We are not using Intune but we are using Azure along side a local Active Directory domain. I arrived here from google for the same error. I was able to successfully get the user logged. I did two things and I'm not sure the the first part is necessary but my batch of users are back online so I don't have more endpoints to test. Sign out of everything Microsoft tied to the profile.
- The ball was spinning forever even though I could see the login was beginning to attempt to make a connection in the azure log. From there I was seeing some successful and some interrupted logs. To deal with this I disabled the Defender firewall. The spinning was dramatically shortened and it proceeded to the error state much more quickly.
- The checkbox that says enroll this device is enabled by default. I didn't pay attention to it so I left it checked when running setup. After unchecking the box and continuing setup it finished without trouble.
Firewall was then re-enabled and device was restarted. User was successful in launching and using office apps / teams / outlook / word while under observation. No further problems reported.