在 .NET 中限制 HTTP 處理常式的速率

發行項
05/10/2023

在本文中，您將瞭解如何建立用戶端 HTTP 處理常式以限制其傳送的要求數目。您會看到能存取資源 "www.example.com" 的 HttpClient。需要這些資源的應用程式會取用資源，而當應用程式對單一資源提出太多要求時，則可能導致資源爭用。當太多應用程式取用單一資源，而且資源不足以讓所有要求它的應用程式使用時，就會發生資源爭用。這可能導致使用者體驗不佳，而在某些情況下，甚至可能導致拒絕服務 (DoS) 的攻擊。如需 DoS 的詳細資訊，請參閱 OWASP：拒絕服務。

什麼是速率限制？

速率限制的概念是限制可存取的資源量。例如，您知道您應用程式所存取的資料庫每分鐘可以安全地處理 1，000 個要求，但可能無法處理多過於此的要求數。您可以在您的應用程式中建立一個速率限制器以限制每分鐘只能 1，000 個要求，並拒絕除此之外的更多要求，以免其存取資料庫。因此，限制您資料庫的速率，可讓您的應用程式處理安全數量的要求。這是分散式系統中的常見方法。在這些系統中，一個執行中的應用程式可以有多重執行個體，而您想要確保它們不會同時嘗試存取資料庫。有多種不同的速率限制演算法可以控制要求流程。

若要在 .NET 中使用速率限制，您可以參考 System.Threading.RateLimiting NuGet 套件。

實作 `DelegatingHandler` 子類別

若要控制要求流程，您可以實作一個自訂 DelegatingHandler 子類別。這種 HttpMessageHandler 可讓您在要求傳送至伺服器之前攔截並處理要求。您也可以在回應傳回給呼叫者之前攔截並處理回應。在此範例中，您將實作一個自訂 DelegatingHandler 子類別來限制可傳送至單一資源的要求數目。請考慮下列自訂 ClientSideRateLimitedHandler 類別：

internal sealed class ClientSideRateLimitedHandler(
    RateLimiter limiter)
    : DelegatingHandler(new HttpClientHandler()), IAsyncDisposable
{
    protected override async Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(
        HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        using RateLimitLease lease = await limiter.AcquireAsync(
            permitCount: 1, cancellationToken);

        if (lease.IsAcquired)
        {
            return await base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
        }

        var response = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.TooManyRequests);
        if (lease.TryGetMetadata(
                MetadataName.RetryAfter, out TimeSpan retryAfter))
        {
            response.Headers.Add(
                "Retry-After",
                ((int)retryAfter.TotalSeconds).ToString(
                    NumberFormatInfo.InvariantInfo));
        }

        return response;
    }

    async ValueTask IAsyncDisposable.DisposeAsync()
    { 
        await limiter.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

        Dispose(disposing: false);
        GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
    }

    protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        base.Dispose(disposing);

        if (disposing)
        {
            limiter.Dispose();
        }
    }
}

在上述 C# 程式碼中：

繼承 DelegatingHandler 類型。
實作 IAsyncDisposable 介面。
定義從建構函式指派的 RateLimiter 欄位。
覆寫 SendAsync 方法以在要求傳送至伺服器之前攔截並處理之。
覆寫 DisposeAsync() 方法以處置 RateLimiter 執行個體。

仔細觀察 SendAsync 方法，您會發現它：

需要用 RateLimiter 執行個體從 AcquireAsync 取得 RateLimitLease。
當 lease.IsAcquired 屬性為 true 時，要求會傳送至伺服器。
否則，會傳回 HttpResponseMessage 和狀態碼 429，而且如果 lease 包含 RetryAfter 值，Retry-After 標頭就會設定為該值。

模擬多個並行要求

若要測試此自訂 DelegatingHandler 子類別，您可以一個主控台應用程式來模擬多個並行要求。 Program 類別會建立具有自訂 ClientSideRateLimitedHandler 的 HttpClient：

var options = new TokenBucketRateLimiterOptions
{ 
    TokenLimit = 8, 
    QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst,
    QueueLimit = 3, 
    ReplenishmentPeriod = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1), 
    TokensPerPeriod = 2, 
    AutoReplenishment = true
};

// Create an HTTP client with the client-side rate limited handler.
using HttpClient client = new(
    handler: new ClientSideRateLimitedHandler(
        limiter: new TokenBucketRateLimiter(options)));

// Create 100 urls with a unique query string.
var oneHundredUrls = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(
    i => $"https://example.com?iteration={i:0#}");

// Flood the HTTP client with requests.
var floodOneThroughFortyNineTask = Parallel.ForEachAsync(
    source: oneHundredUrls.Take(0..49), 
    body: (url, cancellationToken) => GetAsync(client, url, cancellationToken));

var floodFiftyThroughOneHundredTask = Parallel.ForEachAsync(
    source: oneHundredUrls.Take(^50..),
    body: (url, cancellationToken) => GetAsync(client, url, cancellationToken));

await Task.WhenAll(
    floodOneThroughFortyNineTask,
    floodFiftyThroughOneHundredTask);

static async ValueTask GetAsync(
    HttpClient client, string url, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
    using var response =
        await client.GetAsync(url, cancellationToken);

    Console.WriteLine(
        $"URL: {url}, HTTP status code: {response.StatusCode} ({(int)response.StatusCode})");
}

在上述主控台應用程式中：

會以 8 的權杖限制、OldestFirst 的佇列處理順序、3 的佇列限制，以及補充時間 1 毫秒、每單位時間權杖數 2 個和自動補充值 true 來設定 TokenBucketRateLimiterOptions。
HttpClient 是由 TokenBucketRateLimiter 所設定的 ClientSideRateLimitedHandler 所建立的。
若要模擬 100 個要求，Enumerable.Range 會建立 100 個 URL，其中每個 URL 都有獨一無二的查詢字串參數。
Parallel.ForEachAsync 方法會指派兩個 Task 物件，將 URL 分割成兩個群組。
HttpClient 可用來將 GET 要求傳送至每個 URL，並將回應寫入主控台。
Task.WhenAll 會等候這兩項工作完成。

由於 HttpClient 是以 ClientSideRateLimitedHandler 設定的，所以並非所有要求都能抵達伺服器資源。您可以執行主控台應用程式來測試此一主張。您會發現全部的要求中只有一小部分能傳送到伺服器，其餘要求皆遭到拒絕 (HTTP 狀態碼為 429)。請嘗試改變用來建立 TokenBucketRateLimiter 的 options 物件來觀察傳送至伺服器的要求數量如何變化。

請考慮以下範例輸出：

URL: https://example.com?iteration=06, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=60, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=55, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=59, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=57, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=11, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=63, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=13, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=62, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=65, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=64, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=67, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=14, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=68, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=16, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=69, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=70, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=71, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=17, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=18, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=72, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=73, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=74, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=19, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=75, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=76, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=79, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=77, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=21, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=78, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=81, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=22, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=80, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=20, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=82, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=83, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=23, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=84, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=24, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=85, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=86, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=25, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=87, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=26, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=88, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=89, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=27, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=90, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=28, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=91, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=94, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=29, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=93, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=96, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=92, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=95, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=31, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=30, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=97, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=98, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=99, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=32, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=33, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=34, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=35, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=36, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=37, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=38, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=39, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=40, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=41, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=42, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=43, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=44, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=45, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=46, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=47, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=48, HTTP status code: TooManyRequests (429)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=15, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=04, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=54, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=08, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=00, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=51, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=10, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=66, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=56, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=52, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=12, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=53, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=07, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=02, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=01, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=61, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=05, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=09, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=03, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=58, HTTP status code: OK (200)
URL: https://example.com?iteration=50, HTTP status code: OK (200)

您會發現最早記錄的項目總是立即傳回的 429 個回應，而最後記錄的項目則總是 200 個回應。這是因為在用戶端遇到速率限制以防止對伺服器進行 HTTP 呼叫。這是件好事，因為這表示伺服器不會被要求塞滿。這也表示速率限制會在所有用戶端上一致地強制執行。

另請注意，每個 URL 的查詢字串是獨一無二的：檢查 iteration 參數，可看到每個要求的該參數會遞增一。此參數可以說明這 429 個回應不是來自最早的要求，而是來自達到速率限制之後所提出的要求。 200 個回應較晚送達，但其對應的要求是在達到速率限制之前提出的。

若要進一步了解各種速率限制演算法，請嘗試重寫此程式碼以接受不同的 RateLimiter 實作。除了 TokenBucketRateLimiter 之外，您也可以嘗試：

ConcurrencyLimiter
FixedWindowRateLimiter
PartitionedRateLimiter
SlidingWindowRateLimiter

摘要

在本文中，您已了解如何實作自訂 ClientSideRateLimitedHandler。此模式可用來針對已知有 API 限制的資源實作受速率限制的 HTTP 用戶端。如此一來，您就能避免用戶端應用程式對伺服器提出不必要的要求，並且避免伺服器封鎖您的應用程式。此外，您也可以利用中繼資料來儲存重試時間值以實作自動重試邏輯。

共用方式為

在 .NET 中限制 HTTP 處理常式的速率

什麼是速率限制？

實作 `DelegatingHandler` 子類別

模擬多個並行要求

摘要

另請參閱

其他資源

共用方式為

在 .NET 中限制 HTTP 處理常式的速率

什麼是速率限制？

實作 DelegatingHandler 子類別

模擬多個並行要求

摘要

另請參閱

其他資源

實作 `DelegatingHandler` 子類別