Windows kernel opaque structures
This article lists and describes Windows kernel opaque structures. For many of these structures, drivers shouldn't access or change any members but should instead use system-supplied routines to access the information. See each structure for details.
EPROCESS
The EPROCESS structure is an opaque structure that serves as the process object for a process.
Some routines, such as PsGetProcessCreateTimeQuadPart, use EPROCESS to identify the process to operate on. Drivers can use the PsGetCurrentProcess routine to obtain a pointer to the process object for the current process and can use the ObReferenceObjectByHandle routine to obtain a pointer to the process object that is associated with the specified handle. The PsInitialSystemProcess global variable points to the process object for the system process.
A process object is an Object Manager object. Drivers should use Object Manager routines such as ObReferenceObject and ObDereferenceObject to maintain the object's reference count.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
ETHREAD
The ETHREAD structure is an opaque structure that serves as the thread object for a thread.
Some routines, such as PsIsSystemThread, use ETHREAD to identify the thread to operate on. Drivers can use the PsGetCurrentThread routine to obtain a pointer to the thread object for the current thread and can use the ObReferenceObjectByHandle routine to obtain a pointer to the thread object that is associated with the specified handle.
A thread object is an Object Manager object. Drivers should use Object Manager routines such as ObReferenceObject and ObDereferenceObject to maintain the object's reference count.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
EX_RUNDOWN_REF
The EX_RUNDOWN_REF structure is an opaque system structure that contains information about the status of run-down protection for an associated shared object.
typedef struct _EX_RUNDOWN_REF {
... // opaque
} EX_RUNDOWN_REF, *PEX_RUNDOWN_REF;
The run-down protection routines listed at the bottom of this page all take a pointer to an EX_RUNDOWN_REF structure as their first parameter.
For more information, see Run-Down Protection. Header: Wdm.h. Include Wdm.h.
EX_TIMER
The EX_TIMER structure is an opaque structure that the operating system uses to represent an EX_TIMER timer object.
typedef struct _EX_TIMER *PEX_TIMER;
All members of this structure are opaque to drivers.
The following ExXxxTimer routines require a pointer to a system-allocated EX_TIMER structure as an input parameter:
The operating system creates EX_TIMER-based timer objects. To get such a timer object, your driver calls the ExAllocateTimer routine. When this object is no longer needed, the driver is responsible for deleting the object by calling ExDeleteTimer.
For more information, see ExXxxTimer Routines and EX_TIMER Objects.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
FAST_MUTEX
A FAST_MUTEX structure is an opaque data structure that represents a fast mutex. The ExInitializeFastMutex routine initializes this structure.
For more information about fast mutexes, see Fast Mutexes and Guarded Mutexes.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
IO_CSQ
The IO_CSQ structure is an opaque structure used to specify the driver's cancel-safe IRP queue routines. Don't set the members of this structure directly. Use IoCsqInitialize or IoCsqInitializeEx to initialize this structure.
For an overview of how to use cancel-safe IRP queues, see Cancel-Safe IRP Queues.
Available on Microsoft Windows XP and later versions of the Windows operating system.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
IO_CSQ_IRP_CONTEXT
The IO_CSQ_IRP_CONTEXT structure is an opaque data structure used to specify the IRP context for an IRP in the driver's cancel-safe IRP queue. The IoCsqInsertIrp, IoCsqInsertIrpEx, and IoCsqRemoveIrp routines use this structure as a key to identify particular IRPs in the queue.
For an overview of how to use cancel-safe IRP queues, see Cancel-Safe IRP Queues.
Available on Microsoft Windows XP and later versions of the Windows operating system.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
IO_WORKITEM
The IO_WORKITEM structure is an opaque structure that describes a work item for a system worker thread.
A driver can allocate a work item by calling IoAllocateWorkItem. Alternatively, a driver can allocate its own buffer, and then call IoInitializeWorkItem to initialize that buffer as a work item.
Any work item that IoAllocateWorkItem allocates must be freed by IoFreeWorkItem. Any memory initialized by IoInitializeWorkItem must be uninitialized by IoUninitializeWorkItem before it can be freed.
For more information about work items, see System Worker Threads.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
KBUGCHECK_CALLBACK_RECORD
The KBUGCHECK_CALLBACK_RECORD structure is an opaque structure that the KeRegisterBugCheckCallback and KeDeregisterBugCheckCallback routines use.
The KBUGCHECK_CALLBACK_RECORD structure is used by the KeRegisterBugCheckReasonCallback and KeDeregisterBugCheckReasonCallback routines for bookkeeping.
The structure must be allocated in resident memory, such as nonpaged pool. Use the KeInitializeCallbackRecord routine to initialize the structure before using it.
Header: Ntddk.h. Include: Ntddk.h.
KBUGCHECK_REASON_CALLBACK_RECORD
The KBUGCHECK_REASON_CALLBACK_RECORD structure is an opaque structure that the KeRegisterBugCheckReasonCallback and KeDeregisterBugCheckReasonCallback routines use.
The KBUGCHECK_REASON_CALLBACK_RECORD structure is used by the KeRegisterBugCheckReasonCallback and KeDeregisterBugCheckReasonCallback routines for bookkeeping.
The structure must be allocated in resident memory, such as nonpaged pool. Use the KeInitializeCallbackRecord routine to initialize the structure before using it.
Available on Microsoft Windows XP with Service Pack 1 (SP1), Windows Server 2003, and later versions of the Windows operating system.
Header: Ntddk.h. Include: Ntddk.h.
KDPC
The KDPC structure is an opaque structure that represents a DPC object. Don't set the members of this structure directly. See DPC Objects and DPCs.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
KFLOATING_SAVE
The KFLOATING_SAVE structure is an opaque structure that describes the floating-point state that the KeSaveFloatingPointState routine saved.
Use KeRestoreFloatingPointState to restore the floating-point state.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
KGUARDED_MUTEX
The KGUARDED_MUTEX structure is an opaque structure that represents a guarded mutex.
Use KeInitializeGuardedMutex to initialize a KGUARDED_MUTEX structure as a guarded mutex.
Guarded mutexes must be allocated from non-paged pool.
For more information about guarded mutexes, see Fast Mutexes and Guarded Mutexes.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
KINTERRUPT
A KINTERRUPT structure is an opaque structure that represents an interrupt to the system.
IoConnectInterruptEx provides a pointer to the KINTERRUPT structure for the interrupt when the driver registers an InterruptService or InterruptMessageService routine. The driver uses this pointer when acquiring or releasing the interrupt spin lock for the interrupt. The driver also uses this pointer when unregistering an InterruptService routine.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
KLOCK_QUEUE_HANDLE
The KLOCK_QUEUE_HANDLE structure is an opaque structure that describes a queued spin lock. The driver allocates the KLOCK_QUEUE_HANDLE structure, and passes it to KeAcquireInStackQueuedSpinLock and KeAcquireInStackQueuedSpinLockAtDpcLevel to acquire the queued spin lock. Those routines initialize the structure to represent the queued spin lock. The driver passes the structure to KeReleaseInStackQueuedSpinLock and KeReleaseInStackQueuedSpinLockFromDpcLevel when releasing the spin lock.
For more information, see Queued Spin Locks.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
KTIMER
The KTIMER structure is an opaque structure that represents a timer object. Don't set the members of this structure directly. For more information, see Timer Objects and DPCs.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
LOOKASIDE_LIST_EX
The LOOKASIDE_LIST_EX structure describes a lookaside list.
typedef struct _LOOKASIDE_LIST_EX {
... // opaque
} LOOKASIDE_LIST_EX, *PLOOKASIDE_LIST_EX;
A lookaside list is a pool of fixed-size buffers that the driver can manage locally to reduce the number of calls to system allocation routines, which improves performance. The buffers are of uniform size and are stored as entries in the lookaside list.
Drivers should treat the LOOKASIDE_LIST_EX structure as opaque. Drivers that access structure members or that have dependencies on the locations of these members might not remain portable and interoperable with other drivers.
The Related articles section contains a list of the routines that use this structure.
For more information about lookaside lists, see Using Lookaside Lists.
On 64-bit platforms, this structure must be 16-byte aligned.
Supported starting with Windows Vista.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
NPAGED_LOOKASIDE_LIST
The NPAGED_LOOKASIDE_LIST structure is an opaque structure that describes a lookaside list of fixed-size buffers allocated from nonpaged pool. The system creates new entries and destroys unused entries on the list as necessary. For fixed-size buffers, using a lookaside list is quicker than allocating memory directly.
Use ExInitializeNPagedLookasideList to initialize the lookaside list. Use ExAllocateFromNPagedLookasideList to allocate a buffer from the list, and ExFreeToNPagedLookasideList to return a buffer to the list.
Drivers must always explicitly free any lookaside lists they create before unloading. It's a serious programming error to do otherwise. Use ExDeleteNPagedLookasideList to free the list.
Drivers can also use lookaside lists for paged pool. Starting with Windows 2000, a PAGED_LOOKASIDE_LIST structure describes a lookaside list that contains paged buffers. Starting in Windows Vista, a LOOKASIDE_LIST_EX structure can describe a lookaside list that contains either paged or nonpaged buffers. For more information, see Using Lookaside Lists.
On 64-bit platforms, this structure must be 16-byte aligned.
Supported starting with Windows 2000.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
OBJECT_TYPE
OBJECT_TYPE is an opaque structure that specifies the object type of a handle. For more information, see ObReferenceObjectByHandle.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
PAGED_LOOKASIDE_LIST
The PAGED_LOOKASIDE_LIST structure is an opaque structure that describes a lookaside list of fixed-size buffers allocated from paged pool. The system creates new entries and destroys unused entries on the list as necessary. For fixed-size buffers, using a lookaside list is quicker than allocating memory directly.
Use ExInitializePagedLookasideList to initialize the lookaside list. Use ExAllocateFromPagedLookasideList to allocate a buffer from the list, and ExFreeToPagedLookasideList to return a buffer to the list.
Drivers must always explicitly free any lookaside lists they create before unloading. It's a serious programming error to do otherwise. Use ExDeletePagedLookasideList to free the list.
Drivers can also use lookaside lists for nonpaged pool. Starting with Windows 2000, an NPAGED_LOOKASIDE_LIST structure describes a lookaside list that contains nonpaged buffers. Starting with Windows Vista, a LOOKASIDE_LIST_EX structure can describe a lookaside list that contains either paged or nonpaged buffers. For more information, see Using Lookaside Lists.
On 64-bit platforms, this structure must be 16-byte aligned.
Supported starting with Windows 2000.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
RTL_BITMAP
The RTL_BITMAP structure is an opaque structure that describes a bitmap.
typedef struct _RTL_BITMAP {
// opaque
} RTL_BITMAP, *PRTL_BITMAP;
Don't directly access the members of this structure. Drivers that have dependencies on member locations or that access member values directly might not remain compatible with future versions of the Windows operating system.
The RTL_BITMAP structure serves as a header for a general-purpose, one-dimensional bitmap of arbitrary length. A driver can use such a bitmap as an economical way to keep track of a set of reusable items. For example, a file system can use bitmaps to track which clusters and sectors on a hard disk have already been allocated to hold file data.
For a list of the RtlXxx routines that use RTL_BITMAP structures, see the Related articles section. The caller of these RtlXxx routines is responsible for allocating the storage for the RTL_BITMAP structure and for the buffer that contains the bitmap. This buffer must begin on a four-byte boundary in memory and must be a multiple of four bytes in length. The bitmap begins at the start of the buffer but can contain any number of bits that fit in the allocated buffer.
Before supplying an RTL_BITMAP structure as a parameter to an RtlXxx routine, call the RtlInitializeBitMap routine to initialize the structure. The input parameters to this routine are a pointer to a buffer that contains the bitmap, and the size, in bits, of the bitmap. RtlInitializeBitMap doesn't change the contents of this buffer.
If the caller allocates the storage for the RTL_BITMAP structure and bitmap in paged memory, the caller must be running at IRQL <= APC_LEVEL when it passes a pointer to this structure as a parameter to any of the RtlXxx routines listed in the Related articles section. If the caller allocates the storage from nonpaged memory (or, equivalently, from locked paged memory), the caller can be running at any IRQL when it calls the RtlXxx routine.
Supported in Windows 2000 and later versions of Windows.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
RTL_RUN_ONCE
The RTL_RUN_ONCE structure is an opaque structure that stores the information for a one-time initialization.
Drivers must initialize this structure by calling the RtlRunOnceInitialize routine before passing it to any other RtlRunOnceXxx routines.
Available on Windows Vista and later versions of the Windows operating system.
Header: Ntddk.h. Include: Ntddk.h.
SECURITY_SUBJECT_CONTEXT
The SECURITY_SUBJECT_CONTEXT structure is an opaque structure that represents the security context within which a particular operation is taking place. Drivers must not modify or try to directly access any members of this structure to make security decisions. Instead, to avoid security issues in authorization, pass this opaque structure in calls to SeAccessCheck or SePrivilegeCheck.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
SLIST_HEADER
An SLIST_HEADER structure is an opaque structure that serves as the header for a sequenced singly linked list. For more information, see Singly and Doubly Linked Lists.
On 64-bit platforms, SLIST_HEADER structures must be 16-byte aligned.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
XSTATE_SAVE
The XSTATE_SAVE structure is an opaque structure that describes the extended processor state information that a kernel-mode driver saves and restores.
typedef struct _XSTATE_SAVE {
... // opaque
} XSTATE_SAVE, *PXSTATE_SAVE;
All members are opaque.
The KeSaveExtendedProcessorState and KeRestoreExtendedProcessorState routines use this structure.
Supported in Windows 7 and later versions of the Windows operating system.
Header: Wdm.h. Include: Wdm.h, Ntddk.h, Ntifs.h.
Related articles
ExAllocateFromNPagedLookasideList
ExAllocateFromPagedLookasideList
ExInitializePagedLookasideList
ExInitializeNPagedLookasideList
KeAcquireInStackQueuedSpinLock
KeAcquireInStackQueuedSpinLockAtDpcLevel
KeRestoreExtendedProcessorState
KeDeregisterBugCheckReasonCallback
KeRegisterBugCheckReasonCallback
KeReleaseInStackQueuedSpinLock
KeReleaseInStackQueuedSpinLockFromDpcLevel
PsGetProcessCreateTimeQuadPart