Blazor documentation include:

Component file paths use Pascal case† and appear before showing component code examples. Paths indicate typical folder locations. For example, Pages/ProductDetail.razor indicates that the ProductDetail component has a file name of ProductDetail.razor and resides in the Pages folder of the app.
Component file paths for routable components match their URLs with hyphens appearing for spaces between words in a component's route template. For example, a ProductDetail component with a route template of /product-detail (@page "/product-detail") is requested in a browser at the relative URL /product-detail.

†Pascal case (upper camel case) is a naming convention without spaces and punctuation and with the first letter of each word capitalized, including the first word.

Routing

The following HelloWorld component uses a route template of /hello-world. The rendered webpage for the component is reached at the relative URL /hello-world. When running a Blazor app locally with the default protocol, host, and port, the HelloWorld component is requested in the browser at https://localhost:5001/hello-world. Components that produce webpages usually reside in the Pages folder, but you can use any folder to hold components, including within nested folders.

Pages/HelloWorld.razor:

@page "/hello-world"

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

Markup

Members of the component class are defined in one or more @code blocks. In @code blocks, component state is specified and processed with C#:

Property and field initializers.
Parameter values from arguments passed by parent components and route parameters.
Methods for user event handling, lifecycle events, and custom component logic.

headingFontStyle for the CSS property value font-style of the heading element.
headingText for the content of the heading element.

Pages/Markup.razor:

@page "/markup"

<h1 style="font-style:@headingFontStyle">@headingText</h1>

@code {
    private string headingFontStyle = "italic";
    private string headingText = "Put on your new Blazor!";
}

Note

Asynchronous methods (`async`) don't support returning `void`

The Blazor framework doesn't track void-returning asynchronous methods (async). As a result, exceptions aren't caught if void is returned. Always return a Task from asynchronous methods.

Nested components

Components can include other components by declaring them using HTML syntax. The markup for using a component looks like an HTML tag where the name of the tag is the component type.

Consider the following Heading component, which can be used by other components to display a heading.

Shared/Heading.razor:

<h1 style="font-style:@headingFontStyle">Heading Example</h1>

@code {
    private string headingFontStyle = "italic";
}

The following markup in the HeadingExample component renders the preceding Heading component at the location where the <Heading /> tag appears.

Pages/HeadingExample.razor:

@page "/heading-example"

<Heading />

Class name and namespace

The Counter component's namespace is BlazorSample.Pages.
The fully qualified type name of the component is BlazorSample.Pages.Counter.

@using BlazorSample.Components

Note

@using directives in the _Imports.razor file are only applied to Razor files (.razor), not C# files (.cs).

<BlazorSample.Components.ProductDetail />

The namespace of a component authored with Razor is based on the following (in priority order):

The @namespace directive in the Razor file's markup (for example, @namespace BlazorSample.CustomNamespace).
The project's RootNamespace in the project file (for example, <RootNamespace>BlazorSample</RootNamespace>).
The project name, taken from the project file's file name (.csproj), and the path from the project root to the component. For example, the framework resolves {PROJECT ROOT}/Pages/Index.razor with a project namespace of BlazorSample (BlazorSample.csproj) to the namespace BlazorSample.Pages for the Index component. {PROJECT ROOT} is the project root path. Components follow C# name binding rules. For the Index component in this example, the components in scope are all of the components:
- In the same folder, Pages.
- The components in the project's root that don't explicitly specify a different namespace.

The following are not supported:

The global:: qualification.
Importing components with aliased using statements. For example, @using Foo = Bar isn't supported.
Partially-qualified names. For example, you can't add @using BlazorSample to a component and then reference the NavMenu component in the app's Shared folder (Shared/NavMenu.razor) with <Shared.NavMenu></Shared.NavMenu>.

Partial class support

Components are generated as C# partial classes and are authored using either of the following approaches:

A single file contains C# code defined in one or more @code blocks, HTML markup, and Razor markup. Blazor project templates define their components using this single-file approach.
HTML and Razor markup are placed in a Razor file (.razor). C# code is placed in a code-behind file defined as a partial class (.cs).

Note

A component stylesheet that defines component-specific styles is a separate file (.css). Blazor CSS isolation is described later in ASP.NET Core Blazor CSS isolation.

Pages/Counter.razor:

@page "/counter"

<PageTitle>Counter</PageTitle>

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p role="status">Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

@code {
    private int currentCount = 0;

    private void IncrementCount()
    {
        currentCount++;
    }
}

The following Counter component splits HTML and Razor markup from C# code using a code-behind file with a partial class:

Pages/CounterPartialClass.razor:

@page "/counter-partial-class"

<PageTitle>Counter</PageTitle>

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p role="status">Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

Pages/CounterPartialClass.razor.cs:

namespace BlazorSample.Pages;

public partial class CounterPartialClass
{
    private int currentCount = 0;

    private void IncrementCount()
    {
        currentCount++;
    }
}

@using directives in the _Imports.razor file are only applied to Razor files (.razor), not C# files (.cs). Add namespaces to a partial class file as needed.

Typical namespaces used by components:

using System.Net.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Forms;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Routing;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Web;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Web.Virtualization;
using Microsoft.JSInterop;

Typical namespaces also include the namespace of the app and the namespace corresponding to the app's Shared folder:

using BlazorSample;
using BlazorSample.Shared;

Specify a base class

Pages/BlazorRocks.razor:

@page "/blazor-rocks"
@inherits BlazorRocksBase

<h1>@BlazorRocksText</h1>

BlazorRocksBase.cs:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components;

namespace BlazorSample;

public class BlazorRocksBase : ComponentBase
{
    public string BlazorRocksText { get; set; } =
        "Blazor rocks the browser!";
}

Component parameters

PanelBody.cs:

public class PanelBody
{
    public string? Text { get; set; }
    public string? Style { get; set; }
}

Shared/ParameterChild.razor:

<div class="card w-25" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold">@Title</div>
    <div class="card-body" style="font-style:@Body.Style">
        @Body.Text
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string Title { get; set; } = "Set By Child";

    [Parameter]
    public PanelBody Body { get; set; } =
        new()
        {
            Text = "Set by child.",
            Style = "normal"
        };
}

Warning

The first ParameterChild component is rendered without supplying parameter arguments.
The second ParameterChild component receives values for Title and Body from the ParameterParent component, which uses an explicit C# expression to set the values of the PanelBody's properties.

Pages/ParameterParent.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent"

<h1>Child component (without attribute values)</h1>

<ParameterChild />

<h1>Child component (with attribute values)</h1>

<ParameterChild Title="Set by Parent"
                Body="@(new PanelBody() { Text = "Set by parent.", Style = "italic" })" />

Note

For clarity, rendered CSS style classes aren't shown in the following rendered HTML markup.

<h1>Child component (without attribute values)</h1>

<div>
    <div>Set By Child</div>
    <div>Set by child.</div>
</div>

<h1>Child component (with attribute values)</h1>

<div>
    <div>Set by Parent</div>
    <div>Set by parent.</div>
</div>

If the component parameter is of type string, then the attribute value is instead treated as a C# string literal by default. If you want to specify a C# expression instead, then use the @ prefix.

The following ParameterParent2 component displays four instances of the preceding ParameterChild component and sets their Title parameter values to:

The value of the title field.
The result of the GetTitle C# method.
The current local date in long format with ToLongDateString, which uses an implicit C# expression.
The panelData object's Title property.

Throughout the documentation, code examples:

Always use quotes. Example: Value="this".
Use the @ prefix with nonliterals, even when it's optional. Example: Count="@ct", where ct is a number-typed variable. Count="ct" is a valid stylistic approach, but the documentation and examples don't adopt the convention.
Always avoid @ for literals, outside of Razor expressions. Example: IsFixed="true".

Pages/ParameterParent2.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent-2"

<ParameterChild Title="@title" />

<ParameterChild Title="@GetTitle()" />

<ParameterChild Title="@DateTime.Now.ToLongDateString()" />

<ParameterChild Title="@panelData.Title" />

@code {
    private string title = "From Parent field";
    private PanelData panelData = new();

    private string GetTitle()
    {
        return "From Parent method";
    }

    private class PanelData
    {
        public string Title { get; set; } = "From Parent object";
    }
}

Note

When assigning a C# member to a component parameter, don't prefix the parameter's HTML attribute with @.

Correct (Title is a string parameter, Count is a number-typed parameter):

<ParameterChild Title="@title" Count="@ct" />

<ParameterChild Title="@title" Count="ct" />

Incorrect:

<ParameterChild @Title="@title" @Count="@ct" />

<ParameterChild @Title="@title" @Count="ct" />

<ParameterChild Title="@await ..." />

The code in the preceding example generates a compiler error when the app is built:

The 'await' operator can only be used within an async method. Consider marking this method with the 'async' modifier and changing its return type to 'Task'.

To obtain a value for the Title parameter in the preceding example asynchronously, the component can use the OnInitializedAsync lifecycle event, as the following example demonstrates:

<ParameterChild Title="@title" />

@code {
    private string? title;

    protected override async Task OnInitializedAsync()
    {
        title = await ...;
    }
}

For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.

<ParameterChild Title="Set by @(panelData.Title)" />

The code in the preceding example generates a compiler error when the app is built:

Component attributes do not support complex content (mixed C# and markup).

Pages/ParameterParent3.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent-3"

<ParameterChild Title="@GetTitle()" />

@code {
    private PanelData panelData = new();

    private string GetTitle() => $"Set by {panelData.Title}";

    private class PanelData
    {
        public string Title { get; set; } = "Parent";
    }
}

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core.

Warning

[Parameter]
public DateTime StartData { get; set; }

To transform a received parameter value:

Leave the parameter property as an auto-property to represent the supplied raw data.
Create a different property or method to supply the transformed data based on the parameter property.

Override OnParametersSetAsync to transform a received parameter each time new data is received.

[Parameter]
public DateTime StartData { get; set; } = DateTime.Now;

After the initial assignment of DateTime.Now, do not assign a value to StartData in developer code. For more information, see the Overwritten parameters section of this article.

[Parameter]
[EditorRequired]
public string? Title { get; set; }

Single-line attribute lists are also supported:

[Parameter, EditorRequired]
public string? Title { get; set; }

Tuples (API documentation) are supported for component parameters and RenderFragment types. The following component parameter example passes three values in a Tuple:

Shared/RenderTupleChild.razor:

<div class="card w-50" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold"><code>Tuple</code> Card</div>
    <div class="card-body">
        <ul>
            <li>Integer: @Data?.Item1</li>
            <li>String: @Data?.Item2</li>
            <li>Boolean: @Data?.Item3</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public Tuple<int, string, bool>? Data { get; set; }
}

Pages/RenderTupleParent.razor:

@page "/render-tuple-parent"

<h1>Render <code>Tuple</code> Parent</h1>

<RenderTupleChild Data="@data" />

@code {
    private Tuple<int, string, bool> data = new(999, "I aim to misbehave.", true);
}

Route parameters

Components can specify route parameters in the route template of the @page directive. The Blazor router uses route parameters to populate corresponding component parameters.

Pages/RouteParameter.razor:

@page "/route-parameter/{text?}"

<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string? Text { get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        Text = Text ?? "fantastic";
    }
}

For information on catch-all route parameters ({*pageRoute}), which capture paths across multiple folder boundaries, see ASP.NET Core Blazor routing and navigation.

Child content render fragments

Components can set the content of another component. The assigning component provides the content between the child component's opening and closing tags.

Shared/RenderFragmentChild.razor:

<div class="card w-25" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold">Child content</div>
    <div class="card-body">@ChildContent</div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }
}

Important

The property receiving the RenderFragment content must be named ChildContent by convention.

Event callbacks aren't supported for RenderFragment.

The following RenderFragmentParent component provides content for rendering the RenderFragmentChild by placing the content inside the child component's opening and closing tags.

Pages/RenderFragmentParent.razor:

@page "/render-fragment-parent"

<h1>Render child content</h1>

<RenderFragmentChild>
    Content of the child component is supplied
    by the parent component.
</RenderFragmentChild>

<h1>Three children with an index variable</h1>

@for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
{
    var current = c;

    <RenderFragmentChild>
        Count: @current
    </RenderFragmentChild>
}

Alternatively, use a foreach loop with Enumerable.Range instead of a for loop. The following example can be added to the preceding RenderFragmentParent component:

<h1>Second example of three children with an index variable</h1>

@foreach (var c in Enumerable.Range(0,3))
{
    <RenderFragmentChild>
        Count: @c
    </RenderFragmentChild>
}

Render fragments are used to render child content throughout Blazor apps and are described with examples in the following articles and article sections:

Note

Render fragments for reusable rendering logic

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

@RenderWelcomeInfo

<p>Render the welcome info a second time:</p>

@RenderWelcomeInfo

@code {
    private RenderFragment RenderWelcomeInfo = __builder =>
    {
        <p>Welcome to your new app!</p>
    };
}

For more information, see Reuse rendering logic.

Overwritten parameters

The Blazor framework generally imposes safe parent-to-child parameter assignment:

Parameters aren't overwritten unexpectedly.
Side effects are minimized. For example, additional renders are avoided because they may create infinite rendering loops.

The child component is rendered with one or more parameter values from the parent component.
The child writes directly to the value of a parameter.
The parent component rerenders and overwrites the value of the child's parameter.

The potential for overwriting parameter values extends into the child component's property set accessors, too.

Important

Our general guidance is not to create components that directly write to their own parameters after the component is rendered for the first time.

Consider the following Expander component that:

Renders child content.
Toggles showing child content with a component parameter (Expanded).

Shared/Expander.razor:

<div @onclick="Toggle" class="card bg-light mb-3" style="width:30rem">
    <div class="card-body">
        <h2 class="card-title">Toggle (<code>Expanded</code> = @Expanded)</h2>

        @if (Expanded)
        {
            <p class="card-text">@ChildContent</p>
        }
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public bool Expanded { get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }

    private void Toggle()
    {
        Expanded = !Expanded;
    }
}

The Expander component is added to the following ExpanderExample parent component that may call StateHasChanged:

Calling StateHasChanged in developer code notifies a component that its state has changed and typically triggers component rerendering to update the UI. StateHasChanged is covered in more detail later in ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle and ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.
The button's @onclick directive attribute attaches an event handler to the button's onclick event. Event handling is covered in more detail later in ASP.NET Core Blazor event handling.

Pages/ExpanderExample.razor:

@page "/expander-example"

<Expander Expanded="true">
    Expander 1 content
</Expander>

<Expander Expanded="true" />

<button @onclick="StateHasChanged">
    Call StateHasChanged
</button>

Initially, the Expander components behave independently when their Expanded properties are toggled. The child components maintain their states as expected.

If StateHasChanged is called in a parent component, the Blazor framework rerenders child components if their parameters might have changed:

For a group of parameter types that Blazor explicitly checks, Blazor rerenders a child component if it detects that any of the parameters have changed.
For unchecked parameter types, Blazor rerenders the child component regardless of whether or not the parameters have changed. Child content falls into this category of parameter types because child content is of type RenderFragment, which is a delegate that refers to other mutable objects.

For the ExpanderExample component:

The first Expander component sets child content in a potentially mutable RenderFragment, so a call to StateHasChanged in the parent component automatically rerenders the component and potentially overwrites the value of Expanded to its initial value of true.
The second Expander component doesn't set child content. Therefore, a potentially mutable RenderFragment doesn't exist. A call to StateHasChanged in the parent component doesn't automatically rerender the child component, so the component's Expanded value isn't overwritten.

To maintain state in the preceding scenario, use a private field in the Expander component to maintain its toggled state.

The following revised Expander component:

Accepts the Expanded component parameter value from the parent.
Assigns the component parameter value to a private field (expanded) in the OnInitialized event.
Uses the private field to maintain its internal toggle state, which demonstrates how to avoid writing directly to a parameter.

Note

The advice in this section extends to similar logic in component parameter set accessors, which can result in similar undesirable side effects.

Shared/Expander.razor:

<div @onclick="Toggle" class="card bg-light mb-3" style="width:30rem">
    <div class="card-body">
        <h2 class="card-title">Toggle (<code>expanded</code> = @expanded)</h2>

        @if (expanded)
        {
            <p class="card-text">@ChildContent</p>
        }
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    private bool expanded;

    [Parameter]
    public bool Expanded { get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        expanded = Expanded;
    }

    private void Toggle()
    {
        expanded = !expanded;
    }
}

For two-way parent-child binding examples, see ASP.NET Core Blazor data binding. For additional information, see Blazor Two Way Binding Error (dotnet/aspnetcore #24599).

For more information on change detection, including information on the exact types that Blazor checks, see ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.

Attribute splatting and arbitrary parameters

In the following Splat component:

The first <input> element (id="useIndividualParams") uses individual component parameters.
The second <input> element (id="useAttributesDict") uses attribute splatting.

Pages/Splat.razor:

@page "/splat"

<input id="useIndividualParams"
       maxlength="@maxlength"
       placeholder="@placeholder"
       required="@required"
       size="@size" />

<input id="useAttributesDict"
       @attributes="InputAttributes" />

@code {
    private string maxlength = "10";
    private string placeholder = "Input placeholder text";
    private string required = "required";
    private string size = "50";

    private Dictionary<string, object> InputAttributes { get; set; } =
        new()
        {
            { "maxlength", "10" },
            { "placeholder", "Input placeholder text" },
            { "required", "required" },
            { "size", "50" }
        };
}

The rendered <input> elements in the webpage are identical:

<input id="useIndividualParams"
       maxlength="10"
       placeholder="Input placeholder text"
       required="required"
       size="50">

<input id="useAttributesDict"
       maxlength="10"
       placeholder="Input placeholder text"
       required="required"
       size="50">

To accept arbitrary attributes, define a component parameter with the CaptureUnmatchedValues property set to true:

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public Dictionary<string, object>? InputAttributes { get; set; }
}

Shared/AttributeOrderChild1.razor:

<div @attributes="AdditionalAttributes" extra="5" />

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public IDictionary<string, object>? AdditionalAttributes { get; set; }
}

Pages/AttributeOrderParent1.razor:

@page "/attribute-order-parent-1"

<AttributeOrderChild1 extra="10" />

<div extra="5" />

In the following example, the order of extra and @attributes is reversed in the child component's <div>:

Shared/AttributeOrderChild2.razor:

<div extra="5" @attributes="AdditionalAttributes" />

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public IDictionary<string, object>? AdditionalAttributes { get; set; }
}

Pages/AttributeOrderParent2.razor:

@page "/attribute-order-parent-2"

<AttributeOrderChild2 extra="10" />

The <div> in the parent component's rendered webpage contains extra="10" when passed through the additional attribute:

<div extra="10" />

Capture references to components

Component references provide a way to reference a component instance for issuing commands. To capture a component reference:

Add an @ref attribute to the child component.
Define a field with the same type as the child component.

When the component is rendered, the field is populated with the component instance. You can then invoke .NET methods on the instance.

Consider the following ReferenceChild component that logs a message when its ChildMethod is called.

Shared/ReferenceChild.razor:

@using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
@inject ILogger<ReferenceChild> logger

@code {
    public void ChildMethod(int value)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("Received {Value} in ChildMethod", value);
    }
}

A component reference is only populated after the component is rendered and its output includes ReferenceChild's element. Until the component is rendered, there's nothing to reference.

To manipulate component references after the component has finished rendering, use the OnAfterRender or OnAfterRenderAsync methods.

The following lambda approach uses the preceding ReferenceChild component.

Pages/ReferenceParent1.razor:

@page "/reference-parent-1"

<button @onclick="@(() => childComponent?.ChildMethod(5))">
    Call <code>ReferenceChild.ChildMethod</code> with an argument of 5
</button>

<ReferenceChild @ref="childComponent" />

@code {
    private ReferenceChild? childComponent;
}

The following delegate approach uses the preceding ReferenceChild component.

Pages/ReferenceParent2.razor:

@page "/reference-parent-2"

<button @onclick="@(() => callChildMethod?.Invoke())">
    Call <code>ReferenceChild.ChildMethod</code> with an argument of 5
</button>

<ReferenceChild @ref="childComponent" />

@code {
    private ReferenceChild? childComponent;
    private Action? callChildMethod;

    protected override void OnAfterRender(bool firstRender)
    {
        if (firstRender)
        {
            callChildMethod = CallChildMethod;
        }
    }

    private void CallChildMethod()
    {
        childComponent?.ChildMethod(5);
    }
}

Important

Synchronization context

Avoid thread-blocking calls

Generally, don't call the following methods in components. The following methods block the execution thread and thus block the app from resuming work until the underlying Task is complete:

Note

Invoke component methods externally to update state

TimerService.cs:

public class TimerService : IDisposable
{
    private int elapsedCount;
    private readonly static TimeSpan heartbeatTickRate = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5);
    private readonly ILogger<TimerService> logger;
    private readonly NotifierService notifier;
    private PeriodicTimer? timer;

    public TimerService(NotifierService notifier,
        ILogger<TimerService> logger)
    {
        this.notifier = notifier;
        this.logger = logger;
    }

    public async Task Start()
    {
        if (timer is null)
        {
            timer = new(heartbeatTickRate);
            logger.LogInformation("Started");

            using (timer)
            {
                while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync())
                {
                    elapsedCount += 1;
                    await notifier.Update("elapsedCount", elapsedCount);
                    logger.LogInformation($"elapsedCount: {elapsedCount}");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        timer?.Dispose();
    }
}

NotifierService.cs:

public class NotifierService
{
    public async Task Update(string key, int value)
    {
        if (Notify != null)
        {
            await Notify.Invoke(key, value);
        }
    }

    public event Func<string, int, Task>? Notify;
}

In a Blazor WebAssembly app, register the services as singletons in Program.cs:

builder.Services.AddSingleton<NotifierService>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<TimerService>();

In a Blazor Server app, register the services as scoped in Program.cs:

builder.Services.AddScoped<NotifierService>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<TimerService>();

Use the NotifierService to update a component.

Pages/ReceiveNotifications.razor:

@page "/receive-notifications"
@implements IDisposable
@inject NotifierService Notifier
@inject TimerService Timer

<h1>Receive Notifications</h1>

<h2>Timer Service</h2>

<button @onclick="StartTimer">Start Timer</button>

<h2>Notifications</h2>

<p>
    Status:
    @if (lastNotification.key is not null)
    {
        <span>@lastNotification.key = @lastNotification.value</span>
    }
    else
    {
        <span>Awaiting first notification</span>
    }
</p>

@code {
    private (string key, int value) lastNotification;

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        Notifier.Notify += OnNotify;
    }

    public async Task OnNotify(string key, int value)
    {
        await InvokeAsync(() =>
        {
            lastNotification = (key, value);
            StateHasChanged();
        });
    }

    private async Task StartTimer()
    {
        await Timer.Start();
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        Notifier.Notify -= OnNotify;
    }
}

In the preceding example:

NotifierService invokes the component's OnNotify method outside of Blazor's synchronization context. InvokeAsync is used to switch to the correct context and queue a render. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.
The component implements IDisposable. The OnNotify delegate is unsubscribed in the Dispose method, which is called by the framework when the component is disposed. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.

Important

Use `@key` to control the preservation of elements and components

Consider the following example that demonstrates a collection mapping problem that's solved by using @key.

For the following Details and PeopleExample components:

The Details component receives data (Data) from the parent PeopleExample component, which is displayed in an <input> element. Any given displayed <input> element can receive the focus of the page from the user when they select one of the <input> elements.
The PeopleExample component creates a list of person objects for display using the Details component. Every three seconds, a new person is added to the collection.

This demonstration allows you to:

Select an <input> from among several rendered Details components.
Study the behavior of the page's focus as the people collection automatically grows.

Shared/Details.razor:

<input value="@Data" />

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string? Data { get; set; }
}

Pages/PeopleExample.razor:

@page "/people-example"
@using System.Timers
@implements IDisposable

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <Details Data="@person.Data" />
}

@code {
    private Timer timer = new Timer(3000);

    public List<Person> people =
        new()
        {
            { new Person { Data = "Person 1" } },
            { new Person { Data = "Person 2" } },
            { new Person { Data = "Person 3" } }
        };

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        timer.Elapsed += (sender, eventArgs) => OnTimerCallback();
        timer.Start();
    }

    private void OnTimerCallback()
    {
        _ = InvokeAsync(() =>
        {
            people.Insert(0,
                new Person
                {
                    Data = $"INSERTED {DateTime.Now.ToString("hh:mm:ss tt")}"
                });
            StateHasChanged();
        });
    }

    public void Dispose() => timer.Dispose();

    public class Person
    {
        public string? Data { get; set; }
    }
}

To modify the PeopleExample component to use the @key directive attribute with the people collection, update the <Details> element to the following:

<Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />

Other collection updates exhibit the same behavior when the @key directive attribute is used:

If an instance is deleted from the collection, only the corresponding component instance is removed from the UI. Other instances are left unchanged.
If collection entries are re-ordered, the corresponding component instances are preserved and re-ordered in the UI.

Important

Keys are local to each container element or component. Keys aren't compared globally across the document.

When to use `@key`

Typically, it makes sense to use @key whenever a list is rendered (for example, in a foreach block) and a suitable value exists to define the @key.

You can also use @key to preserve an element or component subtree when an object doesn't change, as the following examples show.

Example 1:

<li @key="person">
    <input value="@person.Data" />
</li>

Example 2:

<div @key="person">
    @* other HTML elements *@
</div>

If an person instance changes, the @key attribute directive forces Blazor to:

Discard the entire <li> or <div> and their descendants.
Rebuild the subtree within the UI with new elements and components.

This is useful to guarantee that no UI state is preserved when the collection changes within a subtree.

Scope of `@key`

The @key attribute directive is scoped to its own siblings within its parent.

Consider the following example. The first and second keys are compared against each other within the same scope of the outer <div> element:

<div>
    <div @key="first">...</div>
    <div @key="second">...</div>
</div>

<div>
    <div @key="first">...</div>
</div>
<div>
    <div @key="second">...</div>
</div>

For the Details component shown earlier, the following examples render person data within the same @key scope and demonstrate typical use cases for @key:

<div>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
    }
</div>

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <div @key="person">
        <Details Data="@person.Data" />
    </div>
}

<ol>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <li @key="person">
            <Details Data="@person.Data" />
        </li>
    }
</ol>

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <div>
        <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
    </div>
}

<ol>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <li>
            <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
        </li>
    }
</ol>

When not to use `@key`

There's a performance cost when rendering with @key. The performance cost isn't large, but only specify @key if preserving the element or component benefits the app.

Values to use for `@key`

Generally, it makes sense to supply one of the following values for @key:

Model object instances. For example, the Person instance (person) was used in the earlier example. This ensures preservation based on object reference equality.
Unique identifiers. For example, unique identifiers can be based on primary key values of type int, string, or Guid.

Apply an attribute

Attributes can be applied to components with the @attribute directive. The following example applies the [Authorize] attribute to the component's class:

@page "/"
@attribute [Authorize]

Conditional HTML element attributes

HTML element attribute properties are conditionally set based on the .NET value. If the value is false or null, the property isn't set. If the value is true, the property is set.

In the following example, IsCompleted determines if the <input> element's checked property is set.

Pages/ConditionalAttribute.razor:

@page "/conditional-attribute"

<label>
    <input type="checkbox" checked="@IsCompleted" />
    Is Completed?
</label>

<button @onclick="@(() => IsCompleted = !IsCompleted)">
    Change IsCompleted
</button>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public bool IsCompleted { get; set; }
}

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core.

Warning

Some HTML attributes, such as aria-pressed, don't function properly when the .NET type is a bool. In those cases, use a string type instead of a bool.

Raw HTML

Warning

Rendering raw HTML constructed from any untrusted source is a security risk and should always be avoided.

The following example shows using the MarkupString type to add a block of static HTML content to the rendered output of a component.

Pages/MarkupStringExample.razor:

@page "/markup-string-example"

@((MarkupString)myMarkup)

@code {
    private string myMarkup =
        "<p class=\"text-danger\">This is a dangerous <em>markup string</em>.</p>";
}

Razor templates

Render fragments can be defined using Razor template syntax to define a UI snippet. Razor templates use the following format:

@<{HTML tag}>...</{HTML tag}>

Pages/RazorTemplate.razor:

@page "/razor-template"

@timeTemplate

@petTemplate(new Pet { Name = "Nutty Rex" })

@code {
    private RenderFragment timeTemplate = @<p>The time is @DateTime.Now.</p>;
    private RenderFragment<Pet> petTemplate = (pet) => @<p>Pet: @pet.Name</p>;

    private class Pet
    {
        public string? Name { get; set; }
    }
}

Rendered output of the preceding code:

<p>The time is 4/19/2021 8:54:46 AM.</p>
<p>Pet: Nutty Rex</p>

Static assets

Blazor follows the convention of ASP.NET Core apps for static assets. Static assets are located in the project's web root (wwwroot) folder or folders under the wwwroot folder.

<img alt="Company logo" src="/images/logo.png" />

Components do not support tilde-slash notation (~/).

For information on setting an app's base path, see Host and deploy ASP.NET Core Blazor.

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components. To provide Tag Helper-like functionality in Blazor, create a component with the same functionality as the Tag Helper and use the component instead.

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images

Since Blazor renders HTML, browser-supported images, including Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images (.svg), are supported via the <img> tag:

<img alt="Example image" src="image.svg" />

Similarly, SVG images are supported in the CSS rules of a stylesheet file (.css):

.element-class {
    background-image: url("image.svg");
}

Blazor supports the <foreignObject> element to display arbitrary HTML within an SVG. The markup can represent arbitrary HTML, a RenderFragment, or a Razor component.

The following example demonstrates:

Display of a string (@message).
Two-way binding with an <input> element and a value field.
A Robot component.

<svg width="200" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <rect x="0" y="0" rx="10" ry="10" width="200" height="200" stroke="black" 
        fill="none" />
    <foreignObject x="20" y="20" width="160" height="160">
        <p>@message</p>
    </foreignObject>
</svg>

<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <foreignObject width="200" height="200">
        <label>
            Two-way binding:
            <input @bind="value" @bind:event="oninput" />
        </label>
    </foreignObject>
</svg>

<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <foreignObject>
        <Robot />
    </foreignObject>
</svg>

@code {
    private string message = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing " +
        "elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.";

    private string? value;
}

Whitespace rendering behavior

Unless the @preservewhitespace directive is used with a value of true, extra whitespace is removed by default if:

Leading or trailing within an element.
Leading or trailing within a RenderFragment/RenderFragment<TValue> parameter (for example, child content passed to another component).
It precedes or follows a C# code block, such as @if or @foreach.

Add the @preservewhitespace true directive at the top of the Razor file (.razor) to apply the preference to a specific component.
Add the @preservewhitespace true directive inside an _Imports.razor file to apply the preference to a subdirectory or to the entire project.

Generic type parameter support

The @typeparam directive declares a generic type parameter for the generated component class:

@typeparam TItem

C# syntax with where type constraints is supported:

@typeparam TEntity where TEntity : IEntity

In the following example, the ListGenericTypeItems1 component is generically typed as TExample.

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems1.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul>
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList{ get; set; }
}

The following GenericTypeExample1 component renders two ListGenericTypeItems1 components:

String or integer data is assigned to the ExampleList parameter of each component.
Type string or int that matches the type of the assigned data is set for the type parameter (TExample) of each component.

Pages/GenericTypeExample1.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-1"

<h1>Generic Type Example 1</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems1 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" })" 
                       TExample="string" />

<ListGenericTypeItems1 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 })" 
                       TExample="int" />

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core. For an example of generic typing with templated components, see ASP.NET Core Blazor templated components.

Cascaded generic type support

By adding @attribute [CascadingTypeParameter(...)] to a component, the specified generic type argument is automatically used by descendants that:

Are nested as child content for the component in the same .razor document.
Also declare a @typeparam with the exact same name.
Don't have another value explicitly supplied or implicitly inferred for the type parameter. If another value is supplied or inferred, it takes precedence over the cascaded generic type.

Generic types can be cascaded to child components in either of the following approaches with ancestor (parent) components, which are demonstrated in the following two sub-sections:

Explicitly set the cascaded generic type.
Infer the cascaded generic type.

Shared/ListDisplay1.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:blue">
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }
}

Shared/ListDisplay2.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:red">
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }
}

Explicit generic types based on ancestor components

The demonstration in this section cascades a type explicitly for TExample.

Note

This section uses the two ListDisplay components in the Cascaded generic type support section.

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems2.razor:

@attribute [CascadingTypeParameter(nameof(TExample))]
@typeparam TExample

<h2>List Generic Type Items 2</h2>

@ChildContent

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }
}

Pages/GenericTypeExample2.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-2"

<h1>Generic Type Example 2</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems2 TExample="string">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" })" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 3", "Item 4" })" />
</ListGenericTypeItems2>

<ListGenericTypeItems2 TExample="int">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 })" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 4, 5, 6 })" />
</ListGenericTypeItems2>

Specifying the type explicitly also allows the use of cascading values and parameters to provide data to child components, as the following demonstration shows.

Shared/ListDisplay3.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:blue">
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [CascadingParameter]
    protected IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }
}

Shared/ListDisplay4.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:red">
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [CascadingParameter]
    protected IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }
}

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems3.razor:

@attribute [CascadingTypeParameter(nameof(TExample))]
@typeparam TExample

<h2>List Generic Type Items 3</h2>

@ChildContent

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:green">
        @foreach(var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>

    <p>
        Type of <code>TExample</code>: @typeof(TExample)
    </p>
}

@code {
    [CascadingParameter]
    protected IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }
}

When cascading the data in the following example, the type must be provided to the ListGenericTypeItems3 component.

Pages/GenericTypeExample3.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-3"

<h1>Generic Type Example 3</h1>

<CascadingValue Value="@stringData">
    <ListGenericTypeItems3 TExample="string">
        <ListDisplay3 />
        <ListDisplay4 />
    </ListGenericTypeItems3>
</CascadingValue>

<CascadingValue Value="@integerData">
    <ListGenericTypeItems3 TExample="int">
        <ListDisplay3 />
        <ListDisplay4 />
    </ListGenericTypeItems3>
</CascadingValue>

@code {
    private List<string> stringData = new() { "Item 1", "Item 2" };
    private List<int> integerData = new() { 1, 2, 3 };
}

<GridColumn TValue="string" TEdit="@TextEdit" />

The preceding example generates a compile-time error that the GridColumn component is missing the TItem type parameter. Valid code specifies all of the types:

<GridColumn TValue="string" TEdit="@TextEdit" TItem="@User" />

Infer generic types based on ancestor components

The demonstration in this section cascades a type inferred for TExample.

Note

This section uses the two ListDisplay components in the Cascaded generic type support section.

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems4.razor:

@attribute [CascadingTypeParameter(nameof(TExample))]
@typeparam TExample

<h2>List Generic Type Items 4</h2>

@ChildContent

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul style="color:green">
        @foreach(var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>

    <p>
        Type of <code>TExample</code>: @typeof(TExample)
    </p>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample>? ExampleList { get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment? ChildContent { get; set; }
}

The following GenericTypeExample4 component with inferred cascaded types provides different data for display.

Pages/GenericTypeExample4.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-4"

<h1>Generic Type Example 4</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems4 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 5", "Item 6" })">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" })" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 3", "Item 4" })" />
</ListGenericTypeItems4>

<ListGenericTypeItems4 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 7, 8, 9 })">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 })" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 4, 5, 6 })" />
</ListGenericTypeItems4>

The following GenericTypeExample5 component with inferred cascaded types provides the same data for display. The following example directly assigns the data to the components.

Pages/GenericTypeExample5.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-5"

<h1>Generic Type Example 5</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems4 ExampleList="@stringData">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@stringData" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@stringData" />
</ListGenericTypeItems4>

<ListGenericTypeItems4 ExampleList="@integerData">
    <ListDisplay1 ExampleList="@integerData" />
    <ListDisplay2 ExampleList="@integerData" />
</ListGenericTypeItems4>

@code {
    private List<string> stringData = new() { "Item 1", "Item 2" };
    private List<int> integerData = new() { 1, 2, 3 };
}

Render static root Razor components

A root Razor component is the first component loaded of any component hierarchy created by the app.

In an app created from the Blazor Server project template, the App component (App.razor) is created as the default root component in Pages/_Host.cshtml using the Component Tag Helper:

<component type="typeof(App)" render-mode="ServerPrerendered" />

In an app created from the Blazor WebAssembly project template, the App component (App.razor) is created as the default root component in Program.cs:

builder.RootComponents.Add<App>("#app");

In the preceding code, the CSS selector, #app, indicates that the App component is created for the <div> in wwwroot/index.html with an id of app:

<div id="app">...</app>

MVC and Razor Pages apps can also use the Component Tag Helper to register statically-rendered Blazor WebAssembly root components:

<component type="typeof(App)" render-mode="WebAssemblyPrerendered" />

Statically-rendered components can only be added to the app. They can't be removed or updated afterwards.

For more information, see the following resources:

Component classes

Components are implemented using a combination of C# and HTML markup in Razor component files with the .razor file extension.

Note

Razor syntax

Components use Razor syntax. Two Razor features are extensively used by components, directives and directive attributes. These are reserved keywords prefixed with @ that appear in Razor markup:

Directives: Change the way component markup is parsed or functions. For example, the @page directive specifies a routable component with a route template and can be reached directly by a user's request in the browser at a specific URL.
Directive attributes: Change the way a component element is parsed or functions. For example, the @bind directive attribute for an <input> element binds data to the element's value.

Names

A component's name must start with an uppercase character:

ProductDetail.razor is valid.
productDetail.razor is invalid.

Common Blazor naming conventions used throughout the Blazor documentation include:

Component file paths use Pascal case† and appear before showing component code examples. Paths indicate typical folder locations. For example, Pages/ProductDetail.razor indicates that the ProductDetail component has a file name of ProductDetail.razor and resides in the Pages folder of the app.
Component file paths for routable components match their URLs with hyphens appearing for spaces between words in a component's route template. For example, a ProductDetail component with a route template of /product-detail (@page "/product-detail") is requested in a browser at the relative URL /product-detail.

†Pascal case (upper camel case) is a naming convention without spaces and punctuation and with the first letter of each word capitalized, including the first word.

Routing

Pages/HelloWorld.razor:

@page "/hello-world"

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

Markup

Members of the component class are defined in one or more @code blocks. In @code blocks, component state is specified and processed with C#:

Property and field initializers.
Parameter values from arguments passed by parent components and route parameters.
Methods for user event handling, lifecycle events, and custom component logic.

headingFontStyle for the CSS property value font-style of the heading element.
headingText for the content of the heading element.

Pages/Markup.razor:

@page "/markup"

<h1 style="font-style:@headingFontStyle">@headingText</h1>

@code {
    private string headingFontStyle = "italic";
    private string headingText = "Put on your new Blazor!";
}

Note

Asynchronous methods (`async`) don't support returning `void`

The Blazor framework doesn't track void-returning asynchronous methods (async). As a result, exceptions aren't caught if void is returned. Always return a Task from asynchronous methods.

Nested components

Components can include other components by declaring them using HTML syntax. The markup for using a component looks like an HTML tag where the name of the tag is the component type.

Consider the following Heading component, which can be used by other components to display a heading.

Shared/Heading.razor:

<h1 style="font-style:@headingFontStyle">Heading Example</h1>

@code {
    private string headingFontStyle = "italic";
}

The following markup in the HeadingExample component renders the preceding Heading component at the location where the <Heading /> tag appears.

Pages/HeadingExample.razor:

@page "/heading-example"

<Heading />

Class name and namespace

The Counter component's namespace is BlazorSample.Pages.
The fully qualified type name of the component is BlazorSample.Pages.Counter.

@using BlazorSample.Components

Note

@using directives in the _Imports.razor file are only applied to Razor files (.razor), not C# files (.cs).

<BlazorSample.Components.ProductDetail />

The namespace of a component authored with Razor is based on the following (in priority order):

The @namespace directive in the Razor file's markup (for example, @namespace BlazorSample.CustomNamespace).
The project's RootNamespace in the project file (for example, <RootNamespace>BlazorSample</RootNamespace>).
The project name, taken from the project file's file name (.csproj), and the path from the project root to the component. For example, the framework resolves {PROJECT ROOT}/Pages/Index.razor with a project namespace of BlazorSample (BlazorSample.csproj) to the namespace BlazorSample.Pages for the Index component. {PROJECT ROOT} is the project root path. Components follow C# name binding rules. For the Index component in this example, the components in scope are all of the components:
- In the same folder, Pages.
- The components in the project's root that don't explicitly specify a different namespace.

The following are not supported:

The global:: qualification.
Importing components with aliased using statements. For example, @using Foo = Bar isn't supported.
Partially-qualified names. For example, you can't add @using BlazorSample to a component and then reference the NavMenu component in the app's Shared folder (Shared/NavMenu.razor) with <Shared.NavMenu></Shared.NavMenu>.

Partial class support

Components are generated as C# partial classes and are authored using either of the following approaches:

A single file contains C# code defined in one or more @code blocks, HTML markup, and Razor markup. Blazor project templates define their components using this single-file approach.
HTML and Razor markup are placed in a Razor file (.razor). C# code is placed in a code-behind file defined as a partial class (.cs).

Note

A component stylesheet that defines component-specific styles is a separate file (.css). Blazor CSS isolation is described later in ASP.NET Core Blazor CSS isolation.

Pages/Counter.razor:

@page "/counter"

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p>Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

@code {
    private int currentCount = 0;

    private void IncrementCount()
    {
        currentCount++;
    }
}

The following Counter component splits HTML and Razor markup from C# code using a code-behind file with a partial class:

Pages/CounterPartialClass.razor:

@page "/counter-partial-class"

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p>Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

Pages/CounterPartialClass.razor.cs:

namespace BlazorSample.Pages
{
    public partial class CounterPartialClass
    {
        private int currentCount = 0;

        private void IncrementCount()
        {
            currentCount++;
        }
    }
}

@using directives in the _Imports.razor file are only applied to Razor files (.razor), not C# files (.cs). Add namespaces to a partial class file as needed.

Typical namespaces used by components:

using System.Net.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Forms;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Routing;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Web;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Web.Virtualization;
using Microsoft.JSInterop;

Typical namespaces also include the namespace of the app and the namespace corresponding to the app's Shared folder:

using BlazorSample;
using BlazorSample.Shared;

Specify a base class

Pages/BlazorRocks.razor:

@page "/blazor-rocks"
@inherits BlazorRocksBase

<h1>@BlazorRocksText</h1>

BlazorRocksBase.cs:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components;

namespace BlazorSample
{
    public class BlazorRocksBase : ComponentBase
    {
        public string BlazorRocksText { get; set; } =
            "Blazor rocks the browser!";
    }
}

Component parameters

PanelBody.cs:

public class PanelBody
{
    public string Text { get; set; }
    public string Style { get; set; }
}

Shared/ParameterChild.razor:

<div class="card w-25" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold">@Title</div>
    <div class="card-body" style="font-style:@Body.Style">
        @Body.Text
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string Title { get; set; } = "Set By Child";

    [Parameter]
    public PanelBody Body { get; set; } =
        new()
        {
            Text = "Set by child.",
            Style = "normal"
        };
}

Warning

The first ParameterChild component is rendered without supplying parameter arguments.
The second ParameterChild component receives values for Title and Body from the ParameterParent component, which uses an explicit C# expression to set the values of the PanelBody's properties.

Pages/ParameterParent.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent"

<h1>Child component (without attribute values)</h1>

<ParameterChild />

<h1>Child component (with attribute values)</h1>

<ParameterChild Title="Set by Parent"
                Body="@(new PanelBody() { Text = "Set by parent.", Style = "italic" })" />

Note

For clarity, rendered CSS style classes aren't shown in the following rendered HTML markup.

<h1>Child component (without attribute values)</h1>

<div>
    <div>Set By Child</div>
    <div>Set by child.</div>
</div>

<h1>Child component (with attribute values)</h1>

<div>
    <div>Set by Parent</div>
    <div>Set by parent.</div>
</div>

If the component parameter is of type string, then the attribute value is instead treated as a C# string literal by default. If you want to specify a C# expression instead, then use the @ prefix.

The following ParameterParent2 component displays four instances of the preceding ParameterChild component and sets their Title parameter values to:

The value of the title field.
The result of the GetTitle C# method.
The current local date in long format with ToLongDateString, which uses an implicit C# expression.
The panelData object's Title property.

Throughout the documentation, code examples:

Always use quotes. Example: Value="this".
Use the @ prefix with nonliterals, even when it's optional. Example: Count="@ct", where ct is a number-typed variable. Count="ct" is a valid stylistic approach, but the documentation and examples don't adopt the convention.
Always avoid @ for literals, outside of Razor expressions. Example: IsFixed="true".

Pages/ParameterParent2.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent-2"

<ParameterChild Title="@title" />

<ParameterChild Title="@GetTitle()" />

<ParameterChild Title="@DateTime.Now.ToLongDateString()" />

<ParameterChild Title="@panelData.Title" />

@code {
    private string title = "From Parent field";
    private PanelData panelData = new();

    private string GetTitle()
    {
        return "From Parent method";
    }

    private class PanelData
    {
        public string Title { get; set; } = "From Parent object";
    }
}

Note

When assigning a C# member to a component parameter, don't prefix the parameter's HTML attribute with @.

Correct (Title is a string parameter, Count is a number-typed parameter):

<ParameterChild Title="@title" Count="@ct" />

<ParameterChild Title="@title" Count="ct" />

Incorrect:

<ParameterChild @Title="@title" @Count="@ct" />

<ParameterChild @Title="@title" @Count="ct" />

<ParameterChild Title="@await ..." />

The code in the preceding example generates a compiler error when the app is built:

The 'await' operator can only be used within an async method. Consider marking this method with the 'async' modifier and changing its return type to 'Task'.

To obtain a value for the Title parameter in the preceding example asynchronously, the component can use the OnInitializedAsync lifecycle event, as the following example demonstrates:

<ParameterChild Title="@title" />

@code {
    private string title;

    protected override async Task OnInitializedAsync()
    {
        title = await ...;
    }
}

For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.

<ParameterChild Title="Set by @(panelData.Title)" />

The code in the preceding example generates a compiler error when the app is built:

Component attributes do not support complex content (mixed C# and markup).

Pages/ParameterParent3.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent-3"

<ParameterChild Title="@GetTitle()" />

@code {
    private PanelData panelData = new();

    private string GetTitle() => $"Set by {panelData.Title}";

    private class PanelData
    {
        public string Title { get; set; } = "Parent";
    }
}

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core.

Warning

[Parameter]
public DateTime StartData { get; set; }

To transform a received parameter value:

Leave the parameter property as an auto-property to represent the supplied raw data.
Create a different property or method to supply the transformed data based on the parameter property.

Override OnParametersSetAsync to transform a received parameter each time new data is received.

[Parameter]
public DateTime StartData { get; set; } = DateTime.Now;

After the initial assignment of DateTime.Now, do not assign a value to StartData in developer code. For more information, see the Overwritten parameters section of this article.

Route parameters

Components can specify route parameters in the route template of the @page directive. The Blazor router uses route parameters to populate corresponding component parameters.

Pages/RouteParameter.razor:

@page "/route-parameter/{text?}"

<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string Text { get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        Text = Text ?? "fantastic";
    }
}

For information on catch-all route parameters ({*pageRoute}), which capture paths across multiple folder boundaries, see ASP.NET Core Blazor routing and navigation.

Child content render fragments

Components can set the content of another component. The assigning component provides the content between the child component's opening and closing tags.

Shared/RenderFragmentChild.razor:

<div class="card w-25" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold">Child content</div>
    <div class="card-body">@ChildContent</div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment ChildContent { get; set; }
}

Important

The property receiving the RenderFragment content must be named ChildContent by convention.

Event callbacks aren't supported for RenderFragment.

The following RenderFragmentParent component provides content for rendering the RenderFragmentChild by placing the content inside the child component's opening and closing tags.

Pages/RenderFragmentParent.razor:

@page "/render-fragment-parent"

<h1>Render child content</h1>

<RenderFragmentChild>
    Content of the child component is supplied
    by the parent component.
</RenderFragmentChild>

<h1>Three children with an index variable</h1>

@for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
{
    var current = c;

    <RenderFragmentChild>
        Count: @current
    </RenderFragmentChild>
}

Alternatively, use a foreach loop with Enumerable.Range instead of a for loop. The following example can be added to the preceding RenderFragmentParent component:

<h1>Second example of three children with an index variable</h1>

@foreach (var c in Enumerable.Range(0,3))
{
    <RenderFragmentChild>
        Count: @c
    </RenderFragmentChild>
}

Render fragments are used to render child content throughout Blazor apps and are described with examples in the following articles and article sections:

Note

Render fragments for reusable rendering logic

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

@RenderWelcomeInfo

<p>Render the welcome info a second time:</p>

@RenderWelcomeInfo

@code {
    private RenderFragment RenderWelcomeInfo = __builder =>
    {
        <p>Welcome to your new app!</p>
    };
}

For more information, see Reuse rendering logic.

Overwritten parameters

The Blazor framework generally imposes safe parent-to-child parameter assignment:

Parameters aren't overwritten unexpectedly.
Side effects are minimized. For example, additional renders are avoided because they may create infinite rendering loops.

The child component is rendered with one or more parameter values from the parent component.
The child writes directly to the value of a parameter.
The parent component rerenders and overwrites the value of the child's parameter.

The potential for overwriting parameter values extends into the child component's property set accessors, too.

Important

Our general guidance is not to create components that directly write to their own parameters after the component is rendered for the first time.

Consider the following Expander component that:

Renders child content.
Toggles showing child content with a component parameter (Expanded).

Shared/Expander.razor:

<div @onclick="Toggle" class="card bg-light mb-3" style="width:30rem">
    <div class="card-body">
        <h2 class="card-title">Toggle (<code>Expanded</code> = @Expanded)</h2>

        @if (Expanded)
        {
            <p class="card-text">@ChildContent</p>
        }
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public bool Expanded { private get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment ChildContent { get; set; }

    private void Toggle()
    {
        Expanded = !Expanded;
    }
}

The Expander component is added to the following ExpanderExample parent component that may call StateHasChanged:

Calling StateHasChanged in developer code notifies a component that its state has changed and typically triggers component rerendering to update the UI. StateHasChanged is covered in more detail later in ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle and ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.
The button's @onclick directive attribute attaches an event handler to the button's onclick event. Event handling is covered in more detail later in ASP.NET Core Blazor event handling.

Pages/ExpanderExample.razor:

@page "/expander-example"

<Expander Expanded="true">
    Expander 1 content
</Expander>

<Expander Expanded="true" />

<button @onclick="StateHasChanged">
    Call StateHasChanged
</button>

Initially, the Expander components behave independently when their Expanded properties are toggled. The child components maintain their states as expected.

If StateHasChanged is called in a parent component, the Blazor framework rerenders child components if their parameters might have changed:

For a group of parameter types that Blazor explicitly checks, Blazor rerenders a child component if it detects that any of the parameters have changed.
For unchecked parameter types, Blazor rerenders the child component regardless of whether or not the parameters have changed. Child content falls into this category of parameter types because child content is of type RenderFragment, which is a delegate that refers to other mutable objects.

For the ExpanderExample component:

The first Expander component sets child content in a potentially mutable RenderFragment, so a call to StateHasChanged in the parent component automatically rerenders the component and potentially overwrites the value of Expanded to its initial value of true.
The second Expander component doesn't set child content. Therefore, a potentially mutable RenderFragment doesn't exist. A call to StateHasChanged in the parent component doesn't automatically rerender the child component, so the component's Expanded value isn't overwritten.

To maintain state in the preceding scenario, use a private field in the Expander component to maintain its toggled state.

The following revised Expander component:

Accepts the Expanded component parameter value from the parent.
Assigns the component parameter value to a private field (expanded) in the OnInitialized event.
Uses the private field to maintain its internal toggle state, which demonstrates how to avoid writing directly to a parameter.

Note

The advice in this section extends to similar logic in component parameter set accessors, which can result in similar undesirable side effects.

Shared/Expander.razor:

<div @onclick="Toggle" class="card bg-light mb-3" style="width:30rem">
    <div class="card-body">
        <h2 class="card-title">Toggle (<code>expanded</code> = @expanded)</h2>

        @if (expanded)
        {
            <p class="card-text">@ChildContent</p>
        }
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    private bool expanded;

    [Parameter]
    public bool Expanded { private get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment ChildContent { get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        expanded = Expanded;
    }

    private void Toggle()
    {
        expanded = !expanded;
    }
}

For additional information, see Blazor Two Way Binding Error (dotnet/aspnetcore #24599).

For more information on change detection, including information on the exact types that Blazor checks, see ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.

Attribute splatting and arbitrary parameters

In the following Splat component:

The first <input> element (id="useIndividualParams") uses individual component parameters.
The second <input> element (id="useAttributesDict") uses attribute splatting.

Pages/Splat.razor:

@page "/splat"

<input id="useIndividualParams"
       maxlength="@maxlength"
       placeholder="@placeholder"
       required="@required"
       size="@size" />

<input id="useAttributesDict"
       @attributes="InputAttributes" />

@code {
    private string maxlength = "10";
    private string placeholder = "Input placeholder text";
    private string required = "required";
    private string size = "50";

    private Dictionary<string, object> InputAttributes { get; set; } =
        new()
        {
            { "maxlength", "10" },
            { "placeholder", "Input placeholder text" },
            { "required", "required" },
            { "size", "50" }
        };
}

The rendered <input> elements in the webpage are identical:

<input id="useIndividualParams"
       maxlength="10"
       placeholder="Input placeholder text"
       required="required"
       size="50">

<input id="useAttributesDict"
       maxlength="10"
       placeholder="Input placeholder text"
       required="required"
       size="50">

To accept arbitrary attributes, define a component parameter with the CaptureUnmatchedValues property set to true:

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public Dictionary<string, object> InputAttributes { get; set; }
}

Shared/AttributeOrderChild1.razor:

<div @attributes="AdditionalAttributes" extra="5" />

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public IDictionary<string, object> AdditionalAttributes { get; set; }
}

Pages/AttributeOrderParent1.razor:

@page "/attribute-order-parent-1"

<AttributeOrderChild1 extra="10" />

<div extra="5" />

In the following example, the order of extra and @attributes is reversed in the child component's <div>:

Shared/AttributeOrderChild2.razor:

<div extra="5" @attributes="AdditionalAttributes" />

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public IDictionary<string, object> AdditionalAttributes { get; set; }
}

Pages/AttributeOrderParent2.razor:

@page "/attribute-order-parent-2"

<AttributeOrderChild2 extra="10" />

The <div> in the parent component's rendered webpage contains extra="10" when passed through the additional attribute:

<div extra="10" />

Capture references to components

Component references provide a way to reference a component instance for issuing commands. To capture a component reference:

Add an @ref attribute to the child component.
Define a field with the same type as the child component.

When the component is rendered, the field is populated with the component instance. You can then invoke .NET methods on the instance.

Consider the following ReferenceChild component that logs a message when its ChildMethod is called.

Shared/ReferenceChild.razor:

@using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
@inject ILogger<ReferenceChild> logger

@code {
    public void ChildMethod(int value)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("Received {Value} in ChildMethod", value);
    }
}

A component reference is only populated after the component is rendered and its output includes ReferenceChild's element. Until the component is rendered, there's nothing to reference.

To manipulate component references after the component has finished rendering, use the OnAfterRender or OnAfterRenderAsync methods.

The following lambda approach uses the preceding ReferenceChild component.

Pages/ReferenceParent1.razor:

@page "/reference-parent-1"

<button @onclick="@(() => childComponent.ChildMethod(5))">
    Call <code>ReferenceChild.ChildMethod</code> with an argument of 5
</button>

<ReferenceChild @ref="childComponent" />

@code {
    private ReferenceChild childComponent;
}

The following delegate approach uses the preceding ReferenceChild component.

Pages/ReferenceParent2.razor:

@page "/reference-parent-2"

<button @onclick="callChildMethod">
    Call <code>ReferenceChild.ChildMethod</code> with an argument of 5
</button>

<ReferenceChild @ref="childComponent" />

@code {
    private ReferenceChild childComponent;
    private Action callChildMethod;

    protected override void OnAfterRender(bool firstRender)
    {
        if (firstRender)
        {
            callChildMethod = CallChildMethod;
        }
    }

    private void CallChildMethod()
    {
        childComponent.ChildMethod(5);
    }
}

Important

Synchronization context

Avoid thread-blocking calls

Generally, don't call the following methods in components. The following methods block the execution thread and thus block the app from resuming work until the underlying Task is complete:

Note

Invoke component methods externally to update state

TimerService.cs:

using System;
using System.Timers;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

public class TimerService : IDisposable
{
    private int elapsedCount;
    private readonly ILogger<TimerService> logger;
    private readonly NotifierService notifier;
    private Timer timer;

    public TimerService(NotifierService notifier, ILogger<TimerService> logger)
    {
        this.notifier = notifier;
        this.logger = logger;
    }

    public void Start()
    {
        if (timer is null)
        {
            timer = new();
            timer.AutoReset = true;
            timer.Interval = 10000;
            timer.Elapsed += HandleTimer;
            timer.Enabled = true;
            logger.LogInformation("Started");
        }
    }

    private async void HandleTimer(object source, ElapsedEventArgs e)
    {
        elapsedCount += 1;
        await notifier.Update("elapsedCount", elapsedCount);
        logger.LogInformation($"elapsedCount: {elapsedCount}");
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        timer?.Dispose();
    }
}

NotifierService.cs:

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class NotifierService
{
    public async Task Update(string key, int value)
    {
        if (Notify != null)
        {
            await Notify.Invoke(key, value);
        }
    }

    public event Func<string, int, Task> Notify;
}

In a Blazor WebAssembly app, register the services as singletons in Program.cs:

builder.Services.AddSingleton<NotifierService>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<TimerService>();

In a Blazor Server app, register the services as scoped in Startup.ConfigureServices:
```
services.AddScoped<NotifierService>();
services.AddScoped<TimerService>();
```

Use the NotifierService to update a component.

Pages/ReceiveNotifications.razor:

@page "/receive-notifications"
@implements IDisposable
@inject NotifierService Notifier
@inject TimerService Timer

<h1>Receive Notifications</h1>

<h2>Timer Service</h2>

<button @onclick="StartTimer">Start Timer</button>

<h2>Notifications</h2>

<p>
    Status:
    @if (lastNotification.key is not null)
    {
        <span>@lastNotification.key = @lastNotification.value</span>
    }
    else
    {
        <span>Awaiting first notification</span>
    }
</p>

@code {
    private (string key, int value) lastNotification;

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        Notifier.Notify += OnNotify;
    }

    public async Task OnNotify(string key, int value)
    {
        await InvokeAsync(() =>
        {
            lastNotification = (key, value);
            StateHasChanged();
        });
    }

    private void StartTimer()
    {
        Timer.Start();
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        Notifier.Notify -= OnNotify;
    }
}

In the preceding example:

NotifierService invokes the component's OnNotify method outside of Blazor's synchronization context. InvokeAsync is used to switch to the correct context and queue a render. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.
The component implements IDisposable. The OnNotify delegate is unsubscribed in the Dispose method, which is called by the framework when the component is disposed. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.

Important

Use `@key` to control the preservation of elements and components

Consider the following example that demonstrates a collection mapping problem that's solved by using @key.

For following Details and PeopleExample components:

The Details component receives data (Data) from the parent PeopleExample component, which is displayed in an <input> element. Any given displayed <input> element can receive the focus of the page from the user when they select one of the <input> elements.
The PeopleExample component creates a list of person objects for display using the Details component. Every three seconds, a new person is added to the collection.

This demonstration allows you to:

Select an <input> from among several rendered Details components.
Study the behavior of the page's focus as the people collection automatically grows.

Shared/Details.razor:

<input value="@Data" />

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string Data { get; set; }
}

Pages/PeopleExample.razor:

@page "/people-example"
@using System.Timers
@implements IDisposable

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <Details Data="@person.Data" />
}

@code {
    private Timer timer = new Timer(3000);

    public List<Person> people =
        new()
        {
            { new Person { Data = "Person 1" } },
            { new Person { Data = "Person 2" } },
            { new Person { Data = "Person 3" } }
        };

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        timer.Elapsed += (sender, eventArgs) => OnTimerCallback();
        timer.Start();
    }

    private void OnTimerCallback()
    {
        _ = InvokeAsync(() =>
        {
            people.Insert(0,
                new Person
                {
                    Data = $"INSERTED {DateTime.Now.ToString("hh:mm:ss tt")}"
                });
            StateHasChanged();
        });
    }

    public void Dispose() => timer.Dispose();

    public class Person
    {
        public string Data { get; set; }
    }
}

To modify the PeopleExample component to use the @key directive attribute with the people collection, update the <Details> element to the following:

<Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />

Other collection updates exhibit the same behavior when the @key directive attribute is used:

If an instance is deleted from the collection, only the corresponding component instance is removed from the UI. Other instances are left unchanged.
If collection entries are re-ordered, the corresponding component instances are preserved and re-ordered in the UI.

Important

Keys are local to each container element or component. Keys aren't compared globally across the document.

When to use `@key`

Typically, it makes sense to use @key whenever a list is rendered (for example, in a foreach block) and a suitable value exists to define the @key.

You can also use @key to preserve an element or component subtree when an object doesn't change, as the following examples show.

Example 1:

<li @key="person">
    <input value="@person.Data" />
</li>

Example 2:

<div @key="person">
    @* other HTML elements *@
</div>

If an person instance changes, the @key attribute directive forces Blazor to:

Discard the entire <li> or <div> and their descendants.
Rebuild the subtree within the UI with new elements and components.

This is useful to guarantee that no UI state is preserved when the collection changes within a subtree.

Scope of `@key`

The @key attribute directive is scoped to its own siblings within its parent.

Consider the following example. The first and second keys are compared against each other within the same scope of the outer <div> element:

<div>
    <div @key="first">...</div>
    <div @key="second">...</div>
</div>

<div>
    <div @key="first">...</div>
</div>
<div>
    <div @key="second">...</div>
</div>

For the Details component shown earlier, the following examples render person data within the same @key scope and demonstrate typical use cases for @key:

<div>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
    }
</div>

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <div @key="person">
        <Details Data="@person.Data" />
    </div>
}

<ol>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <li @key="person">
            <Details Data="@person.Data" />
        </li>
    }
</ol>

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <div>
        <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
    </div>
}

<ol>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <li>
            <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
        </li>
    }
</ol>

When not to use `@key`

There's a performance cost when rendering with @key. The performance cost isn't large, but only specify @key if preserving the element or component benefits the app.

Values to use for `@key`

Generally, it makes sense to supply one of the following values for @key:

Model object instances. For example, the Person instance (person) was used in the earlier example. This ensures preservation based on object reference equality.
Unique identifiers. For example, unique identifiers can be based on primary key values of type int, string, or Guid.

Apply an attribute

Attributes can be applied to components with the @attribute directive. The following example applies the [Authorize] attribute to the component's class:

@page "/"
@attribute [Authorize]

Conditional HTML element attributes

HTML element attribute properties are conditionally set based on the .NET value. If the value is false or null, the property isn't set. If the value is true, the property is set.

In the following example, IsCompleted determines if the <input> element's checked property is set.

Pages/ConditionalAttribute.razor:

@page "/conditional-attribute"

<label>
    <input type="checkbox" checked="@IsCompleted" />
    Is Completed?
</label>

<button @onclick="@(() => IsCompleted = !IsCompleted)">
    Change IsCompleted
</button>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public bool IsCompleted { get; set; }
}

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core.

Warning

Some HTML attributes, such as aria-pressed, don't function properly when the .NET type is a bool. In those cases, use a string type instead of a bool.

Raw HTML

Warning

Rendering raw HTML constructed from any untrusted source is a security risk and should always be avoided.

The following example shows using the MarkupString type to add a block of static HTML content to the rendered output of a component.

Pages/MarkupStringExample.razor:

@page "/markup-string-example"

@((MarkupString)myMarkup)

@code {
    private string myMarkup =
        "<p class=\"text-danger\">This is a dangerous <em>markup string</em>.</p>";
}

Razor templates

Render fragments can be defined using Razor template syntax to define a UI snippet. Razor templates use the following format:

@<{HTML tag}>...</{HTML tag}>

Pages/RazorTemplate.razor:

@page "/razor-template"

@timeTemplate

@petTemplate(new Pet { Name = "Nutty Rex" })

@code {
    private RenderFragment timeTemplate = @<p>The time is @DateTime.Now.</p>;
    private RenderFragment<Pet> petTemplate = (pet) => @<p>Pet: @pet.Name</p>;

    private class Pet
    {
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
}

Rendered output of the preceding code:

<p>The time is 4/19/2021 8:54:46 AM.</p>
<p>Pet: Nutty Rex</p>

Static assets

Blazor follows the convention of ASP.NET Core apps for static assets. Static assets are located in the project's web root (wwwroot) folder or folders under the wwwroot folder.

<img alt="Company logo" src="/images/logo.png" />

Components do not support tilde-slash notation (~/).

For information on setting an app's base path, see Host and deploy ASP.NET Core Blazor.

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components. To provide Tag Helper-like functionality in Blazor, create a component with the same functionality as the Tag Helper and use the component instead.

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images

Since Blazor renders HTML, browser-supported images, including Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images (.svg), are supported via the <img> tag:

<img alt="Example image" src="image.svg" />

Similarly, SVG images are supported in the CSS rules of a stylesheet file (.css):

.element-class {
    background-image: url("image.svg");
}

Whitespace rendering behavior

Unless the @preservewhitespace directive is used with a value of true, extra whitespace is removed by default if:

Leading or trailing within an element.
Leading or trailing within a RenderFragment/RenderFragment<TValue> parameter (for example, child content passed to another component).
It precedes or follows a C# code block, such as @if or @foreach.

Add the @preservewhitespace true directive at the top of the Razor file (.razor) to apply the preference to a specific component.
Add the @preservewhitespace true directive inside an _Imports.razor file to apply the preference to a subdirectory or to the entire project.

Generic type parameter support

The @typeparam directive declares a generic type parameter for the generated component class:

@typeparam TItem

In the following example, the ListGenericTypeItems1 component is generically typed as TExample.

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems1.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList is not null)
{
    <ul>
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample> ExampleList{ get; set; }
}

The following GenericTypeExample1 component renders two ListGenericTypeItems1 components:

String or integer data is assigned to the ExampleList parameter of each component.
Type string or int that matches the type of the assigned data is set for the type parameter (TExample) of each component.

Pages/GenericTypeExample1.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-1"

<h1>Generic Type Example 1</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems1 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" })" 
                       TExample="string" />

<ListGenericTypeItems1 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 })" 
                       TExample="int" />

For more information, see the following articles:

Component classes

Components are implemented using a combination of C# and HTML markup in Razor component files with the .razor file extension.

Note

Razor syntax

Components use Razor syntax. Two Razor features are extensively used by components, directives and directive attributes. These are reserved keywords prefixed with @ that appear in Razor markup:

Directives: Change the way component markup is parsed or functions. For example, the @page directive specifies a routable component with a route template and can be reached directly by a user's request in the browser at a specific URL.
Directive attributes: Change the way a component element is parsed or functions. For example, the @bind directive attribute for an <input> element binds data to the element's value.

Names

A component's name must start with an uppercase character:

ProductDetail.razor is valid.
productDetail.razor is invalid.

Common Blazor naming conventions used throughout the Blazor documentation include:

Component file paths use Pascal case† and appear before showing component code examples. Paths indicate typical folder locations. For example, Pages/ProductDetail.razor indicates that the ProductDetail component has a file name of ProductDetail.razor and resides in the Pages folder of the app.
Component file paths for routable components match their URLs with hyphens appearing for spaces between words in a component's route template. For example, a ProductDetail component with a route template of /product-detail (@page "/product-detail") is requested in a browser at the relative URL /product-detail.

†Pascal case (upper camel case) is a naming convention without spaces and punctuation and with the first letter of each word capitalized, including the first word.

Routing

Pages/HelloWorld.razor:

@page "/hello-world"

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

Markup

Members of the component class are defined in one or more @code blocks. In @code blocks, component state is specified and processed with C#:

Property and field initializers.
Parameter values from arguments passed by parent components and route parameters.
Methods for user event handling, lifecycle events, and custom component logic.

headingFontStyle for the CSS property value font-style of the heading element.
headingText for the content of the heading element.

Pages/Markup.razor:

@page "/markup"

<h1 style="font-style:@headingFontStyle">@headingText</h1>

@code {
    private string headingFontStyle = "italic";
    private string headingText = "Put on your new Blazor!";
}

Note

Asynchronous methods (`async`) don't support returning `void`

The Blazor framework doesn't track void-returning asynchronous methods (async). As a result, exceptions aren't caught if void is returned. Always return a Task from asynchronous methods.

Nested components

Components can include other components by declaring them using HTML syntax. The markup for using a component looks like an HTML tag where the name of the tag is the component type.

Consider the following Heading component, which can be used by other components to display a heading.

Shared/Heading.razor:

<h1 style="font-style:@headingFontStyle">Heading Example</h1>

@code {
    private string headingFontStyle = "italic";
}

The following markup in the HeadingExample component renders the preceding Heading component at the location where the <Heading /> tag appears.

Pages/HeadingExample.razor:

@page "/heading-example"

<Heading />

Class name and namespace

The Counter component's namespace is BlazorSample.Pages.
The fully qualified type name of the component is BlazorSample.Pages.Counter.

@using BlazorSample.Components

Note

@using directives in the _Imports.razor file are only applied to Razor files (.razor), not C# files (.cs).

<BlazorSample.Components.ProductDetail />

The namespace of a component authored with Razor is based on the following (in priority order):

The @namespace directive in the Razor file's markup (for example, @namespace BlazorSample.CustomNamespace).
The project's RootNamespace in the project file (for example, <RootNamespace>BlazorSample</RootNamespace>).
The project name, taken from the project file's file name (.csproj), and the path from the project root to the component. For example, the framework resolves {PROJECT ROOT}/Pages/Index.razor with a project namespace of BlazorSample (BlazorSample.csproj) to the namespace BlazorSample.Pages for the Index component. {PROJECT ROOT} is the project root path. Components follow C# name binding rules. For the Index component in this example, the components in scope are all of the components:
- In the same folder, Pages.
- The components in the project's root that don't explicitly specify a different namespace.

The following are not supported:

The global:: qualification.
Importing components with aliased using statements. For example, @using Foo = Bar isn't supported.
Partially-qualified names. For example, you can't add @using BlazorSample to a component and then reference the NavMenu component in the app's Shared folder (Shared/NavMenu.razor) with <Shared.NavMenu></Shared.NavMenu>.

Partial class support

Components are generated as C# partial classes and are authored using either of the following approaches:

A single file contains C# code defined in one or more @code blocks, HTML markup, and Razor markup. Blazor project templates define their components using this single-file approach.
HTML and Razor markup are placed in a Razor file (.razor). C# code is placed in a code-behind file defined as a partial class (.cs).

Pages/Counter.razor:

@page "/counter"

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p>Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

@code {
    private int currentCount = 0;

    private void IncrementCount()
    {
        currentCount++;
    }
}

The following Counter component splits HTML and Razor markup from C# code using a code-behind file with a partial class:

Pages/CounterPartialClass.razor:

@page "/counter-partial-class"

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p>Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

Pages/CounterPartialClass.razor.cs:

namespace BlazorSample.Pages
{
    public partial class CounterPartialClass
    {
        private int currentCount = 0;

        private void IncrementCount()
        {
            currentCount++;
        }
    }
}

@using directives in the _Imports.razor file are only applied to Razor files (.razor), not C# files (.cs). Add namespaces to a partial class file as needed.

Typical namespaces used by components:

using System.Net.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Forms;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Routing;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Web;
using Microsoft.JSInterop;

Typical namespaces also include the namespace of the app and the namespace corresponding to the app's Shared folder:

using BlazorSample;
using BlazorSample.Shared;

Specify a base class

Pages/BlazorRocks.razor:

@page "/blazor-rocks"
@inherits BlazorRocksBase

<h1>@BlazorRocksText</h1>

BlazorRocksBase.cs:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components;

namespace BlazorSample
{
    public class BlazorRocksBase : ComponentBase
    {
        public string BlazorRocksText { get; set; } =
            "Blazor rocks the browser!";
    }
}

Component parameters

PanelBody.cs:

public class PanelBody
{
    public string Text { get; set; }
    public string Style { get; set; }
}

Shared/ParameterChild.razor:

<div class="card w-25" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold">@Title</div>
    <div class="card-body" style="font-style:@Body.Style">
        @Body.Text
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string Title { get; set; } = "Set By Child";

    [Parameter]
    public PanelBody Body { get; set; } =
        new PanelBody()
        {
            Text = "Set by child.",
            Style = "normal"
        };
}

Warning

The first ParameterChild component is rendered without supplying parameter arguments.
The second ParameterChild component receives values for Title and Body from the ParameterParent component, which uses an explicit C# expression to set the values of the PanelBody's properties.

Pages/ParameterParent.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent"

<h1>Child component (without attribute values)</h1>

<ParameterChild />

<h1>Child component (with attribute values)</h1>

<ParameterChild Title="Set by Parent"
                Body="@(new PanelBody() { Text = "Set by parent.", Style = "italic" })" />

Note

For clarity, rendered CSS style classes aren't shown in the following rendered HTML markup.

<h1>Child component (without attribute values)</h1>

<div>
    <div>Set By Child</div>
    <div>Set by child.</div>
</div>

<h1>Child component (with attribute values)</h1>

<div>
    <div>Set by Parent</div>
    <div>Set by parent.</div>
</div>

If the component parameter is of type string, then the attribute value is instead treated as a C# string literal by default. If you want to specify a C# expression instead, then use the @ prefix.

The following ParameterParent2 component displays four instances of the preceding ParameterChild component and sets their Title parameter values to:

The value of the title field.
The result of the GetTitle C# method.
The current local date in long format with ToLongDateString, which uses an implicit C# expression.
The panelData object's Title property.

Throughout the documentation, code examples:

Always use quotes. Example: Value="this".
Use the @ prefix with nonliterals, even when it's optional. Example: Count="@ct", where ct is a number-typed variable. Count="ct" is a valid stylistic approach, but the documentation and examples don't adopt the convention.
Always avoid @ for literals, outside of Razor expressions. Example: IsFixed="true".

Pages/ParameterParent2.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent-2"

<ParameterChild Title="@title" />

<ParameterChild Title="@GetTitle()" />

<ParameterChild Title="@DateTime.Now.ToLongDateString()" />

<ParameterChild Title="@panelData.Title" />

@code {
    private string title = "From Parent field";
    private PanelData panelData = new PanelData();

    private string GetTitle()
    {
        return "From Parent method";
    }

    private class PanelData
    {
        public string Title { get; set; } = "From Parent object";
    }
}

Note

When assigning a C# member to a component parameter, don't prefix the parameter's HTML attribute with @.

Correct (Title is a string parameter, Count is a number-typed parameter):

<ParameterChild Title="@title" Count="@ct" />

<ParameterChild Title="@title" Count="ct" />

Incorrect:

<ParameterChild @Title="@title" @Count="@ct" />

<ParameterChild @Title="@title" @Count="ct" />

<ParameterChild Title="@await ..." />

The code in the preceding example generates a compiler error when the app is built:

The 'await' operator can only be used within an async method. Consider marking this method with the 'async' modifier and changing its return type to 'Task'.

To obtain a value for the Title parameter in the preceding example asynchronously, the component can use the OnInitializedAsync lifecycle event, as the following example demonstrates:

<ParameterChild Title="@title" />

@code {
    private string title;

    protected override async Task OnInitializedAsync()
    {
        title = await ...;
    }
}

For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.

<ParameterChild Title="Set by @(panelData.Title)" />

The code in the preceding example generates a compiler error when the app is built:

Component attributes do not support complex content (mixed C# and markup).

Pages/ParameterParent3.razor:

@page "/parameter-parent-3"

<ParameterChild Title="@GetTitle()" />

@code {
    private PanelData panelData = new PanelData();

    private string GetTitle() => $"Set by {panelData.Title}";

    private class PanelData
    {
        public string Title { get; set; } = "Parent";
    }
}

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core.

Warning

[Parameter]
public DateTime StartData { get; set; }

To transform a received parameter value:

Leave the parameter property as an auto-property to represent the supplied raw data.
Create a different property or method to supply the transformed data based on the parameter property.

Override OnParametersSetAsync to transform a received parameter each time new data is received.

[Parameter]
public DateTime StartData { get; set; } = DateTime.Now;

After the initial assignment of DateTime.Now, do not assign a value to StartData in developer code. For more information, see the Overwritten parameters section of this article.

Route parameters

Components can specify route parameters in the route template of the @page directive. The Blazor router uses route parameters to populate corresponding component parameters.

Pages/RouteParameter.razor:

@page "/route-parameter"
@page "/route-parameter/{text}"

<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string Text { get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        Text = Text ?? "fantastic";
    }
}

Optional route parameters aren't supported, so two @page directives are applied in the preceding example. The first @page directive permits navigation to the component without a route parameter. The second @page directive receives the {text} route parameter and assigns the value to the Text property.

For information on catch-all route parameters ({*pageRoute}), which capture paths across multiple folder boundaries, see ASP.NET Core Blazor routing and navigation.

Child content render fragments

Components can set the content of another component. The assigning component provides the content between the child component's opening and closing tags.

Shared/RenderFragmentChild.razor:

<div class="card w-25" style="margin-bottom:15px">
    <div class="card-header font-weight-bold">Child content</div>
    <div class="card-body">@ChildContent</div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment ChildContent { get; set; }
}

Important

The property receiving the RenderFragment content must be named ChildContent by convention.

Event callbacks aren't supported for RenderFragment.

The following RenderFragmentParent component provides content for rendering the RenderFragmentChild by placing the content inside the child component's opening and closing tags.

Pages/RenderFragmentParent.razor:

@page "/render-fragment-parent"

<h1>Render child content</h1>

<RenderFragmentChild>
    Content of the child component is supplied
    by the parent component.
</RenderFragmentChild>

<h1>Three children with an index variable</h1>

@for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
{
    var current = c;

    <RenderFragmentChild>
        Count: @current
    </RenderFragmentChild>
}

Alternatively, use a foreach loop with Enumerable.Range instead of a for loop. The following example can be added to the preceding RenderFragmentParent component:

<h1>Second example of three children with an index variable</h1>

@foreach (var c in Enumerable.Range(0,3))
{
    <RenderFragmentChild>
        Count: @c
    </RenderFragmentChild>
}

Render fragments are used to render child content throughout Blazor apps and are described with examples in the following articles and article sections:

Note

Render fragments for reusable rendering logic

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

@RenderWelcomeInfo

<p>Render the welcome info a second time:</p>

@RenderWelcomeInfo

@code {
    private RenderFragment RenderWelcomeInfo = __builder =>
    {
        <p>Welcome to your new app!</p>
    };
}

For more information, see Reuse rendering logic.

Overwritten parameters

The Blazor framework generally imposes safe parent-to-child parameter assignment:

Parameters aren't overwritten unexpectedly.
Side effects are minimized. For example, additional renders are avoided because they may create infinite rendering loops.

The child component is rendered with one or more parameter values from the parent component.
The child writes directly to the value of a parameter.
The parent component rerenders and overwrites the value of the child's parameter.

The potential for overwriting parameter values extends into the child component's property set accessors, too.

Important

Our general guidance is not to create components that directly write to their own parameters after the component is rendered for the first time.

Consider the following Expander component that:

Renders child content.
Toggles showing child content with a component parameter (Expanded).

Shared/Expander.razor:

<div @onclick="Toggle" class="card bg-light mb-3" style="width:30rem">
    <div class="card-body">
        <h2 class="card-title">Toggle (<code>Expanded</code> = @Expanded)</h2>

        @if (Expanded)
        {
            <p class="card-text">@ChildContent</p>
        }
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public bool Expanded { private get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment ChildContent { get; set; }

    private void Toggle()
    {
        Expanded = !Expanded;
    }
}

The Expander component is added to the following ExpanderExample parent component that may call StateHasChanged:

Calling StateHasChanged in developer code notifies a component that its state has changed and typically triggers component rerendering to update the UI. StateHasChanged is covered in more detail later in ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle and ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.
The button's @onclick directive attribute attaches an event handler to the button's onclick event. Event handling is covered in more detail later in ASP.NET Core Blazor event handling.

Pages/ExpanderExample.razor:

@page "/expander-example"

<Expander Expanded="true">
    Expander 1 content
</Expander>

<Expander Expanded="true" />

<button @onclick="StateHasChanged">
    Call StateHasChanged
</button>

Initially, the Expander components behave independently when their Expanded properties are toggled. The child components maintain their states as expected.

If StateHasChanged is called in a parent component, the Blazor framework rerenders child components if their parameters might have changed:

For a group of parameter types that Blazor explicitly checks, Blazor rerenders a child component if it detects that any of the parameters have changed.
For unchecked parameter types, Blazor rerenders the child component regardless of whether or not the parameters have changed. Child content falls into this category of parameter types because child content is of type RenderFragment, which is a delegate that refers to other mutable objects.

For the ExpanderExample component:

The first Expander component sets child content in a potentially mutable RenderFragment, so a call to StateHasChanged in the parent component automatically rerenders the component and potentially overwrites the value of Expanded to its initial value of true.
The second Expander component doesn't set child content. Therefore, a potentially mutable RenderFragment doesn't exist. A call to StateHasChanged in the parent component doesn't automatically rerender the child component, so the component's Expanded value isn't overwritten.

To maintain state in the preceding scenario, use a private field in the Expander component to maintain its toggled state.

The following revised Expander component:

Accepts the Expanded component parameter value from the parent.
Assigns the component parameter value to a private field (expanded) in the OnInitialized event.
Uses the private field to maintain its internal toggle state, which demonstrates how to avoid writing directly to a parameter.

Note

The advice in this section extends to similar logic in component parameter set accessors, which can result in similar undesirable side effects.

Shared/Expander.razor:

<div @onclick="Toggle" class="card bg-light mb-3" style="width:30rem">
    <div class="card-body">
        <h2 class="card-title">Toggle (<code>expanded</code> = @expanded)</h2>

        @if (expanded)
        {
            <p class="card-text">@ChildContent</p>
        }
    </div>
</div>

@code {
    private bool expanded;

    [Parameter]
    public bool Expanded { private get; set; }

    [Parameter]
    public RenderFragment ChildContent { get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        expanded = Expanded;
    }

    private void Toggle()
    {
        expanded = !expanded;
    }
}

For additional information, see Blazor Two Way Binding Error (dotnet/aspnetcore #24599).

For more information on change detection, including information on the exact types that Blazor checks, see ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.

Attribute splatting and arbitrary parameters

In the following Splat component:

The first <input> element (id="useIndividualParams") uses individual component parameters.
The second <input> element (id="useAttributesDict") uses attribute splatting.

Pages/Splat.razor:

@page "/splat"

<input id="useIndividualParams"
       maxlength="@maxlength"
       placeholder="@placeholder"
       required="@required"
       size="@size" />

<input id="useAttributesDict"
       @attributes="InputAttributes" />

@code {
    private string maxlength = "10";
    private string placeholder = "Input placeholder text";
    private string required = "required";
    private string size = "50";

    private Dictionary<string, object> InputAttributes { get; set; } =
        new Dictionary<string, object>()
        {
            { "maxlength", "10" },
            { "placeholder", "Input placeholder text" },
            { "required", "required" },
            { "size", "50" }
        };
}

The rendered <input> elements in the webpage are identical:

<input id="useIndividualParams"
       maxlength="10"
       placeholder="Input placeholder text"
       required="required"
       size="50">

<input id="useAttributesDict"
       maxlength="10"
       placeholder="Input placeholder text"
       required="required"
       size="50">

To accept arbitrary attributes, define a component parameter with the CaptureUnmatchedValues property set to true:

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public Dictionary<string, object> InputAttributes { get; set; }
}

Shared/AttributeOrderChild1.razor:

<div @attributes="AdditionalAttributes" extra="5" />

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public IDictionary<string, object> AdditionalAttributes { get; set; }
}

Pages/AttributeOrderParent1.razor:

@page "/attribute-order-parent-1"

<AttributeOrderChild1 extra="10" />

<div extra="5" />

In the following example, the order of extra and @attributes is reversed in the child component's <div>:

Shared/AttributeOrderChild2.razor:

<div extra="5" @attributes="AdditionalAttributes" />

@code {
    [Parameter(CaptureUnmatchedValues = true)]
    public IDictionary<string, object> AdditionalAttributes { get; set; }
}

Pages/AttributeOrderParent2.razor:

@page "/attribute-order-parent-2"

<AttributeOrderChild2 extra="10" />

The <div> in the parent component's rendered webpage contains extra="10" when passed through the additional attribute:

<div extra="10" />

Capture references to components

Component references provide a way to reference a component instance for issuing commands. To capture a component reference:

Add an @ref attribute to the child component.
Define a field with the same type as the child component.

When the component is rendered, the field is populated with the component instance. You can then invoke .NET methods on the instance.

Consider the following ReferenceChild component that logs a message when its ChildMethod is called.

Shared/ReferenceChild.razor:

@using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
@inject ILogger<ReferenceChild> logger

@code {
    public void ChildMethod(int value)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("Received {Value} in ChildMethod", value);
    }
}

A component reference is only populated after the component is rendered and its output includes ReferenceChild's element. Until the component is rendered, there's nothing to reference.

To manipulate component references after the component has finished rendering, use the OnAfterRender or OnAfterRenderAsync methods.

The following lambda approach uses the preceding ReferenceChild component.

Pages/ReferenceParent1.razor:

@page "/reference-parent-1"

<button @onclick="@(() => childComponent.ChildMethod(5))">
    Call <code>ReferenceChild.ChildMethod</code> with an argument of 5
</button>

<ReferenceChild @ref="childComponent" />

@code {
    private ReferenceChild childComponent;
}

The following delegate approach uses the preceding ReferenceChild component.

Pages/ReferenceParent2.razor:

@page "/reference-parent-2"

<button @onclick="callChildMethod">
    Call <code>ReferenceChild.ChildMethod</code> with an argument of 5
</button>

<ReferenceChild @ref="childComponent" />

@code {
    private ReferenceChild childComponent;
    private Action callChildMethod;

    protected override void OnAfterRender(bool firstRender)
    {
        if (firstRender)
        {
            callChildMethod = CallChildMethod;
        }
    }

    private void CallChildMethod()
    {
        childComponent.ChildMethod(5);
    }
}

Important

Synchronization context

Avoid thread-blocking calls

Generally, don't call the following methods in components. The following methods block the execution thread and thus block the app from resuming work until the underlying Task is complete:

Note

Invoke component methods externally to update state

TimerService.cs:

using System;
using System.Timers;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

public class TimerService : IDisposable
{
    private int elapsedCount;
    private readonly ILogger<TimerService> logger;
    private readonly NotifierService notifier;
    private Timer timer;

    public TimerService(NotifierService notifier, ILogger<TimerService> logger)
    {
        this.notifier = notifier;
        this.logger = logger;
    }

    public void Start()
    {
        if (timer is null)
        {
            timer = new Timer();
            timer.AutoReset = true;
            timer.Interval = 10000;
            timer.Elapsed += HandleTimer;
            timer.Enabled = true;
            logger.LogInformation("Started");
        }
    }

    private async void HandleTimer(object source, ElapsedEventArgs e)
    {
        elapsedCount += 1;
        await notifier.Update("elapsedCount", elapsedCount);
        logger.LogInformation($"elapsedCount: {elapsedCount}");
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        timer?.Dispose();
    }
}

NotifierService.cs:

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class NotifierService
{
    public async Task Update(string key, int value)
    {
        if (Notify != null)
        {
            await Notify.Invoke(key, value);
        }
    }

    public event Func<string, int, Task> Notify;
}

In a Blazor WebAssembly app, register the services as singletons in Program.cs:

builder.Services.AddSingleton<NotifierService>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<TimerService>();

In a Blazor Server app, register the services as scoped in Startup.ConfigureServices:
```
services.AddScoped<NotifierService>();
services.AddScoped<TimerService>();
```

Use the NotifierService to update a component.

Pages/ReceiveNotifications.razor:

@page "/receive-notifications"
@implements IDisposable
@inject NotifierService Notifier
@inject TimerService Timer

<h1>Receive Notifications</h1>

<h2>Timer Service</h2>

<button @onclick="StartTimer">Start Timer</button>

<h2>Notifications</h2>

<p>
    Status:
    @if (lastNotification.key != null)
    {
        <span>@lastNotification.key = @lastNotification.value</span>
    }
    else
    {
        <span>Awaiting first notification</span>
    }
</p>

@code {
    private (string key, int value) lastNotification;

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        Notifier.Notify += OnNotify;
    }

    public async Task OnNotify(string key, int value)
    {
        await InvokeAsync(() =>
        {
            lastNotification = (key, value);
            StateHasChanged();
        });
    }

    private void StartTimer()
    {
        Timer.Start();
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        Notifier.Notify -= OnNotify;
    }
}

In the preceding example:

NotifierService invokes the component's OnNotify method outside of Blazor's synchronization context. InvokeAsync is used to switch to the correct context and queue a render. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component rendering.
The component implements IDisposable. The OnNotify delegate is unsubscribed in the Dispose method, which is called by the framework when the component is disposed. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.

Important

Use `@key` to control the preservation of elements and components

Consider the following example that demonstrates a collection mapping problem that's solved by using @key.

For the following Details and PeopleExample components:

The Details component receives data (Data) from the parent PeopleExample component, which is displayed in an <input> element. Any given displayed <input> element can receive the focus of the page from the user when they select one of the <input> elements.
The PeopleExample component creates a list of person objects for display using the Details component. Every three seconds, a new person is added to the collection.

This demonstration allows you to:

Select an <input> from among several rendered Details components.
Study the behavior of the page's focus as the people collection automatically grows.

Shared/Details.razor:

<input value="@Data" />

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public string Data { get; set; }
}

Pages/PeopleExample.razor:

@page "/people-example"
@using System.Timers
@implements IDisposable

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <Details Data="@person.Data" />
}

@code {
    private Timer timer = new Timer(3000);

    public List<Person> people =
        new List<Person>()
        {
            { new Person { Data = "Person 1" } },
            { new Person { Data = "Person 2" } },
            { new Person { Data = "Person 3" } }
        };

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        timer.Elapsed += (sender, eventArgs) => OnTimerCallback();
        timer.Start();
    }

    private void OnTimerCallback()
    {
        _ = InvokeAsync(() =>
        {
            people.Insert(0,
                new Person
                {
                    Data = $"INSERTED {DateTime.Now.ToString("hh:mm:ss tt")}"
                });
            StateHasChanged();
        });
    }

    public void Dispose() => timer.Dispose();

    public class Person
    {
        public string Data { get; set; }
    }
}

To modify the PeopleExample component to use the @key directive attribute with the people collection, update the <Details> element to the following:

<Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />

Other collection updates exhibit the same behavior when the @key directive attribute is used:

If an instance is deleted from the collection, only the corresponding component instance is removed from the UI. Other instances are left unchanged.
If collection entries are re-ordered, the corresponding component instances are preserved and re-ordered in the UI.

Important

Keys are local to each container element or component. Keys aren't compared globally across the document.

When to use `@key`

Typically, it makes sense to use @key whenever a list is rendered (for example, in a foreach block) and a suitable value exists to define the @key.

You can also use @key to preserve an element or component subtree when an object doesn't change, as the following examples show.

Example 1:

<li @key="person">
    <input value="@person.Data" />
</li>

Example 2:

<div @key="person">
    @* other HTML elements *@
</div>

If an person instance changes, the @key attribute directive forces Blazor to:

Discard the entire <li> or <div> and their descendants.
Rebuild the subtree within the UI with new elements and components.

This is useful to guarantee that no UI state is preserved when the collection changes within a subtree.

Scope of `@key`

The @key attribute directive is scoped to its own siblings within its parent.

Consider the following example. The first and second keys are compared against each other within the same scope of the outer <div> element:

<div>
    <div @key="first">...</div>
    <div @key="second">...</div>
</div>

<div>
    <div @key="first">...</div>
</div>
<div>
    <div @key="second">...</div>
</div>

For the Details component shown earlier, the following examples render person data within the same @key scope and demonstrate typical use cases for @key:

<div>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
    }
</div>

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <div @key="person">
        <Details Data="@person.Data" />
    </div>
}

<ol>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <li @key="person">
            <Details Data="@person.Data" />
        </li>
    }
</ol>

@foreach (var person in people)
{
    <div>
        <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
    </div>
}

<ol>
    @foreach (var person in people)
    {
        <li>
            <Details @key="person" Data="@person.Data" />
        </li>
    }
</ol>

When not to use `@key`

There's a performance cost when rendering with @key. The performance cost isn't large, but only specify @key if preserving the element or component benefits the app.

Values to use for `@key`

Generally, it makes sense to supply one of the following values for @key:

Model object instances. For example, the Person instance (person) was used in the earlier example. This ensures preservation based on object reference equality.
Unique identifiers. For example, unique identifiers can be based on primary key values of type int, string, or Guid.

Apply an attribute

Attributes can be applied to components with the @attribute directive. The following example applies the [Authorize] attribute to the component's class:

@page "/"
@attribute [Authorize]

Conditional HTML element attributes

HTML element attribute properties are conditionally set based on the .NET value. If the value is false or null, the property isn't set. If the value is true, the property is set.

In the following example, IsCompleted determines if the <input> element's checked property is set.

Pages/ConditionalAttribute.razor:

@page "/conditional-attribute"

<label>
    <input type="checkbox" checked="@IsCompleted" />
    Is Completed?
</label>

<button @onclick="@(() => IsCompleted = !IsCompleted)">
    Change IsCompleted
</button>

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public bool IsCompleted { get; set; }
}

For more information, see Razor syntax reference for ASP.NET Core.

Warning

Some HTML attributes, such as aria-pressed, don't function properly when the .NET type is a bool. In those cases, use a string type instead of a bool.

Raw HTML

Warning

Rendering raw HTML constructed from any untrusted source is a security risk and should always be avoided.

The following example shows using the MarkupString type to add a block of static HTML content to the rendered output of a component.

Pages/MarkupStringExample.razor:

@page "/markup-string-example"

@((MarkupString)myMarkup)

@code {
    private string myMarkup =
        "<p class=\"text-danger\">This is a dangerous <em>markup string</em>.</p>";
}

Razor templates

Render fragments can be defined using Razor template syntax to define a UI snippet. Razor templates use the following format:

@<{HTML tag}>...</{HTML tag}>

Pages/RazorTemplate.razor:

@page "/razor-template"

@timeTemplate

@petTemplate(new Pet { Name = "Nutty Rex" })

@code {
    private RenderFragment timeTemplate = @<p>The time is @DateTime.Now.</p>;
    private RenderFragment<Pet> petTemplate = (pet) => @<p>Pet: @pet.Name</p>;

    private class Pet
    {
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
}

Rendered output of the preceding code:

<p>The time is 4/19/2021 8:54:46 AM.</p>
<p>Pet: Nutty Rex</p>

Static assets

Blazor follows the convention of ASP.NET Core apps for static assets. Static assets are located in the project's web root (wwwroot) folder or folders under the wwwroot folder.

<img alt="Company logo" src="/images/logo.png" />

Components do not support tilde-slash notation (~/).

For information on setting an app's base path, see Host and deploy ASP.NET Core Blazor.

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components. To provide Tag Helper-like functionality in Blazor, create a component with the same functionality as the Tag Helper and use the component instead.

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images

Since Blazor renders HTML, browser-supported images, including Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images (.svg), are supported via the <img> tag:

<img alt="Example image" src="image.svg" />

Similarly, SVG images are supported in the CSS rules of a stylesheet file (.css):

.element-class {
    background-image: url("image.svg");
}

Whitespace rendering behavior

Whitespace is retained in a component's source markup. Whitespace-only text renders in the browser's DOM even when there's no visual effect.

Consider the following component markup:

<ul>
    @foreach (var item in Items)
    {
        <li>
            @item.Text
        </li>
    }
</ul>

The preceding example renders the following unnecessary whitespace:

Outside of the @foreach code block.
Around the <li> element.
Around the @item.Text output.

A list of 100 items results in over 400 areas of whitespace. None of the extra whitespace visually affects the rendered output.

When rendering static HTML for components, whitespace inside a tag isn't preserved. For example, view the rendered output of the following <img> tag in a component Razor file (.razor):

<img     alt="Example image"   src="img.png"     />

Whitespace isn't preserved from the preceding markup:

<img alt="Example image" src="img.png" />

Generic type parameter support

The @typeparam directive declares a generic type parameter for the generated component class:

@typeparam TItem

In the following example, the ListGenericTypeItems1 component is generically typed as TExample.

Shared/ListGenericTypeItems1.razor:

@typeparam TExample

@if (ExampleList != null)
{
    <ul>
        @foreach (var item in ExampleList)
        {
            <li>@item</li>
        }
    </ul>
}

@code {
    [Parameter]
    public IEnumerable<TExample> ExampleList{ get; set; }
}

The following GenericTypeExample1 component renders two ListGenericTypeItems1 components:

String or integer data is assigned to the ExampleList parameter of each component.
Type string or int that matches the type of the assigned data is set for the type parameter (TExample) of each component.

Pages/GenericTypeExample1.razor:

@page "/generic-type-example-1"

<h1>Generic Type Example 1</h1>

<ListGenericTypeItems1 ExampleList="@(new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" })" 
                       TExample="string" />

<ListGenericTypeItems1 ExampleList="@(new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 })" 
                       TExample="int" />

For more information, see the following articles:

ASP.NET Core Razor components

Component classes

Razor syntax

Names

Routing

Markup

Asynchronous methods (async) don't support returning void

Nested components

Class name and namespace

Partial class support

Specify a base class

Component parameters

Route parameters

Child content render fragments

Render fragments for reusable rendering logic

Overwritten parameters

Attribute splatting and arbitrary parameters

Capture references to components

Synchronization context

Avoid thread-blocking calls

Invoke component methods externally to update state

Use @key to control the preservation of elements and components

When to use @key

Scope of @key

When not to use @key

Values to use for @key

Apply an attribute

Conditional HTML element attributes

Raw HTML

Razor templates

Static assets

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images

Whitespace rendering behavior

Generic type parameter support

Cascaded generic type support

Explicit generic types based on ancestor components

Infer generic types based on ancestor components

Render static root Razor components

Component classes

Razor syntax

Names

Routing

Markup

Asynchronous methods (async) don't support returning void

Nested components

Class name and namespace

Partial class support

Specify a base class

Component parameters

Route parameters

Child content render fragments

Render fragments for reusable rendering logic

Overwritten parameters

Attribute splatting and arbitrary parameters

Capture references to components

Synchronization context

Avoid thread-blocking calls

Invoke component methods externally to update state

Use @key to control the preservation of elements and components

When to use @key

Scope of @key

When not to use @key

Values to use for @key

Apply an attribute

Conditional HTML element attributes

Raw HTML

Razor templates

Static assets

Tag Helpers aren't supported in components

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images

Whitespace rendering behavior

Generic type parameter support

Cascaded generic type support

Explicit generic types based on ancestor components

Infer generic types based on ancestor components

Render static root Razor components

Component classes

Razor syntax

Names

Asynchronous methods (`async`) don't support returning `void`

Use `@key` to control the preservation of elements and components

When to use `@key`

Scope of `@key`

When not to use `@key`

Values to use for `@key`

Asynchronous methods (`async`) don't support returning `void`

Use `@key` to control the preservation of elements and components

When to use `@key`

Scope of `@key`

When not to use `@key`

Values to use for `@key`

Asynchronous methods (`async`) don't support returning `void`

Use `@key` to control the preservation of elements and components

When to use `@key`

Scope of `@key`

When not to use `@key`

Values to use for `@key`

Asynchronous methods (`async`) don't support returning `void`

Use `@key` to control the preservation of elements and components

When to use `@key`

Scope of `@key`

When not to use `@key`

Values to use for `@key`